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UNUHUC o15 WeU qOL uD r sJL t ZM o UL WO

wUMB rd UOU v_ bu


1:1 r UOIL WO UJ_ r sUL
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wUMB rd UOU v_ bu


sd9

160
98
35 12 50

40
70
12

128
210
46
12

wUMB rd UOU v_ bu


sd9

wUMB rd UOU v_ bu


sd9

wUMB rd UOU v_ bu


sd9

wUMB rd UOU v_ bu


b?????u

WObMN UOKLF

o

bu b
.rOK qJAU _ b UI vK bOQ
WLOK WObMN dDU WLEM* WObMN UJ_ r UI
.iF l UNCF WOMM* WLOI* uDK WHK* WdA* UUL* r UI

W?O?b?M?N? U?O?K?L?F? WOU b?u?


WOU_ WObMN UOKLF iF
wUMB rd UIOD w UbU w uNAL WObMN f_ iF bu c w UMM
a UNdH UNUUD UNUUI ULL r s WHKL
wb ldL YKLU WDO WLEML UJ_ iF UA vK bu c w eOd r u
uNAL UULL iF rEML

5K*U bUF* Wu* uD) r


uD l sOKL WDu WDIM s d UD u j rd
qJA w UL WO

j) vK t{ b oDM YO 45 YK* _ YK* b


wK_

t{ b oDM YO 60x30 YK* wU YK* b


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.uKD* bFK

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v_

WuL uD r qJA

W?O?b?M?N? U?O?K?L?F? WOU b?u?


UA
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b UFL uD r qJA

UdH WDu {_ uKF YK r UOU


WO uD l ? YKL rd
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qJA w 5 u UL
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W?O?b?M?N? U?O?K?L?F? WOU b?u?


UA
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YK* UdH WDu ld r UU


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rd WDIM w ed lKC u UbI W UdH `H


UN' b w Uu

w uI l lUIO YK* WDu vK uL s rd


WDIM

s q w ed lKC u U UbI w UdH W fHM


? WDIM w UFUI 5u rd 5DIM
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ldL r qJA

W?O?b?M?N? U?O?K?L?F? WOU b?u?


WK
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rEM* wb  qJA r UF
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WDIM

qJA lK{ u U UdD nB dz rd ed* s



UIM w wd u; l lUIO wb



lDI Uu rd w ed lKC u UdH W fHM ?
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? ? QAMO VOd vK ? ? UIM 5 qB


uKD* wb qJA

UA
wb r qJA
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W?O?b?M?N? U?O?K?L?F? WOU b?u?


R
d dD rEM* wb qJA r sJ1 q
UNU dzb q wb qJA q

.tO 5u 5FK{ 5 W U* XLK


sOuL sOFKC sO W UL WO uKFL rEM wb qJ rd
WO uD l 060 030 YKL bU

qJA ed w UFUIO wd wI _ su; rd


wb

5u* 5FKC 5 W U* U UdD dz rd w ed



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W UUL* lUI UI s rEM* wb qJA pc ZMO

?
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R
rEML wb r qJA
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W?O?b?M?N? U?O?K?L?F? WOU b?u?


? 5D f1 uKF dD
nBM u
r
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l qJA w UL ? sOD fL o dD nB u rd

WO uD

.o bI0 tM bF jK Uu UD rd
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lDIO UNH WN' s o bI0 tM bF ? jK Uu UD rd


uKD* uI ed b% w WDIM w _ u* j)

o uKD* uI rd o UbI WH WDIM w ed


uI r qJA
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jI UdH WDu WLzU W fL uKF dD nBM U u r

W?O?b?M?N? U?O?K?L?F? WOU b?u?


dz f1 uKF dD
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o
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WO uD l o uKF dD nBM rOIL

o

WN s o bI0 tM bF j) u ULOI U D rd
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o

j) lDI Uu rd o o UbI WH WDIM w ed


o

w u*
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o
o


fL u r qJA
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W?O?b?M?N? U?O?K?L?F? WOU b?u?


f1 uKF dD
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o
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sOdzbK qb s sOdzb fL u rd


WO uD l o uKF dD nBM


rd o o UbI WH w UdH ed

Uu
o

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Uu rd o o UbI WH w UdH ed





uI ed b% w WDIM w _ uI lDI d
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uKD*

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uI rd o UbI WH WDIM w UdH ed


o

uKD*

qb s sOu fL u r qJA

W?O?b?M?N? U?O?K?L?F? WOU b?u?


f1 uKF dD
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o
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ULNLC U s sOdzb fL u rd


WO uD l o uKF dD nBM


rd oo UbI WH w UdH ed

Uu
o
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Uu rd o o UbI WH w UdH ed




uI ed b% w WDIM w _ uI lDI d

o

uKD*
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UL* rd o UbI WH WDIM w UdH ed

uKD*
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U s sOdzb UL u r qJA

W?O?b?M?N? U?O?K?L?F? WOU b?u?


sUL
WO UJ_ r 11 r UOIL

sdL

sdL sdL

sdL sdL

W?O?b?M?N? U?O?K?L?F? WOU b?u?


o o
o

sdL

o
o o

sdL

o
sdL

W?O?b?M?N? U?O?K?L?F? WOU b?u?


o

sdL

o
oo

o o

sdL

W?O?b?M?N? U?O?K?L?F? WOU b?u?


b?????u

b??U??F????* d??O??U??M??* r???


bu b
WObMN UJ_ UL* dOUM* 5 dH eOO9
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WON' Wde 5Oz 5IdD bUF uD WuM dOUM r s sJL

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


WObMN UJ_ ULL dOUML sO odH
w W G uEML WLKJ rL wbMN uEML uNH vK WIU WOb uM w X dF
wUU dEM WU t
sJL U d UF dEM tOK lI U dE qFH s uFHL r
t t U sJL YO fLK WU
qGA s b t U sJL U YO uGK vMFLU jd U D wbMN uEML
dF uDU? UF_ c WOL vK UH r b W UF s uJ dH c dH w eO
a WuD_ uAML VFJL uEML vK WK_ s UH
b u w rd w a dzb YKL sOFL dML t qODL ldL U
vK W vK UNKOL sJL UL UN U sJL
sbF s uJ u _ vK u

nO{ sbF s uJ wbM qJ u UJ vL UNS sOUU UI
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OD u `B YU bF tO

sd9

nM
o dL b w UNL l{u WOU Uud s

wbMN uEML wbMN qJA

qJA

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


R
dzb YKL qODL ldL WOU UJ YU b F W U{ s ZUM uEML vL U

Principle Orthographic Planes bUF* WOU_ Uu*


w bUF `D W s fb W d uJ
wHK) b' pc
UH uD bF s uJ c dU UMNu w b u wU_ b'
b' pc
UH dF UL 5Oz sbF s uJ U C w b u s1_ wU' b'
d_ wU'
nI pc
dF uD UL 5Oz sbF s uJ wI `D w WO{_
`D_ c S U q JA UF_ bQ UNM sOM q
dA iF vK UNCF bUF `D_ c
wUMB rd UIOD w b bUF `D W v UUB sJL fb W d qL w W
w Principle Orthographic Planes bUFL W WOU_ UuLU vL w
fb W dG wU_ b qL c Frontal Plane wU_ uL
fb W dG sL_ wU b qL c Side Plane wU uL
fb W d WO{ qL c Horizontal Plane wI _ uL
UH
UH

 L
wU_ uL
_ u
wU wU uL
wU uL 120 120
90 135

uD uD dF

wI _ uL
dF

wI _ uL




bUFL W UuL qJA

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


UH u w sL_ wU wU_ UuL dA qJA w
uD u w wI _ wU_ UuL dA
dF u w wI _ sL_ wU UuL dA
qJA w UL
UL Xb S uEMLK W UF_ rd W UL b sJL tOK
dF u o30 We
zU uD u uJ tO Isometric U de uEML r uJ
vK U O UH u uJ UL
d_ WN s o30 We
zU
u uJ tO Oblique U ON uEML r uJ qJA w UL
UL Xb
vK U O UH u uJ UL
o45 We
zU dF u U OI uD

W
UNM sOM dN W bLF dOUML s u b UM uEML WDu rd w U_ qOL
WN' w o30 We
zU dF o30 We
zU tO uD rd Isometric de_ uEM*
qJ U O UH uJ ULMO d_
uJ ULMO d_ WN' w o45 We
zU dF U OI tO uD rd Oblique wN' uEM*
qJ U O UH

UE
zU uEM* rd
iF UNCF UN W tuD W s sJL v 5U( w
wd j) wI _ j) s uJ c WOIOI UF uJ b `D
vK u wN' uEM*
wIOI( UNKJA WOMM* uD) tO dNE `D c b U
VU w wIOI( bF nB bI0 tL r o45 W vK
zU wN' uEM* w qzU* bF uJ
UO_
wIOI( UbF de_ uEM* w UF_ q
r r
UNCF WMU tuD u{ tL WuN V de_ uEML r vK eO
d rO c
iF

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


bUFL dOUML r vK WK
de_ VFJ* r U
WOU uD l tFK{ u VFJL de uEM rd

sJ Wb WDI b


WN s wI _ s o30 We
zU U D s rd
30 WDIM ZM bF tOK b 5LO

? WN s wI _ s o30 We
zU U D s rd
30 30 ? WDIM ZM bF tOK b UO

ZM bF tOK b U O U D s rd
? WDIM
30 30


rd ? 5DIM s VFJ* r qLJ
? s rd r jK Wu WO uD
5DK Wu uJ 5M' vK WKzU U uD
vK ? 5DIM vK qBM ?
uD ? 5D) r qLJ VOd
? `D ZMO UO vK 30 W vK WKzU
30 30 qJA VFJLK uKF

de_ VFJL uEM r qJA

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


wN' OD* u r U
WOU uD l tUH ULMO t{d tu c ODL uL wN uEM rd

sJ Wb WDI b

ZM uD tOK b s U OI U D rd

WDIM

UH tOK b U O U D s rd
WDIM ZM

b UO vK o45 We zU U D s rd


? ? WDIM ZM dF nB tOK

45


U uD rd OD* u r qLJ
zU U D rd r ? s vK WO

? WDIM vK qBM WDIM s ? jK U u

? WDIM vK qBM s U OI U D rd r
zU U D b wIK s d U OI U D rd

?
ZMO WDIM w ? s oKDM ? jK U u

qJA uKDL ODL u



ODL uL wN uEML r qJA

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


WON' Wde_ 5IdDU wU qJA r U
qJ de_ uEM*

25
?

50

20
?


40 60

qJA

rd uD
qJA rC c OD* u rd
rK 60 wK UL
UF_ UOI p uKD*
?
dF u vK rK 40 uD u vK
uD UH u vK rK 50 dO

qJ 5N' vK o30 WeU O1 dF
50
40 60
30 30

qJA
s rK 25 fOI ? WOU_ WNu vK
r WDIM ZM WuKF W U( vK ? WDIM
?

ZM dO W U( vK WDIM s rK 20 fOI
qH U O U D WDIM s rd WDIM

? UFUIO jK U u U D WDIM s rd

qJA ? WDIM w


qJA

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


zU U D WDIM s rd
? jK U u
jK U ud U D rdM UNH uD) dJ
?
5DIM vK qBM WDIM s U C ?

qJA VOd vK


?


qJA

s rd qH U O U D WDIM s rd
w UFUIO jK U u U D WDIM
?
qJA ? 5DIM 5 q u




?


qJA

HB rKI WdC e_ vK dNE rK F


ZMO WdC dO WOzUA uD) u/
qJA uKD* uEM*

qJA

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


25 qJ wN' uEM* UOU

uD UU wN uEML r?? sJL
?
de_ uEML rd Xb w U dI WIU

wK UL

50
20

?
40


60

qJA

rd uD

rK 60 tu wN' OD* u r


dF nB rK 20 t{d rK 50 tUH
?
qOD* WOU_ WNu r qCH wIOI(
40 ?
dFU U IL UNODF r
50

wI _ s o45 WeU qO1 U&U rd rK



qJA rK 20 dF nB T UJ uD
45 60

qJA

? WDIM s rK 25 fOI WOU_ WNu vK


20 fOI r WDIM ZM WuKF W U( vK
25 ?
dO W U( vK WDIM s qH_ s rK
U O U D WDIM s rd r WDIM ZM

? UFUI U OI U D WDIM s rd qH


20


qJA ? WDIM w

qJA

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


zU U D WDIM s rd
? jK U u
zU U D rdM UNH uD) dJ
s d
25 ?
VOd vK 5DIM vK qBM WDIM
qJA

?
20


qJA

s rd qH U O U D WDIM s rd
q u w UFUIO d U OI U D WDIM
25 ?
qJA ? 5DIM 5

?
20


qJA

u/ HB rKI WdC e_ vK rKF


uEM* ZMO WdC dO WOzUA uD)
qJA uKD*

qJA

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


sUL
_ dD w 5 u UL YU bF W U{S dOUM v WO UJ_ u sd9

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


bu WUN w uu* WNUA* Wde_ Wu vK WO dOUM* r sd9
UNH WJA UFd bF

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


UJ d uu* Wde_ WJA vK WO dOUM* r sd9

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


r UOI0 s UJ wN' de_ uEM* r sd9

qJA qJA

qJA qJA

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


qJA qJA

qJA qJA

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


qJA qJA

qJA qJA

bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?


bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?
bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?
bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?
bUF* dOUM* r WU b?u?
b?????u

bUF* jU* r

WFd bu b
tKO9 WOHO dH w uLF UI uNH vK dF
UNOK UI WOHO WOU_ W Uu * WdF
guN 5 UNMO UdH UO
rd Wu vK W j
U * VOd WdF
UNFu j
U * vK UF_ WU WdF
WOMM* WKzU* WuLF UNuD u vA dOUMLK W j
U * r UI
WLOK  dDU UNOK UF_ WU j
U * lu YO s WKUJ wUM r Wu r UI

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


jUL r
jI qFH s oA r u uI  UJ vK b qFH vK UJ r u WG jI L
j
U L s UdO WuLF j
U L Wb wHJM U c w s _ vK l

sOF u  vK r  s WD
U WLOI  WF UI s ZM c d_ u U D jI L
w UL UNM sOM q wIK w bUFL W Ozd W Uu L vK WIU  bu w XdF b

qJA
uD bF u j w wI_ u * l wIK wU_ u *
UH bF u j w wU' u * l wIK wU_ u *
dF bF u j w wI_ u * l wIK wU' u *

UH
L w
U
u
_ u
wU L


dF
uD
L
_ u
wI

qJA qJA

vL U ZM uL qJA Uu L b vK tUI wI `D vK dH w r l{ bMF


qJA w UL u L p vK r  jI L
U OU U DI  vL ZM c qJA S wU_ u L vK U uL r  UMDI S
U OU U DI  vL ZM c qJA S wU u L vK U uL r  UMDI
U OI U DI  vL ZM c qJA S wI_ u L vK U uL r  UMDI

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


YU bF dNE YO jI sbF s uJO jI  q S U u U uL UI U UL
qJA w UL UI U uL
UH uD bF s uJ wU_ jI *U
UH dF bF s uJ wU' jI *
dF uD bF s uJ wI_ jI *

qJA qJA

sJL tS qJA w UL qUH WDu UNMO ULO WJUL W Uu L dU
db r dF j vK uuL qBHL eM p dO b u  `B Uu L c d
qJ wU_ u L l b u vK UB YO wI_ wU u L

tM qJA w UL rz q JA rd W


vK WUM W j
U L VOd uJ tOK
ZM
b WOI uD vK vK_ w wU' wU_ 5DI *
b WO uD vK wU_ jI * qH wI_ jI *

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


qJA qJA

UE
UNL U bF rd w U _ qOL d r s U  j
U L r bF

uEM* r w UuNE U  wIOI( UNKJA u
_ dzb dNE
WO WOI uD s uJ UNLEF YO WuN d O j
U * uD rEF rd
tM WKU dJ UD dA r * j
U  s jI 5DI  rd UH sJ1
WuN d O j
U * vK d UuKF UF_ l{u

uD rd 5FK dNE w u( uD U r * uD q `O{u j


U * c b

WOH uD rd dNE w u( uD  WOzd
wK UL W UF_ b w UdA 5DI  q S pc b uEM r  s W&U W j
U *
wze' wKJ UH w UdA wU' wU_
wze' wKJ uD w UdA wI_ wU_
wze' wKJ dF w UdA wI_ wU'
UUF V UDF* j
U * VOd p d 5DI  WdF eK YO j
U * s uEM* UM sJ1

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


dOUMLK W jUL r vK WK
W UND
U  l Wud dOUML iF `{u WOU UJ_
30

30
30 30

30
30

30 30 30
qJA
25

25

50 35
35

25

50
35 50

qJA

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


qJA

qJA

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


45 20

20

45
20
45 qJA
50

50

40 35
35

35 40

40

qJA

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


qJA

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


qJA

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


qJA

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


uEMLK rz* jI* rd U b'  sd9
3 2 1

wU
_

6 5 4

9 8 7

12 11 10


15 14 13

?
18 17 16

21 20 19

? ? u?? ??E? ? ?M? ? ?L? ? ? e?? ? ? ? ? ? ?



wU_ jI L r??

w??I?_ j??I? ?L? r??

wU jI L r??

qJA

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


UN U* UFd* vK U dOUM* jU r sd9

qJA

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


rd W vK jUL lu
U dI WU  j
U LU WDOL UdH uJ YO rd W
vK W j
U L lu r
OD L uL j
U L c lu sO qJA

uD dF

UH

wU_ jI L wU jI L


dF

wI_ jI L

rd W
vK j
U L lu qJA

WOU WUFL V rdK WBBL WU L rO I sJL qJAK udU

dF + uD - WU L



3

dF + UH - WU L

3

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


q W j
U L l
u b w 2H rKI WOzUA uD rd s q U bF
qJA w UL OD 

R
jI sODI  rd U UbM j
U L lu WUF U pMJL q

U
dFU A4 W
b r UOIL qJA w sOL uEMLK W j
U L rd

qJA

rd q( uD
w UUO b U r bF qJA w UL dFU A4 W
u rd eO UF
rK 190 UH vB
ULMO rK 267 u vB

rK 84 U uEMLK u vB

rK 72 U uEMLK d vB

rK 46 U uEMLK UH vB

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


guN wU wU_ sODI L sO WOI_ WU L V

dvB
+ u vB
-

3

(72 + 84) - 267


rK 37
3
guN wI_ wU_ sODI L sO WOd WU L V

dvB
+ UH vB
-

3

(72 + 46) - 190


rK 24
3

1 2
24

37 37

4
?
24

qJA

bUF* jU* r WFd b?u?


2H rKI qJA w
sOdA b r tOU s rK37 bF vK U uKF wI_ j vK 2 1 sOdA b
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? WF_

1 2
r K u vB
37 r K d vB

3 84 5 6 72

UH vB

46
wU_ jI L wU jI L

37

4
?

qJA

2H rKI qJA w
d vB
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Dimensioning UF_ WU
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dF

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d d

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rEM wb rEM wUL wU d rzU d
ldL WLzU
WOM_ ld*
1 Frederick E. Giesecke & others, Technical Drawing, 2th ed. Prentice Hall, 2003.

2 Jackson E, Advanced Level Technical Drawing, 3ed. London: Longman Group Ltd., 1975.

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