13 Magnetic Resonance

Qnantum n u ~ r ~ b7n1
er
Figure 12 The 4096 arrangements of the six nuclear spins of K~~ as distrihnted into I9 hyperfine
components. Each component uill he split further into a very large number of components by
virtue of the residual hyperfine interaction with the 12 neighboring C1 ~mclei,which may be CP5
(75 percent) or C13' (25 percent). The envelope of the pattern is approximately gaussian in form.

4 Phosphorus (6 x 10" cm3)

- magnetic
field
Plrosplrorus ( 1 x 10" cm3); 1= 1/2
Figure 13 Electron spin resonance lines of P donor atoms in silicon. At the higher donor con-
celrtration near the metal-insulator transition, a donor electron C ~ liop
I from site to site SO rapidly
that the hyperfine structure is suppressed. (After R. C, Fletcher, W. A. Yager, G . L. Pearson, and
F R. Merritt.)

rapid hopping averages out the hyperfine splitting. The hopping rate increases
at the higher concentratior~sas the overlap of the donor electron wavefunctions
L,

is increased, a view supported by conductivity measnrements (Chapter 14).

Knight Shvt
At a fixed frequency the resonance of a nuclear spin is observed at a
slightly different magnetic field in a metal than in a diamagnetic solid. The
effect is known as the Knight shift or metallic shift and is vahiable as a tool
for the study of conduction electrons.