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com

\P A
( & Si & )

zu S

u|k A_
C\ h [S
vmhzvflR hmhx.
(US Afl)

wsh J a \
wsh J [S
wsh uz ufl \.

u{mk
h PP
Pa \, \fl & 600 006.

i
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u{k A_
u v & 2003
v & 2006
hUSz uP
& Si
hUh. ]. Qnfl hUh. u. \u Sfl
] ]
uyU P | x
\fl PU PP \fl PU PP
\fl & 600 005. \fl & 600 005.
P
hUh . \nfl hUh . E
Cn ] ]
z x x
A] PU P v sP A] P
\fl & 600 030. \fl & 600 108.

]P
v. Gfl. _ofl

vv. G. \u i.I.D.i
mhu B] (K) {UP & 637 001
i. G.]i.G. |
\fl & 600 084. vv G. uUQ
]
v. C. Cv{ufl x
u B] (K) v sP A] P
A_ E | \fl & 600 108.
AU Pmh (Ag\)
]P[P mh
Si
hUh C. ufl

A] x |Pz x
uyU P |
\fl PU PP
\fl & 600 005
h[P u & u{k A_UPP
UP CUPP, u{k

C 60 .G.G u Aa]hmkx
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hUP
UP

PU Pk ... v
AS & I
1. CvS I P ... 1
2. Cv B[Q Bm] |ku
Aufl UP ... 17
3. u Cva _uv (1857&B
Bsk m]) & B[QU QUQv
oPU S Bm]fl i ... 51
AS & II
4. 19&B sifl \P, \a
^vzu CUP[P ... 67
AS & III
5. Cv u] CUPzvfl u a] ... 85
6. Cv ku & PviP P ... 109

AS & IV
7. _uvzvS fl Cv (1947 & 2000)
\P fl ... 135
8. Cv vmhmh u
fl A u
~m a] ... 147

9. Cvfl U PP ... 161

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Si
AS & I
1. Tmhm] A_ A ... 173
2. Cvfl zv A_ ... 183
3. | A_ ... 203

AS & II
4. Cvz uu Bn ... 217
5. uuP ... 223
6. Si ... 233

AS & h
1. Cv : mh fl & Cvz xnUPsh ... 243
2. |z u, iP &
|z u iP ... 261
3. Cvfl P| &
P| } Ah ... 283
4. u s & CPz u sq ... 303
5. Cv P & P, En xP ... 319
6. uP[P & Cvz uP[P ... 341
7. Pmk[P, \P &
Pmk[P \P ... 359
8. Cvfl UP & u [P ... 375
9. x Cv & Ga] Cv ... 387
10. |h[P, UP h[P &
| h[P, UP h[P ... 399
11. Po & Po : Pzx, US ... 417
12. [P vk &
AvP [P vk. ... 435

iv
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v
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vi
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AS & I
h & 1

CvS I P
P {UP[P
1. n IPfl v PhU Pski
Cv J vP Aux
GfluU Pnu.
2. n Ifl P Cvfl
GvPzv Hkzv [P x
Pu.
3. n a_UR]P, ha_UPP, hP,
B[QP g_UPP Cv
u oP [P |x A u u
A u.

Ifl Cv P {{mifl
P UQ J |Pa]S. Cvfl
\ zu _ {P zuP UP

fl SP I Avu.
[Pzvu Cv {kPhfl z
uh Psiux. ChUP x Cv
oP mP \z v[P, Smh
] x PP, EP kP Psh
mP, zv mk BhP, u[P,
u PPUS Ia \uP
Su Cux.
CmP | P Ax
J Sv | P Sv Ph P
1
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Ia \flhu. Q..1453&B Bsk

xUQ Pflhfli {U (xUQ uP
Cufl) Pu CUSzvSz
uhP Hmh. G P, u QUS
{kPhfl I \x u oP Ah
mhx. Au vUPmh I oPP u[PU
QUS {kP (Golden East) Gfl AUPmh ^
Cv v PhU PskiUP
fl.

a_UR]P
v Ph U PskiUP a_UP
fl {mk A\P u {mk P
FUSzu. G v PhU Pski
a_UR] fliPz vPu. a_UR]
C\fl fl P Buzu. APUS
]UP A Au ]
Jfl |. Phn PPUS
si Bu Azu.
Ph nzv C\ fl Su
B Pmiu AuS Bu Azuu
A fl (Henry, the Navigator) G
mk AUPkQ.
zu h : 1487&B Bsk zu
h BUPfl SU PhP KP n
\u. A BUPfl uflPi
Ahu. G Pk PnP A
ufl Phnzu Psk uh i.
B Ah Phn PUS
Psk n \ i G {UPzux.
G BUPfl uflPi {flUP
(Cape of Good Hope) Gfl Smh.
2
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Ph P : Ph P
Gfl a_UR] v
PhU Psk ifl
mk zu h
Psh u
Ph n \u. {flUP
Ahu A fl
\UPa \flhu.
A[Qx uhx J u
n \u. A 1498&B
Ph P Bsk u 20&B uv
PUTmiS AQ (Calicut)
x C[Q. ASv Bm]u \fl Gfl
A\ A Aflhfl . Ph P
Ah ] \PP . Aa\PP S
{kP Cvhfl oPz uh HkzvU
P Szu.
Ph P Cv fl u[P
u[Qu. A va \P uflhfl
P H u mP
Gkzxa \fl. AmP Pmh
I {mka \ oPP CvS
.
Ph P 1501&B Bsk Csh
P Cv ux Psnfi Gflhzv
J oPzuzu |. {h PUTk
(Calicut), Pa]fl, Psnfi BQ Ch[P a_U
R]fl zuPz u[PQ. u[P u
Czu, a_UR] Ah \uu A
. AP PUTmh Bsh \fl
flUS a_UR]USh P
Hkzv. G Pa]u a_UR]
\fl fl uUQ. B A uz u
{mhx. Au US fl a_UR] u[P
s Cv |{mi.
3
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fl]P i Ah (1505&1509) : 1505&B Bsk

fl]P i Ah Cv u. Aufl
Cv Cu a_UR] SvPfl u
B{ B. A Cvu a_UR] fl
Ph kzxuz ux {UPPU
Psiu. , Cx PUPh a_UR]
BvUP P [P sk A
Gso. A fl PP }UPh PP
(Blue Water Policy) G AUPmhx.

Afl\&i&APUS (1509 & 1515) : Cv

a_UR]fl \US Es Aizu
mh Afl\&i&APUS B. A
1510&B Bsk flhx P
PU P
. Aufl fl P a_UR]fl uh
P Aux. A \{P _hfl ux
E kzvU Psh. A 1511&B Bsk
UP
UPU P. 1515&B Bsk ^P
Sh B_ (Port Ormuz) xPzu EUQ.
APUS J ]u |QP Cuv Afl
\U PPfl PnP C_ A
vUP. A CxUP {uP {hzv.
APUS CxUPfl PUPP Pz
vu. A CvP a_UR]h vn
EP FUSzu.
APUS \v Gfl EhflPmh H UPz
uz ukUP {hiUP Psh. G, A
fli[ fl fli.

APQfl {sP AUS Cvfl

v z uu. 16&B sifl CvUS
a_UR] P, h, hfl, \\m
ASvPa _u |SvPz
u\ Psk u. G APx AvP
4
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5
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PU SQ P }izux. I oPPfl
P AP | x.
a_UR]fl a]UP Pn[P : 1.
a_UP Pa ] {k. Cv fl P
{mh A{mi Pmkkzu i. Ph
Phx Si {kP AUPz u n
h A{mih C, 2. a_U
R]fl Bm] F Hhz uh[Qx.
a_UR] oPP {hfl \hz u,
3. a_UR] fl \U PP C_fl
uzu EUQx. a_UR] CvPU
Pmh u \u CxUP
, 4. a_UR] Cv oPPUS GvP
AiUPi PhP Dkmh, 5. Pfl
\ \{P ]fl u{Pa \u Cux.
1565&B Bsk Hmh \{P ]fl a]
a_UR]US AiP Aux, 6. AU
AUS fl Bm] fl R
P _ Ga] a_UR]fl
AvP h i x, 7. CvP
Cv u ha_, B[Q oPU SUP a_U
R]Pfl u miPP .
C PnP Cv a_UR]fl AvP
a]x.

ha_UPP
PhP Jmi SvP u ha_UPP
xo, G, a\P B Eh
UP [Q. 1602&B Bsk Jflnu
{ux QUQvU P x {mi
uh[Q. CP u Cu]z wP
u[P Si[P AzxU Psh. fl
u[P Pzu Cvfl x v. 1605&B
Bsk `mizv u[P oPz uzu
6
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Azu. \flUS AQ E Pk
Gflhzv u[P u PmhU Pmi.
a_UR]hx {PmizuU P.
BU, `z, `mi, [Pzv E ]fl_
BQ Ch[Pz u[P oPz u[PUQU
Psh.

ha_UPP Cv u[P A\ |
. oP APh UQ {UPP
Aux. u xou ]fl oPzv
Qhzu zv Qa]hu.
{n mP AvP QhUS Cu]z
wP u[P Pzua \zv. "Pfl' (Coen)
flifl (Van Diemen) BQ QUS Sv
P ha_UPPfl USU PnPz vPu.

ha_UPPfl a]UP Pn[P : 1. ha_UP

PUS B[QPUS Ch Hmh mi
1623&B Bsk ha_UPP B[Q A
kP \u. Aufl PnP B[Q
Cu]x si |
Hmhx. B[Q CvSz v, 2. ha_U
PP Cv u \UQ B[QUS
mkU PkUP si | Hmhx. ha_UPP
Cv h Cu] oP \v
AvP Dkk Psh 3. B u
Cv ha_UPPfl | UQzx
uuP A.

hP
hPfl Si[P : hU QUS Cv
oPU S (Company) 1616& hflUQ |mhx.
hP uflv u[Pi Gflhzv
7
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1620& u[P oPz uzu Azu.

PPzuS (PPzu) AQ \
Gflhzv u[P Si[P Hkzv.
h \ Pz u A{mk oPP
P Ah. G AP u[P oPz
u[P 1845&B Bsk B[QUS mh.

B[QP
IP B[QP
Cv oP mP . G Cv
hfl {iP oPz uh P Gso.
1600&B Bsk C[Qx A] G\z Po
Cshu P Psh oPU S
JflUS, QUS {kPhfl oP \ Av
[Q. fl AP B[QU QUQv oPU
S |.

QUQv oPU S `z {P J oPz u

AUP Av 1609&B Bsk \
UQfl Gfl P \ P[Rfl
A\US A zux. B a_UR]fl
\US PnP P B[QPUS Av
AUP. 1613&B Bsk ufl `z {P
B[Q oPz u AUP AvUPmh.

\ u Gfl B[Q zuP 1615&B

Bsk P[Rfl A\US u. A Cv
fl BskP u[Q BU, `z, APuz
a BQ Ch[P B[Q oPz u[P AUP
Av v . 1639&B Bsk
fl] h Gfl B[Q oP \vQ flfl R
C[Q \fl Svfl {UPhx u]
US [Q. Pzv \fl GflUP
8
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mh Au Chzv B[Q oPz u \flm

Gfl PmhU Pmi. Au
PPzu AQ 1651&B Bsk U J
oPz u AUPmhx. C[Qx fl
Csh \ 1661&B Bsk SzuPP
() B[QU QUQv oPU SS Azu.
\ a_UR] C] nx a
^uP .

A{mP fl J h hP 10
mk Gflu E[P { iQu? \U
S . 700 (sm (Pound) C[Qx {n).

PPzu J oPz u AUP 1690&B

Bsk B[Q J[P^hx Av
. A[S 1696&B Bsk AUPmh Pmh
Pmh Gfl AUPmhx.

B[Q zx hfl
[P Bm]fl E J {x
Snkzvufl P B[Q U
{vUP oPz u Jfl AUP Av
.

B[QU QUQv oPU S Cv

1857&B Bsk ufl \UP kzv
Aizu Azux. 1857&B Bsk B[Q
oPUS Bm]US GvP {hu m]fl
P Uh Po Cvfl |P
H.

g_UPP
Cv B[QUS GvP Pk mi
mhP g_UPP. g_U QUQv
9
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10
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oPU S 1664&B Bsk 14&B flfl

u B\P Pm Gflfl vflS
ufl R AUPmhx. CUPfl x
CUS{P |UPmh fl] Pfl Gfl
1667&B Bsk `z {P u g_ oPzu
AUPmhx. 1669&B Bsk i\ v[P
`mizv Cfl g_ oPzu
|mhx.

fl] PUS fl fl] ifl Gfl

|UPmh. C _u Pfl
ihx Av 1674&B Bsk sia
\ (Pondicherry) Azu. sia\ g_U
PPfl uhx. fl g_UPP
Auz uhx \v{T, \ (Balasore), P]
\ BQ Ch[P u[P Si[P Azu.
1725&B Bsk PhP 1739&B
Bsk \ shU PhP PUP
g_U Si[PP Azu.

Cvu g_
SvPfl B{P 1735&B Bsk
u 1741 l [Q.
AUS fl u i
(Dupleix) J ]u C uv
. A Cv g_
_ Jfl | Gso.
g_ BvUP Cv |
A P Dkmh.
i
G g_UPP sia
\, , \v{T, PUP, H BQ
SvP mk uUP zxU P iux.
Cv Bm] |v g_UPP fl
u B[QP Psh.
11
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P AhP
1. n Ifl Cv P UP
i.
2. n a_UR]fl Si[P
UP i.
3. n ha_UPPfl CvU Si[Pa
_miUPmh C.
4. n Cv B[Q g_U
Si[P [PU PkUP
C.

_vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. Q..1453&B Bsk Pflhfli{U
PP
A. xUQP B. ha_UPP
C. g_UPP D. B[QP

2. RUPsh {kPa \u A\P P

FUSzu
A. C[Qx, fl_ B. fl_, fl
C. fl, a_UP D. a_UP, C[Qx

3. Ph P PUTk Sv C[P Av
Azu A\
A. _ufl B. \ {P A\
C. fl \fl D. \v{Tfl fl

4. PU P
A. Ah B. Ph P
C. APUS D. \fl
12
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5. \ UQfl C{mha \u
A. a_UP B. fl
C. C[Qx D. fl_

6. z vn \P Csh \
nu C]fl {k
A. fl_ B. fl
C. C[Qx D. a_UP

7. UQfl J
A. B] B.
C. zx D. h

8. B[QU QUQv oPUS US ()

Azu h SzuP
A. 10 B. 20
C. 30 D. 40

9. g_U QUQv oPU S Cfl ufl

R AUPmhx
A. fl] Pfl B. Pm
C. i D. CP G C

10. PhP E g_UPP

Bsk
A. 1725 B. 1735
C. 1715 D. 1745

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. IP _______________ v PhU
PskiUP fl.
13
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2. v Ph P Pskiv fliPz
vPu ____________ BP.
3. Cv u a_UR] B{P [Q
____________.
4. \{P A_hfl ufl E kzv _________
B.
5. \v J Afl\ APUS ____________
S fliPz vPu.
6. 1609&B Bsk ____________ Gflhzv ha_UP
Pfl u Pmh Pmhmhx.
7. \ u ____________ flfl A\ fl
BskP u[Q.

8. \flm Pmh ____________ Gflhzv

Pmhmhx.

9. vflP fl u B\P ____________

B.

10. `zv u g_ oPzuzv Azu

____________ B.

III. fl zxP

1. UP &--& }UPh PP

2. \fl && CvSU Ph

3. fl]P i Ah && ^P Sh

4. B_ xP && _ zuP

5. Ph P && PUTmifl A\
14
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1. ha_UP && a_UR] C]

2. Csh \ && \ wP
3. A kP && P &
4. fl] Pfl && g_ uh
5. sia\ && 1623

IV. _UPP hUP

1. I \uP x umh Cv
oP mPfl PU SkP.

2. Pflhfli{fl a] I oPP
Gu vzux?

3. C\ fl "" fl'' G AUP

kufl?

4. zu h J Sz uP.

5. \fl a_UR] Hfl uUQ?

6. }UPh PP Gfl Gfl?

7. Cv a_UR] oPz u[Pfl PU

SkP.
8. ha_UPPfl UQ {UP[P ?
9. ha_UPPfl oPz u[PU SkP.
10. ha_UPPfl a]UP Pn[P ?
11. "fl] h'' ] Sz uP.
12. Cvu B[Qfl oPz u[PU
SkP.
15
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13. Cv B[Q Azu UQ PmhPfl

PU SkP.
14. sia\ Gu g_UPPfl uh
Qx?
15. i EUS Gfl u?

V. h uP

1. a_UR] Cv ux oPzu[P
G AzxU Psh?
2. Afl\ i APUS a_UPUS Cv
PUS B usiU SkP.
3. Cv a_UR]fl BvUP a]hU
Pn[P ?
4. B[Q Cv Gu u oPzu[P
|?

VI. \ ]

1. Cv hzv a_UR], ha_UP,

B[Q g_UP BQfl oP
[PU SUP.
2. Ph P CvS u Ph
UPzu EPhzv SmkU Pmh.

16
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h & 2
Cv B[Q Bm]
|ku Aufl UP

P {UP[P
1. n Cv B[QUS g_UP
PUS 18&B si {hu uPU
P.
2. n Cv B[Q BvUP u
u A u.
3. n P{hP, ` zv Pfl
Pn[P, APfl P A_u.
4. n [Pzv B[Q BvUP uuz
ux Pu.
5. n Cv B[Q BvUP
huu x Pu.
6. n fl xnhz
vmhzu A .
7. n fli[ fl \Pa ^vzu[P
U P.
8. n h] fl _ CU PP
(Doctorine of Lapse) Gu B[Q A]fl
UPzvS Eux Gflu Au.
18&B si B[Q, g_UP
P, a_UR] ha_UPP Cv
Cx v Psh. Ihfl
B Cv oPzv B[Q g_UPP
17
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[Q |fl. C{mi Cvfl

Ch[P u oPz u[P |.
AoPz u[P PhP Jmi SvP
Avu. oPzvfl Qhzu C
A{mhh mi, \
EUQx. Au APUS AiUPi Pk
\shP Hmh. AP B[Q g_
A_P u {mk oPU SUPUS Bu Azu.
1707&B Bsk J[P^fl S fl
P _ ]ushx. 1645 u ] ]fl
h] AUPmh zv _
UP u Cvfl S Sv
x ux. 1724& |\ EU GflUPmh
A\ uUPnSv Iuz A\ |.
1740& AvPfl [Pzvfl _uv {Pz ufl
AzxU Psh. BUPmhz u{PPU Psk
\uzx Pfl (Saadatullah Khan, 1710 & 1732) P{hP
Svfl {. AUS fl Bm] \u
Ah P uz A zvP
1740& {hu Pmh. Iuz |\
A\ va] x AflwflPfl Gfl
BUPmifl {P |zu. A UP
zv P . zvP ] UP
mh uz Afl P, \u\Q 1748&
kUPmk AflwUSz u Pkzx
u. E{mk UPP PPzv Dkmh
. Au | A] | B[Q,
g_U PP { {mk A] P[P
uh zux.

I. P{hP P
u P{hP (1746 & 48) & Pn[P : I
oPU SUPh Hmh miP 1742&
18
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i sia\
sia\fl B{P |UPmhv
x whux. g_UPPfl |
Ezu i . Aa\ I
Bv _ Hmhx. A
C[Qx fl_ GvGv Ao Cu.
A Cv Gvzux. 1746&B Bsk
B[Q Cvu g_UPP x
ukzu.
|Pa]P : B[Q
u[P Phhz u
mifl Euhfl CvU
Ph Cu g_U P
PU P. i
u g_
B{ hfl\ (La-
Bourdonnais) EuUS Azu.
g_U Phh \flz Cm Q
x Pzu Pmhx.
i hfl_ Cnx \flU
P. \fl mP Aflwfl Pfl
u P h fl A.
B A hU Pmkk UP ]
g_ h Ah {hu \sh uPizux.
i B[Qfl \flm hm PmhU
P Psh ] u Ahux.
CuQh I Bv _
J iUS ux. G Cv B[Q
g_UPP u \sh |zvU Psh.
P : 1748&B Bsk A&&\ (Aix-la-
Chapelle) G EhfliUP Bv _
US J zux. Azxhfl u
P{hP J iUS ux. Ahfl
iUPfli B[Q \fl
\flz v
19
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. AuS vP AP h AUP
Cu U (Louisburg)P fl]S uu.

Pmkmkhfl P \
I vu EUPmh [QPU
Psk Su GsoUP hP Th
Cv A\Pfl P h
P i Gflu u P{hP
kzvx.
Csh P{hP (1748 & 1754) : C[Qx,
fl_ BQ {kPh Cu Pna]
I iUS u, Cv A
{mk oPU SUPh | miz uhux.
P{hP {fl hPUS GvP i
AUS Su {UP \
Pkzux. g_UPPfl | Ezxu
ifl {UPP Cux. A Cv flP
Jk J umh. g_UPPfl
\US a] uU Psh B[Q
Ga\UP Aa\ Psh.
Pn[P : 1748& Iuzvfl |\ P.
Auz uhx Ah Cshx P
{][QS, \ [QS Ch
_ Hmhx. P{hPzv uz
Afl P \u\Q AflwUS GvP
BUPk An Ah . \u
\Q, \[S \xPsk g_UP
Pfl Eu {i. G Aflw, {][S
B[Qfl Eu . Iuz
BUPk AnPU Pv Hmh \a\
USU PnQx.
fl US : 1749& g_ hP, \u\Q
\[ BQfl hPhfl Cnx
20
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B Gflhzv Aflwz uPizu.

A Aflwfl Eu. Ah Pfl
Px A uPPP va]USz u
Ki. A[S A B[Qh \nhu.
\u\Q P{hP {. A ifl
EuUSU PP ufi, fi
sia\US AQ T BQ Ch[P
g_UPPUS Azu. fl Px A
iuPP va] {UQ hkzu.
B[Q Px Afl EuUS u. B[QU
QUQv oPU Sfl hz uP
J Cm Q BUPmhz uUSuS J
vmh wmi. Au B{ \sh (SauVders)
HU Psh. A Q fl]fl
u h Jfl A. 1751 Q
BUPmh AvP Gvfl P. g_
hP, \u\Q A Bo, P
UP BQ Ch[P uPizu. B[Qh
\nhu \u\fl u xsiUPmhx (1752).
i va]U P i.
1754&B Bsk fl_ Az vz ufl {mkUS
AzxU Pshx. A \flfl Csh P{hP
ihux.
G Iuzv g_UPPfl |
huP Cux. 1750 {][ P
sh. \ [ |P g_U
PPUS H \PP [Q. P{hP
BUPmhU Px B[Qfl P
\uS. G Q BUPmk Gfl
Pmh.
P : 1755 sia\ EhfliUP Pz
u. Aufli g_UPPfl SvP APUSz
v AUPmh. P{hPSvP B[Q
hu. Iuzv (General
Bussy) g_a \UP xPzx u.
21
 www.kalvisolai.com

fl P{hP (1756 & 1763) Pn[P :

I izu Hsk fl P{hP
US EhiU PnP Aux. Cv
g_ SvPfl B{P ufl hz
uvP Psm&i& (Count-de-Lally) Gfl,
fl_ {mk A_ CvUS A zux. A
Cv uhfl \flm hm Pmhz
uUQ AuU P. \flU Pz
vmhmh A Iuzvu g_z uv
z xnUS Azu. Ax P uP
iux. Iuzvx hfl
B[Q h \UP SvP fl P.
Iuzvfl |\ \z [ B[Qhfl
\si Pmh |USz umh. Au
Iuzv g_UPP u A] \UP
Cu. g_z uvP ,
B[Q ku Aha \u.
1761&B Bsk sia\ Th g_UPP
B[Qh Jhzu.
P : fl P{hP 1763&B Bsk _
EhfliUP iUS ux. Aufli g_U
PP C PmhP kzuUThx Gfl
|ufl sia\, PUP
g_UPPUSa \u Cu SvP sk
APh JhUPmh. Cv g_U
PPfl S fl P{hP J
zux.
B[Qfl UP Pn[P : (1) g_UP
Phfl JkP B[Qfl |v |
flhuPU Pnmhx, (2) mi A_ ux
oPU SS x Eu Azux
g_ A_ AUP, (3) g_UPP h
B[QP ] oP \vP u,
(4) C[Qx fl\ h P Eu Ph
22
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ux, (5) B[Q hzuvPh

{ J |x, (6) C[Qv Av
|u B[Q Cv P[P U
Pzu \zv, (7) ]u B{ ifl
\ Cv umh PPmhzv A
v AUPmhx AUS fl u
i vhP [Pux
g_UPPfl uUSU Pn[PP Au.

II. [Pzv B[Q BvUP a]

AvPfl 1740 uflh _uvzv Az
u. A [Pzvfl { B. 1756 AvPfl
US fl Ah fl ]&Ez&u
uflh 24x v [Pzvfl { B. A
Bm]US u ]x PzvSP [Pzv
AUS B[QUS Ch \a\P ufl.
] & Pn[P : B[Q [Pzvu
Pmh kzxu |zx
]&Ez&u Ezumh. B B[Q
Pmh xzu o |zu zu. G
{ P]u B[Q oPz uzvz
uUQ. fl PmhU P.
UQ B[Q A E u. G
146 P PvPP ]iUPmh. AP
A ] Pa] A Jfl zx
AhUPmhuPU TkQx. 1756&B h fl
u 20&B { AP 123 a_zvn
CuuP 23 mk E zuuP
TkQx. Cu |Pa] Cmh xa \ (Black
Hole Tragedy) Gfl B[Q AbP
oUPkQx.
Aa\zvU P \flu
B[Q, Cm Q Phhz uv
23
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m\fl (Admiral Watson) BQ u, J Eu

h [PzvS A zu. ]&Ez&
ufl ufl hzuv hfl
Q J CP] EhfliUPa \x Psk
{ GvPz u.
|Pa]P : 1757&B Bsk fl u 23&B {
{fl u{P uzxUS AQ Cu
] {UQ Q fl. uz
uv hfl Q \x Psh CP]
EhfliUPfli A B[QUS GvP
Dkh. {fl hP UPzvx
u Ki. fl { Pmh. Qfl
USvfli [Pzv { B.
] {hux J ] PP u Ax J
A. G P zu Cv
] Su UQzx uPU
PukQx. H Cv B[Q Bm]
P Ffl A Szux.
P : v {hx B[Q
uP . B[Q oPU S 24 PU
P x. Qfl PP
. Ah Gu AvP C. {h
A B[Qfl uP zv \
i. G 1760 A ux S
i Pmhkzumh. fl Ah P
P] [Pzvfl v {P |UPmh.
S P] B[Qfl Q uz
uP zv \ C x.
U\ (1764) Pn[P : P] C,
xi, Eh Bm]. A _uv
Pa \h . ufl u{PU PPzu
Cx S uu [R (Manghir) Gfl
ChzvS . ufl hPUS ]UP
24
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{mk ]P US Azv.
G B[QUS {USh \a\
Hmhx. B[Q A ux CUP
i \u. Aufl 1764&B Bsk U\
Hmhx. A P], Azv {
_&Ez&u
_&Ez&u, P A\ B BQ
h Tmho hP B[Qz uv
fl uPizu. P] UPzvx
u Ki. C B[Qh \s
Ahu.
P : 1765& Hmh APz EhfliUP
U\ J iUS ux. AhfliUPfli
Azv, _&Ez&uSz v AUPmhx.
B A Cmkz uPP 50 m\
B[QUS AUPsiux. B[Qh
Jfl Azvfl xPPP |zu si
PmhzvS _&Ez&u EUPmh. P,
APz BQ mh[P BzvS AUP
mh. A [P, P, K\ BQ SvP
Cx | ` \ E (v E)
B[QUS Azu. AuS DhP A BskUS 26
m\ B[Qhx KvP
. U\ B[Q [Pzvfl Es
Bm]PP x. A APfl
Cq G Gv P
\Uv kzvx.
[Pzv Q
[Pzvfl u B{P (1758 & 1760) |UPmh.
A B[Q Bm] [Pzv uUPnzv
kzv. A [Pzv APkzv v
|P Cmh Bm] Gmhx. Aufli
[Pzvfl |P {h AvP
B[Qhzv Cux. Gu AvP Cu
u mk {h, Gu
Cu G AvP[P B[Qh Cu.
25
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III. ` P
Iu A : Iu A 1721&B Bsk u. Ah
uu ` A\fl h u (u
Faujdar).

Iu A ufl UP J \un h
Pz uh[Q. Iu i Ev
UPzuUP , AUT, xA
Psh. ux Pi E ` Cqzvfl
ufl hzuvP Iu E .
`fl fl Cux Iu ufl {mifl
Bm]P Azx `fl _u.
u ` (1767 & 1769) &
Pn[P : Iu A ufl h
g_ P \zx h
UQ. ufl
Cvfl SvPU P
ufl {mh UQ. Iu
Afl P a] zv,
Iuz |\ B[Qfl
z ysix. AP
Cnx Tmho
Azx Iu A x Iu A
Azu. Iu ux v
zv |\ Psh. B 1767
z (Smith) Gfl B[Q hz uv Iu \[P
vsn uPiUPmh. Au
{zv Iu Afl P v _ufl ufl
hPhfl \fl {UQ fl. G
B[Q \u EhfliUPa \x P
siu.
P : 1769 Hmh u_ (\fl) Ehfl
iUP
iUPhfl ihux. Aufli Iu
26
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B[Q u P Ch[Pz v
Azu. Iu Afl GvP |\, zv
P `z uUQ IuUS EuuP B[Q
JU Psh.
Csh ` (1780 & 1784) & Pn[P : 1771
` zvP uUPmhx. \fl Ehfl
iUPfli B[Q Iu Afl EuUS
. G Iu A Phu. Iu B[Q
z uUSuP \uzu Gv{UQu.
Iu Afl Svu g_USa \u
B[Q uUQx Iu A 1780&B
Bsk B[Q x Azu. A
P{hPzv B[Qhz uPizu. ASv
Ah \nhux. P{hPzvfl Sv Iu
P. B \ A Tm (Sir Eyre Coote) u
B[Qh Iu A 1781 m {
Gflhzv uPizux. h 1782&B
Bsk Iu A { nhu. B
Ax Pfl v _ufl Akzu C h[P
B[Qhfl uhx mh.
P : 1784& Hmh
[P EhfliUP A
ihux. A
Cu u P
Ch[Pz v U
Px G ]iUPmh
PvP kx G
JU Psh. Cshx
` , u G
Gu P Cfl
ihux. v _ufl

flx ` : Pfl (1786 & 1793)

[Pzvfl u BP 1786&B Bsk
27
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. AUS B[Q hPfl uflz

u [Pmhx. A flx
` vUS GvP mh.
Pn[P : B[Q |\h,
zvh u[P E
kzv. Au {zv v ufl
[P UQxhfl g_U
PPfl Eu . v
1789&B Bsk B[Qfl {m
{h vu[Tz (Travancore)
uUQ. G Pfl 1790
vfl x Azu. C Pfl
hP z uP
a \vzu. A 1792 ix.
P : v B[Qhfl ^[Pmi Ehfl
iUP
iUPa \x Psh. Aufl P ufl
{mifl vz v B[QUSU PkUP
{mhx. , ShSSv, vskUP, P (u
u Dk, \) BQ SvP B[QUSU
PkUPmh. Ax mkfl fl Pi
Cmkz uPPU PkUSi v
zumh. AuPU PkUS
v u C uP nU PvPP
B[Qh JhUSi {mhx.
{flP ` (1799) & Pn[P : ^[Pmi
EhfliUP v B[Qh
Av Hh. v fl
xnhz vmhzu HU P zu. A
B[Q [P Gso. G P,
Pflhfli{, A fl_ BQ
{kPUSz ufl yxP A v Eu
P. vfl {hiUPP Au
EhiP 1799 vPvP ukzu.
28
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uv lk, uv BQ v
uz u siu.
^[Pmizu Pmhx v P P
mk E xUP {mhx.
P : `fl Sv B[Q u
A_hfl CnzxU Psh. `fl zvSv
i a \u QnUS AUPmhx.
vfl Sk ^[Pmizvx APmk
a ]US Amhx.

xnhz vmh
IV.
B[Q BvUP UP
Cvfl
u B{P 1798&1805
u Qzu. A
PPP fl oP
|P Cu QUS Cv
oPU S Cvfl P
a \UvP Ezv
. B[Q Bm]
kzu A fl PU

Psh. AP : (1) xn
hz vmh, (2) fl {kPU Pu,
(3) {kP Cnzu BS. C xnhz
vmhzu C[S Ax P. {m
B[Qhfl EhfliUPa \x P Cv
A_P si. A Ehfl
iUP \u A_P RUPsh |uP
fl sk zumh. AP :
1. B[Qfl s HU Pu,
2. B[Qfl v|v J B[Qzxn
h u[P Sv zxU Pu,
29
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30
 www.kalvisolai.com

3. xnhP UP A_P ]
SvP B[Q oPU SUSU Pkzu,
4. xnhz vmhzv \ A\P B[Q
z u Gu Ih uh
zxU Pvzu,
5. B[Qz u B{fl Avfl A
_P A_Phfl Gu a_zu
Dkku Thx,
6. C|uPUS Emmh A_P z
uUSux B[Q xPuP A
Pfl E P[P ukv G
Evzu.
xnhz vmhzv \u {kP : 1. Iuz |\
xnhz vmhzu ufl u H. A
Ph, , Au P BQ Sv
P B[Qh Jhzu. (2) v _ufl
Cu fl `fl Bm]z v Qn
i Czvmhzv \u, (3) Azv {
Czvmhzu H Psm u B Svfl
uflmh[P Azu, (4) Csh
A{P C\zv flP xnhz
vmhzu HU Psh.

Czvmhzvfl ]P : (1) Czvmhzv B[Q

Cv vUP , (2) B[Qfl
\US Su A Qx, (3) Cv
flP B[Q u Pmkmifl R zvUP
Czvmh Eux, (4) Cv A_Pfl \
| P h B[Q UP
Czvmh Eux, (5) Czvmhzv H Cv
A_P u[P {mifl SvP B[QUS
Azuu B[Q ]fl GP hu.
31
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SP : (1) Czvmhzv H _u\ A_P u[P

v \UP Cu, (2) xn hz
vmhzv \u Cv flPh Cx Pmh
Euz uP APx uSvUS, US
u Cux. G A_P u SiUP x AvP
a _zv, (3) Cv flP u[P hPU
PUP si PmhzvS EP. A
PUPmh hP {h uUP, shP
fl PPhfl \x xUPUSz
u PkUP, (4) xn hzvmhzv
\u flPfl xP B[Q P AUP
Pmiu _u\ A\P UP x
u[P v Cu, (5) Cv flP uU
Qh {hP AvUPh
G, AP \vP Dkmk
Bzu[Pa \.
fl {k CnU PP
B[Qfl A] BvUP P
A hux. G ] AbP
""B[QU QUQv oPU
Sfl AU'' Gfl AUQfl.

V. zv P
u zv : fli[_ u B{
P |P \u x (1772 & 1785) u zv
|Pux. 1772 zv A]fl
u Cu. AUS _ C. G
Ah C \Pu, {n B.
B Ah ] uu \ Su,
P G AUPmh, S{u A P
\mh. S{u ufl P AzxU
Psh. B P Bm] u A\
_\ Psh zu zv A] u
{ m Gvzu. A Psh {n
fl P u {n An Azu
32
 www.kalvisolai.com

. P B[Qfl Eu {i.
A 1775 B{hfl `z EhfliUP
EhfliUP
Pzvmh. AhfliUPfli uUS
u QhuS B[Q Eu APUSa
\\m, fl BQ wP AUP P JU
Psh. AhfliUP B[Qz u B{
fliUSUSz u Pmhu
A Au EhfliUP |Pzu.
[Pzvfl B{, u B{ G
AUPmh. A Cvu Azx
B[QPUS E AvP.
1776& { m B[Qhfl u Ehfl
iUP \x Psh. {m A ufl
| EzvU Psk Pz uPizu.
A 1782&B Bsk Hmh \ EhfliUP
hfl iUS ux.
P : u {s B.
B[Q \\m wzu SvPz v
Azu. PS Bsk K FvP fl
m\ [Pmhx.
Csh zv 1803 & Pn[P : zu zv
A] u { m 1800&B Bsk
Cu. Ah S fl zvz uP
fl, ]v BQh Hmhx.
Ax Bm]u Csh
A\ [Q. G A ufl xPS
B[Qfl Eu {i. B[Q fl,
]v BQfl Jflnu hPz u
Pizu.
P : fl ]v xnhz
vmhzv HU Psh. {h zv
u[P Cu.
fl zv (1817 & 1818) & Pn[P : 1817
Csh B[QUS GvP
33
 www.kalvisolai.com

zv uPfl Tmh Jfl EUP

] \u. Aa\zv fl Aa\
J B[Qfl {s h ua\
Pa \mh. Aufl P B[Q
Csh C J EhfliUP
Pzvk zumh. AuS Ehflh
zuxhfl B[Q x ukzu.
B A B[Q uPiUPmh. A
z uhx u B{ i[_
Cv B[Qfl BvUPzu |
{mi.
P : fl AvP Ezuu
]uUPmhx. zvz uPfl
Sux. AP B[QPfl R Bm] \
|US u. Cv B[QPhx
P zv Psh ]P u
. Csh S h KvP
8 m\ AUPmhx. zv SvPU
Pskufl () | EQx.
fl (Marshman) Gfl ]fl
Pzxi zv Pfl _u\
Cq mkfl _u\ | Ai
kzumhx.
B[Q \zv ]fl u u
][P \u
\ufl flUQ. A B[Q Bm]USU
Riu ]\P [Q.
zvPfl a]UP Pn[P : AP
(1) zvfl , (2) A] fl,
(3) v u, (4) |fl A,
(5) zvfl \P A Pnmh SkP,
(6) A]fl u P[Pfl UPo,
(7) B[Qfl ]u Cuv v, J
A BS.
34
 www.kalvisolai.com

VI. fli[ fl
R Cv {
fli[ (1828
& 1835) u B{P 1828&B
Bsk |UPmh. A
Su v, {sn,
v~m u |Q.
A]fl {fl Bk UPfl
{ AihPU Pshx
Gfl PPhfl \
fli[
Au u u B{
A.
A UPUS {flUS ] ^vzu[P
{hkzv |Pzv ux zv
vzxa \fl. Ah ^vzu[P fl
uP Pkzu. A : (1) u
^vzu[P, (2) |P ^vzu[P, (3) \P
^vzu[P BQS.
CSv Ah \P ^vzu[P
A. zuflu sk Cv, "\v'
Gk EhflPmh Hu, u n, Suz
vn, s]_U P, sP
\ UP, Pn Cu u sPfl
u | fl \PU PkP |u.
AzuP Pi UP[P BP fl Cv
smi, Cv J vzu. A
] wP fli[ AP ]zu.
\v J : \v G EhflPmh Hu CxUPh
Pnmh PU Pi UP[P JflS. Aufli
Pn Cu ufl Pnfl Eh GuPP
mhmh ]u u Ehfl Gx ufl E
zxU P sk. uhUPzv xUP u[P
35
 www.kalvisolai.com

uP A \u. B {h uP
EPfl zu E zxU PU
Pmhkzumh. sPUS CUPmh
uzufl Aa\ fli[ \QzxU
P i. G 1829 Ax A_ J
\mh Cx. Aa\mh EhflPmh Hu \mh
u S G Azux. sP Ehfl
Pmh Hi zx GUS nush
AUPk Gfl Aa\mh Tx. Aa\mh |
[Pzvfl PUP \P ^vzuvP C\
Pfl uv{u uT BQ
Bu fli[ .
E ku s ]_UP J :
Phz vvkzu u EP PkUS
UP Cv J] Smh Czuh
Pnmhx. s ]_UP Gk
uh s SuPU P UP
SP Cu, S, Cvfl ]
SvP Pnmhx. C\zvP fl
CbP P Dkmk Cuu
APfl GsoUP PU Sux.
SvP sPfl UP PU PiP
Cux, SvP um\n fl
mhx AuSU PnP Au. A UP[
P \mhu Gfl Au Pk
ushUS EP Gfl fli[
Azu.
uUPP AhUSu : uUPP Gfl PU Tmh
Jfl oP, oP oP uUQ
APhx mP zx ux. A
a\ zv Cv |x. uUPP Pk
P UP {hmh Su SvP ]zx
u. oP oP \mhu,
36
 www.kalvisolai.com

n \x P APuQx. Aa \P
u \PUS fli[ iPmh
. G A fl (Major Sleeman)
Gflfl u J v x Hkzv.
uUPP A ] iUPmh.
APUS n ush Ax PU Pk
ushP AUPmh. uUPPfl SuP
^vzu vmh[P P \
mhx. AP Pzu ] , u
] Jfl uh[Pmhx. C uUPPfl
Bzx x }UPmhx.
Pa ^vzu[P : fli[ u B{
u Cux P, PP
B[Q P Szumhx. u
B{fl \mh B\P UP Gfl
AuSU Pn. A 1835 J wzu |
. Aufli fli[ B[Q
Cvfl AP P . A
Qzx \P P, PP
| FUSzu. Ax uPsk Cvfl
{kzu ESi UPh Pzv P
Bzux.

_ CU PP
VII.
B[Q BvUP hu
h] (1848 & 1856) Cv Bm]
\u PUP B{P J. A H
SvP B[Q Bm]hfl Cnzu. P
{kP CnUS PP fl.
g\, R , P CnzxU
Psh. B[Q HPvzvzu Cv |
{mh _ CU PP fl. Au
{zv Cv {UP kuP Aizuz
v A Azu.
37
 www.kalvisolai.com

h]fl UP Gv \
h. h. sh (Sir W.W. Hunter) Gfl
Cv h]fl oPa _UPP
fl fl zuP USQ.
Pu, J[Qnzu, flu BQ
GUTQ.
_ CU PP (Doctrine of Lapse) (B[Q
fl \u) : CxUP u[PUS _ C
Cu Bs z uzx GkzxU P
E u. A uzx GkUPmh
PUS G EP, PhP Esk.
uzukUPmh CP _P
uufl P Qx Psh. u
_u\ flPfl uzukUS E B[Q
GzuP uUP Cfl JU Psh.
h] u B{P u Hfl
B[Q Bm] kzu _ CU PP
fl. Ax uUPzv B[QP
EUPmh A_P, APa \vu
A_P, _uv A_P G P Cv A_P
Cv Cu.
1. B[Q EUPmh A_P :
C_P B[Q EUQ. C{kPfl
A\P u[Pfl CS fl AnUS
_Pz uzx GkUP AvUPh.
2. B[Qa \vu {kP : C_P
B[Q BvUPzva \vu. Cu {kPfl
A\P uzukUP sk B[Qfl
Av siux. APUS
B[Q Av AUP Ax UP.
3. _uv A_P : C_Pfl flP uzukU
S _uv u. B uzukUP
38
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mhP u A\fl \u \zxUPUS

mk \P ifl An
ix. AnUS _ B[Qfl
Avhflufl i.
_ CU PP CnUPmh {kP
: CUPPfl h] \u, z,
\, Eu, fl] {U BQ SvP
B[Q _hfl CnzxU Psh. A
\u, {U, fl] BQ {kPfl Cn \
|uS. 1857 {hu m] fl]
o Cm_ ufl Gvzu J B[Q
Pfl Szx ufl {mh zu
B[Q wzxU Psh.
_ CU PPfl P : CUPP
vUPmh flPfl US B[Q
B. AP B[Qfl w GvPP .
1857&B Bsk {hu [PPzvP UQ
Pn[P CUPP JflS. B[Q x,
UPfl A \ _ CU PP
Pn. u[P {kP B[Q Bm]hfl
CnUPmkk Gfl En Cv
A\Ph uhx Pnmhx. UP B[Q
Bm] zu. UP _u\ flP Bm]
\ku . uzuku Avzu
Cxa \mhzvS nuP _ CU PPU
Pumhx.
h]fl { UP {hiUPP :
h] ^vzu[P APkzv.
C u USzx, uv , u
BQ Ah Pzv APkzu
mhP UP iu BS.
Cu USzx : Cv ufluP
1853&B Bsk x u 20
(36 Q..) yzvS Cu AUPmhx. 1854
39
 www.kalvisolai.com

x oPga Gflh C
u AUPmhx. 1856 \flx
AUPn Cu AUPmhx.
G h] Cv Cu vmhzvfl
uu Gfl AUPkQ.
x ozx : x \P Azu, PP
mku, [P Pmku BQ oPUPP x
ozx EUPmhx. Azx HP UPzv
ua ^US o Dkmhx. A
uU Pzv P[PU P mhmhx.
PPzu Cnzu "Qsm
i[U' (Grand Trunk) Gk a \,
Ah Pzv AUPmhx.
u uv : h] AAn (3 \) u
APkzv. Au uv
APkzv. 1853 & 1856
P Pmhzv _ 4000 (6400 Q..) yzvSz uv
CnP PPzu, , , \fl
BQ {P[P CnUS uP AUPmh.
Afl Cq UQzx 1857 {hu m]fl
x Enmhx.
P : 1854 \ \ Em (Sir Charles Wood's Despatch of
1854) AUPfl Aih h] Pz
x ] [PU Psk u. J
Pnzv xUPzx (Department of Public
Instruction DPI) Jfl Hkzumhx. ,
PPzu, \fl BQ Ch[P PU
PP[P | ]P Pmh. A
1857 vUP mh.
u zuUS UQzx
AUPmhx. u P |[P FUSUP
(Grants-in-aid) [S APkzu
mhx.
40
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41
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h]fl AzuP ^vzu[P Cv

{UQh Cmka \fl.
P AhP
1. n B[Qfl Bm] Cv |
mhu Aufl UP UP i.

2. n P{hP, ` zv PU
P Pn[P, Afl P Sh
i.

3. n ], U\ P Afl
iP |T C.

4. n xnhzvmh Aufl |, S
UP i.

5. n fli[ fl ^vzu[P
vh i.

6. n h]fl {k US PP
, Ah ^vzu[P
GkzxUP i.

_vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. Bv _ {h Sv
A. AUP B. BUP
C. I D. B]

2. P{hP {fl u{P

A. \fl B. sia\
C. BUPk D. PUP
42
 www.kalvisolai.com

3. hfl g_ B{P u Qzu Ch

A. \fl B.
C. PPzu D.

4. \u \Q Ch Pfl
A. Aflwfl B. \ [
C. uz A D. Px A

5. 1757&B Bsk [Pzu Bm] \u

A. &Ez&u B. ]&Ez&u
C. P] D.

6. ] {h Bsk
A. 1757 B. 1764
C. 1765 D. 1771

7. U\ Cv flPz uPizu B[Q

B{
A. P z B. fl
C. Q D. Am m\fl

8. Iu Afl uu J
A. A\ B. u
C. Aa\ D. oP

9. u ` Iu A uPiUPmh Ch
A. \[P B. ug\
C. D. sia\

10. 1781 \ A Tm Iu Az uPizu Ch

A. h { B. \fl
C. v[T D. `
43
 www.kalvisolai.com

11. u zv RUPsh u B{
Pzv {hx.
A. Cm Q B. h]
C. fl i[ D. fli[

12. Iu A nhux
A. | B. {
C. A\ (Sh s) D. Eh {fl

13. RUPsh PkQ

A. oPU Sfl ][P B. {mh EUQ
C. oPU Sfl AU D. oPU Sfl u

14. kk [P
A. u ` B. Csh `
C. {flPx ` D. u zv

15. uUPP \mh Ch

A. C Sv B. P[Pa \
C. zv Cv D. ufl Cv

16. \v JUPmh Bsk

A. 1828 B. 1829
C. 1835 D. 1838

17. 1835 fli[ Cvfl AP

P Azu
A. g_ B. B[Q
C. Ex D. Cv
44
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18. _ CU PP RUPsh \mhzvS

shuPU Pumhx.
A. Cx \mh B. Pv \mh
C. Qzxa \mh D. a \mh

19. 1856 CSvPUQh C u AUP

mhx.
A. x u B. ux
C. \flx D. x
AUPn oPga.

II. Pimh Ch[P zv \P

1. i _____________ fl B{.

2. B[Q _____________ Gfl Phhz ufl

Euhfl g_U PPU P.

3. fl P{hP UP EhiUPn I
Hmh _____________ S.

4. g_ B{ Psm&i& P Pmh
_____________ BS.

5. ]&Ez&ufl ufl hzu

_____________ B.

6. _ EhfliUPfli _____________
_________ BQ Ch[P g_UPPUS v
AUPmh.

7. Iu Az uPizu B[Qz uv _________

B.

8. [Pzv Cmh Bm] AP

kzv _____________B.
45
 www.kalvisolai.com

9. 1776&B Bsk { m _____________ Ehfl

iUP Pzvmh.

10. P _____________ Gflfl ] uu B.

11. `z EhfliUPfl B[Q _____________

_____________ BQ Ch[P Ph
x .

12. Iu A ufl Svu g_USa \u

_____________ uUPmhu B[Q x
Azu.

13. Iu Afl Pfl _____________ B.

14. v _ufl B[Qfl {m {h_____________

z uUQ.

15. v _ufl Cu fl ` A_ _____________

flUS AUPmhx.

16. v _ufl Eu P_____________, _____________

_____________ BQ {kPUS ufl yxP
A.

17. s ]_UP AvP Pnmh Ch ___________

BS.

18. Cv uflu Cu ____________

x _____________ AUPmhx.

19. h] _____________ u AP
kzv.

20. h] _____________ AUPfl Aih

] Pa ^vzu[P APkzv.
46
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III. fl zxP
A
1. Pmh && B{
2. \sh && PPzu
3. Cm Q && P \
4. [R && Cq A
5. B && u{P

B
1. { m && 1776
2. \\m && 1782
3. u EhfliUP && u B{
4. \ EhfliUP && w
5. fl i[_ && zu A] u

C
1. A&&\
EhfliUP && fl P{hP
2. sia\
EhfliUP && u `
3. _ EhfliUP && U\
4. APz EhfliUP && Csh P{hP
5. \fl EhfliUP && u P{hP

D
1. o Cm_ && \v J
2. fli[ && u B{
Sfl \mh E
3. fl && u
4. UP && uUPP
5. h] && fl] o

47
 www.kalvisolai.com

IV. _UPP hUP

1. u P{hP UP Pn[P kzxP.

2. u P{hP fl x?

3. Csh P{hP UP Pn[P ?

4. Csh P{hP fl PU SkP.

5. BUPmk Gfl AUPk ? Hfl

A AUPkQ?

6. g_ B{ Psm&i& \u P u
x?

7. fl P{hP fl PU TP.

8. "Cmhz x' ]Sz uP.

9. ] US fl B[Q Ahu {flP

?

10. U\ UP Pn[PU SkP.

11. Iu A G `fl _ufl B?

12. u ` UP Pn[P ?

13. 1790 Pfl_ vfl x Hfl Azu?

14. fl ` fl iP kzxP.

15. { m ] S uP.

16. fl zv fl P kzxP.

17. zvfl a]UP Pn[PU SkP.

18. B[Q BvUP Cv h

Psh {hiUPP ?
48
 www.kalvisolai.com

19. xnhz vmhzv \u {kPfl PU

SkP.

20. uUPP EUS Gfl u?

21. _ CU PP h] Cnzu
{kP G?

22. o Cm_ B[Q x Gu wzxU

Psh?

23. Cv Cufl uu Gfl AUPk

? Hfl?

24. Pzx h] \u ^vzu[PU

SkP.

V. h uP
1. u P{hP UP Pn[P ? fl
P kzxP.
2. Csh P{hP J Pmk GxP.
3. P{hP P B[Q uP
Pn[P UP.
4. [Pzv B[Q G BvUP ?
5. Csh ` J Pmkz uP.
6. u zv fl Pn[P, |PP
P USP.
7. Cv B[Q oPU Sfl BvUPzu
G UQ?
xnhzvmhzvfl |, SP USP.
8. fli[ fl \Pa ^vzu[P J
Pmk P.
49
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9. Cv B[Q _ h h]
fl PP UP.
10. Cv {kzu h] Psh
{hiUPP \kzxP.

VI. \]
1. Cv hzv RUPshU SUP :
A. Pzv B[Q SvU
Smk Av fl Ch[Pa _miU
Pmh & P{hP, h\UP, [P, P,
Azv.
B. h] P B[Q SvP x Av
fl Ch[Pa _miUPmh & fl],
\u, Azv, {U, Eu, , u,
\fl, PPzu.

50
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h & 3
u Cva _uv
(1857&B Bsk m]) & B[QU
QUQv oPU S Bm]fl i

P {UP[P
1. n B[Q Bm] Gvzx {h
u m]P (Early revolts) Pzv
u.
2. n 1857 Hmh m]UP A], |P,
u, \P, \, CqU Pn[P
A u.
3. n m] u AhuuP
Pn[P Aufl P x
Pu.
4. n Uh ] Phzvfl
UQzxzuz ux Pu.

] US fl QUQv oPU S
Cvfl \zv, [P _si
ux. B[Q CvP AiPP {hzv.
AP Cv A], \mh,
u BQ xP v AP Szv.
A 18&B si { {mi UQ Cu
S mhPP Cu. B[Q
Pfl A] uU PPP
umh UP vS. AP
A Qa]u. Qu UPfl
hfl flP, hPfl SP \x
51
 www.kalvisolai.com

Psh. Cu ] Ch[P PP[P, Gv

P Hmh. A 1857&B Bsk Hmh
m] (Great Revolt) P UQuS.
siu { uflh iP
BL Cv (Discovery of India) Gfl P
"" Psh J {mh, G[Qu J
wx u ] Tmh Bm] \x Gfl
Su Bzv ha \Qx'' Gfl Gv.
AUP Pmhzv Cu Ena]ufl Cv x
ux.
B[Q Bm]US Gv u m]P (1765 & 1856)
: Cvfl QUS SvP, Cx \fl]P,
C_ xP B[Q xP Gvzu.
ufl Cv UPP u[P Sv
B[Q BvUP u Gvzu. AP x
\PuP, si Pmhfl, zufl,
zu BQ u B[QUS GvP
m] Dkmh. AP u] En, ,
ufl, vP BQ sP ]x [Q.
1806 {hu m]x B[Qfl
{hiUPP G CvP zxU
P mhP Gflu Enzvx. 1824 Hmh
U m] B[QUS GvP Hmh
UQ m]S.
u Cva _uv Ax 1857 {hu
m] : Cv hP 1857&B Bsk B[QU
QUQv oPUSUS GvP m] Dkmh.
Au B[Q B]P h PP Gfl
Gv. B Cv B]P
A|Pa] u Cva _uv Gfl
oUQfl. A|Pa] 1857&B Bsk
m] Gfl AUPkQx. A|Pa]fl x
P[ Cvfl u B{P u
52
 www.kalvisolai.com

Cu. Am]UP Pn[P . AP

A], |P, u, \P, \, Cq
EhiUPn G Pkzu.
A] Pn[P : B[Qfl {k CnU
PP P UQ Pn[P JflS.
Cv flPhfl \x Psh xn
hz vmh B[QUSa \uPP Cux
mk Aufl |uP vUPmh. \[
P AP UPoUPmh. h]fl _
CU PP Gmk {kP Gu |
fl B[Q _hfl CnUPmh. {\Q
ufl Kvzv Cu. fl]o Cm_
uzx GkzxU P AvUPh. AP
B[QUS GvPa \mh. AP Aa_uv
Ga]flx Pa ]u uPPU Pu
mh. Azv { ]z A ux
}UQ Azv B[Q A_ ufl Svhfl CnzxU
Pshu Azv m] {hu Ch[P P
UQ SvP [Qx. P \
Csh Py Ax zuflP
B[Q Ckzv. AP u[P fl
Pfl As, \[Pmh Gv
Pzv flkzu i ukUPmh. A
mkfl xP _P B[Q
AvvU Psiu. B[Q Bm] AP
u[P A] AvPzu CuuPU Pv.
|PU Pn[P : CvPUS B[Q
Bm]fl x {UPfl, Hmh.
EunP }vfl[P ^P US vP
B[Q Szvx UPUS iUP.
B[Qfl }v[S AvP \huP,
Cvz uflhuP (Mechanical) Pzuu
huP Cux. Au H UPUS Gu
QhUP. u[PUS PP Ai
53
 www.kalvisolai.com

ox u \un UP u[P x USz

ukuS A}v \uPP Cuu \v
UP Au zu. Ax B[QU P
x vh \h. G x
UP u[P EhUS, EUS, PzvS
xP Cuu Gx Enu.
AP P AvPP v Hkzvx
| S. B[Q Bm]fl R |U
P SiP \P xflzu Az
u. SiP P AvP | \zu
siux. |UPfl \PP UP
mh. CvPUS A] Cqzv E
uP UPmh. B[Q oPUS |Pzv
{ QhUSfl Gvzu izu Cv
CbP Hhu.
uU Pn[P : {mifl ua _sh
, H \ mhu,
Cvz uPfl A Cv UPfl
u UP ^Sux. B[Q Cv
Pfl uP, Ezv hUQ. Cv
mPUS C[Qv P AvP P
B[Q mPUS Cv PU Su CUSv
vUPmh. Cv[P Ezva \
mh H B[Q {mk mP Cv
\uP | u. fluP. S|
flP u[P u Cuu APh o
u CvU PbP, PU PbP
Bu Cu. {\P, PbP
B[Q APfl zvP u
Pmh kzumh. AuS APUS PU
Su T Qhzux. G APfl u
Dkk Sux. Au P A
P EhuP [Q Cvfl {\z
u {hux. Au Cv A\Ph
Eu Qzx u BUPnUPP u[P
54
 www.kalvisolai.com

u CUP {mhx. Au AP { u
UPfl UP vSx. SzuPa
_uv Psh |[P fli[ A]fl
Pmkmi Psk uu |a \uUPP
USz umh.19&B sifl u
v Hmh uhu H g\[P {mifl
u | x vzu.
\PU Pn[P : B[Q Cv uhz
uuPP {hzv. Cvhfl uh Psh
u u[P C C kzv.
CvP uh siP u S n
\ AvUPh. AP G \P
xU Tmh[Px UQ UPmh.
AP B[Qhfl \x P AvUPh
. PP {mk sk, B[QU
P Cv vP vha
\u. EhflPmh H UP JUPmhx, s
]_U P uk, uP n FUSUP
mhx. QzxPP P \zx
x fl Cv \vPfl En
x vzu.
\U Pn[P : Qzxa \ P
u[P \zu v wP Dkmiu.
APfl \kP Cvh Ju zu
Hkzv. B[Q Cvfl \[P Aik
Azx CvU Qzx {hP ]uPa
\uPmh.
B[Q fl E
B.i.[P (R.D. Mangles) Gfl, ""J
B[Q J Cvx Qzxa
\zvS w ] GkUP sk.
Qzxfl uP Cvfl J
Cx PP UP
sk'' Gfl hP Azu.
55
 www.kalvisolai.com

Au A Cv UPh Su
Pzu B[Q Bm]flx
Hkzv. PPUS, `vPUS \u
|[Pfl x B[Q vzu UPfl \
Enz ysix. Cx \ SP, Pv
P B[Q Bm]fl x Avv
Ahu. AzuP \P B[Q u
v Cu.
CqU Pn[P : Cv hP ]P
G AUPmh. Cvu B[Q Cq
h Cv fl GsoUP
Cu. Es T sk, Cva
]Pfl _\zv APfl Evfl
Aih ufl B[Qfl AvP Cux.
B Cva ]P B[Q CP,
uP {hzv. Cva ]PUS AP
fl B[Qa ]Ph S \
[P mhx. APUS Cqzv u E
Qhx. Cva ]P u[P \
smk UPi { vP Cku, ui
zu, uP Aou flx
ukUPmh. 1856 P[ fl A_, x
Cq o \mh (The General Services Enlistment
Act) Jfl |x. u Hmh Cva
]P Ph Phx \fl o sk Gfl
Aa\mh Pmhkzvx. Au Cva ]P
B[Q x U Psh.
EhiU Pn : Cv Cqzv B[Q
v Gflk P xUQP APkzumhx ufl
m]US EhiU PnP Aux. AzxUQPfl
umhUP PU P uhmiux. Az
umhUP EQuS fl Aufl Pi
P P Pizxz vUP siux.
56
 www.kalvisolai.com

_ flfl P, umhUP uhmk

CuuPU Pv Cx, C_ h P
AzumhUP EQUP zu. _UP Cx
\zv uPU Pvx, fl C_
zx JxUQx AuP PnS. AzumhU
P EQx u \U PmmiS Gvx
Gfl C \zv Pv. 1857&B Bsk a
u 29&B uv PPzuS AQ U
Gflhzv [P ha \u [P
sh Gfl C Cv h Pzuh
umh EQUP zx ufl vPa _mkU
Pfl. Au A Px \mk, }v
\nUS Emkzumk fl yUQhmh. Aa
\v hfl Cv hP ,
SvP m]z uh[Q.
m]fl US : 1857&B Bsk H u m
{P hP hP m] Dk
mh. AP Pz uh umhUP uh
zu. G AP Cq \nUS Em
kzumk 10 BskP Pk[P ush .
mha \u h 1857&B Bsk u
10&B { m] Dkmh. AP ]a
\z uPzx . ]hmh
hP kzu. fl AP h
{UQa \fl v[P 11&B { hz u
Pmkmifl R Psk u. hfl fl
A\ Csh Py uUP Psh x
A \ G Phkzv.
Pfl {h m] Csh
fl uzx B[Qh Su
Avv Psh {\Q {hzv.
{\Qfl hUS uv u Gfl _\
v hzuv u
57
 www.kalvisolai.com

58
 www.kalvisolai.com

. U Azvfl A] zP
P m] {hzv. zv Cvfl
fl] Co Cm_ m] hPUSz
u u[Q. A Pa]u Cv u\
UuP J. Bs Eh uzx Dk Cn
zxh Cq uvzxh J Es
m] Dkmh. A S
{PU P . \S P P mh
Co Cm_ 1858&B Bsk fl v[P
{h \sh Pmh.
m] {hu \ Cv Cu B[Q
B]Pfl Ti 1857 {hu m]
Dkmh Cvz uP Pa]uP,
UPP vPu Co Cm_ B.
QPsifl u{P hP
m]kmh. AP Q Svfl u
z u[P B{P Azu. Pwfl |
80 x | Pfl][ S Pfl
Pa]u Cqz uvPz vPu.
uPhfl \x Pz uzxhfl m]
Dkmh BUPnUP h P, \P
PbPufl Cm]fl Pu{PP.
AP Su zxhfl uP i. ]
Ch[P \un UP m] Dkmh.
Es \ \P, P
bP xUP m] [S
u Am]US AvP Qmix. Au
m] UP m]P Px. G
B[Qfl w AhUS Am]
i ux.
m]fl uUP Pn[P : 1857&B Bsk
m] Pn[P uhux.
59
 www.kalvisolai.com

Jfl : m]Ph J.
u], J fl PzxUP a]h
. m]P x {UPzvU
PsiUP. [P hP ChUP
P P sk Psk Gso. {
\Q, uv u zva \UP sk
| ]zu. Co Cm_ Cu ufl
{mh mP i. Akzx, Cm] {h[S
. Cvfl hUS zv SvP
mk m] {hx. , g\, ]x,
Cufl uflv fl SvP
Av |x. B[Q ^UQP, BPP
TUPUP Psh hfl _\z
u . TUP m] AhUP B[Q
US EuPa \mhx.
{ PP & u ~m P Sk :
m] [P Ax a \ u BQ
B[Qfl { UPPUS DhP.
m] [P xUPfl Buhfl i
Cv hP {flS vmhhmk J[Shfl
\ B[Q Cqzv GvP i
. ] hP, u U
PP uSu {zv QhUP u
\[P m]P u[P ]PU Ph
si | Hmhx. B[Qfl \
kPUSz uv Ag\ uP
x Eu.
u : CvPh uSv
uP Pnh. AP Gu A
vmhzv UP.
m]fl uP B[Q hzuvPUS
DhP A. Co Cm_ uv
u, { \Q zv ]uPfl {
60
 www.kalvisolai.com

uvP A. CvP B[Qfl Ph

uSu {zv AP C[Qvx h Eu
HxP Avux.
m]fl P : 1. m]USfl B[QU
QUQv oPU Sfl Bm] iUS ux,
2. Cv |QUS B[Q A\
Pshx, 3. J ]a \mhzvfl CUS{
S (Board of Directors) PmkmkU S (Board of
Control) PUPmh. AS vP Cva
\ (Secretary of State for India) J |UPmh.
AUS Euh 15 EPU Psh CvU S
Jfl AUPmhx, 4. Cv Cq xP
^UPmhx, 5. CUP Cv {kP
CnzxU P PP Phmhx. Cv
A_P PzxU Psh u \P
B[Q Enu.
B[QU QUQv oPUS Bm]fl i :
1858 m] AhUPmhhfl Cv B[Q Bm]
J v Pmh Ex. Cv
uh B[QU PP UQ uP
Hmh. |P ATh uP
Hmh.
1858&B h \mh Uh ]fl
Ph : 1858&B Bsk BPk u C[Qx
fl J \mhzv Cx. Aufli
B[QU QUQv oPU Sfl Bm] iUS
ux. Cv |Pzv B[Q A_ Pshx.
Cvfl u B{ ] G
AUPmh. ] GfluS A\v|v Gfl
BS.
Aa\mh Cmhx C[Qu Bm]
\u Uh Po
Po. Ax J
61
 www.kalvisolai.com

UP hmhx. Au 1858&B Bsk

{ u u uv Cvfl u B{
P[ APzv {hu u (Tmh)
mh. ]fl Ph Ax UP G
AUPmh AUP Cv UPfl P\\
Gfl Pumhx. Cu AUP CvPUSa ]
\PP [Qx. Aufli B[QU QUQv
oPUS Cv A\Phfl Psiu Ehfl
iUPP EvUPmh. AUP Cvfl
sk, UP UP[P vUPk G
Evzux. Cv flPUSz uzx GkzxU
P E [Pmhx. {inU PP
Phmhx. AUP Azx CvP C,
PP ifl P, vfl Aih
A_ |P oP ~z uSvhP
G Azux. m]flx B[Qfl
nzvSU PnP CuP u
AUS |u fl [Pmhx.
P AhP

1. n B[QUS GvP {hu u

m]Pa _miUPmh i.
2. n 1857&B Bsk m]UP A],
|P, u, \P, \, Cq
EhiU Pn[P |T i.
3. n m]fl UQ UP i.
4. n m]fl uUP Pn[P
UP i.
5. n m]fl P UP i.
6. n ]fl Phzu UP i.

62
 www.kalvisolai.com

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. uflv {hu m] UPPUSz
u H
A. Co Cm_ B. { \Q
C. x \PuP D. uv u

2. 1857 {hu m] B[Q B]P

US u
A. ] PP B. [PP
C. _uv D. ku mh

3. Cv m]fl x Cvfl u
B{P Cu
A. B. h]
C. P[ D. Q

4. Cv[P Ezva \mh B[Q {mk

mP | u Ch
A. B[Q {mka \u B. Cv {mka \u
C. A {mka \u D. AUP {mka \u

5. x Cq o \mh u Bsk
A. 1856 B. 1857
C. 1858 D. 1859

6. Pfl m]USz u u[Q

A. {\Q B. Co Cm_
C. [P sh D. u

7. Pfl][ J
A. B] B. ]
C. | D. PU Pb
63
 www.kalvisolai.com

8. [Pzvu hP RUPshPfl
ChUP Pz v Psk Gso
A. zv B. P
C. ^UQ D. CxUP
9. Co Cm_ m] Dkmh Ch
A. Pfl B. zv Cv
C. U D. h
10. ] Gflufl
A. A\v|v B. P u
C. hzuv D. \z u
II. Pimh Ch[P |P
1. UPP _____________ _____________
BQ Sn[P ]x [Q.
2. 1857 {hu m] Cv B]P
_____________ Gfl oUQfl.

3. 1857 {hu m] Pa ]u PP_____________

_____________ BQ Pumh.
4. Cv hPUSz u[P \ smk
UPzvfli _____________,_____________
_____________ BQa \ uh vUPmhx.

5. Cq xo \mh Cv hP
_____________ Phx oz uP CUP
sk Gfl zvx.
6. {\Qfl hP {hzva \fl
_____________ B.

7. zv Bm] sk |{mh
uP ____________ ___________ BP.
8. m] AhUP B[QUS Eu \u
h _____________ BS.
64
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9. m]flx B[Qfl \k
PUS _____________ ___________ P P
EuP Cu.
10. Uh ]fl AUP _____________
_____________ u ]zu.
III. fl zxP
A
1. ] PP && 1857
2. U PP && \
3. m] && fl]
4. Csh Py && 1824
5. Co Cm_ && 1806
B
1. [P sh && Pfl
2. Csh Py && Azv
3. { \Q && zv Cv
4. P z P && h
5. Cm_ && U
IV. _UPP hUP
1. UPP EUS Gfl u?
AP ] U SkP.
2. m] Hh B[Qfl {k CnU
PP Gu Pn?
3. B[Q A]fl x C_ Avv Ahuufl?
4. Cvfl uP B[Q Gu
hUQ?
5. Cv {\z u U Pn[P ?
65
 www.kalvisolai.com

6. B.i. [P (R.D. Mangles) AUP J

S uP.
7. 1857&B Bsk {hu m]fl EhiU Pn x?
8. m m]fl P kzxP.
9. m] Co Cm_fl [S x?
10. Pfl][Qfl \uU SkP.
11. m] Hfl Cv x ?
12. 1857 {hu m] [S uPh
x {UP Pnh Gflu |?
13. Uh ]fl AUPfl UQzx x?
V. h uP

1. 1857&B Bsk {h m]UP Pn[P

?
2. m] Hfl Cvfl hUS zv SvP
mk x?
3. 1857&B Bsk m] uhuuP
Pn[P \kzxP.
4. 1857&B Bsk m]fl P GxP.
VI. \ ]

1. Cv hzv m] {hu RUPsh [

PU SUP :
h, Pfl, U, m, U, ,
S, APz.

66
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AS & II

h & 4
19&B sifl \P,
\a ^vzu CUP[P

P {UP[P
1. n Cv \P, \a ^vzu CUP[P
ufluP Pn[P A .
2. n \, B \ C
Qn CUP BQfl {UP[P, Afl
oP A .
3. n b\ uUPmh u
, hUh Afl\flm Cv \uzvS
B uskP x Pu.
4. n _ ^vzu CUP[P \x
APxPfl oP P.
5. n ], ^UQ ^vzu CUP[P
ux Pu.
6. n \P, \a ^vzu CUP[Pfl
P x Pu.

zuflu sk, Cv \P
\zv ^vzu {hiUPP P
mh. \zv, \Pzv Su wP
PkP }USuS izu CbP
fl.
67
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Pzv PzxUP Szuu, \zx,

_uv uz ufl fl APU
Pu. G AP u[P smi Cu
SP }UP fl. AP Cv smi
sk zx a\ . BP 19&B
si Hmh \P, \a ^vzu[P Cv
a] CUP Gfl { AUQfl. C
Pfl AUPzvfl fliPz vPu.
\P, \ CUP[P ufluP Pn[P &
A] J : B[Q Bm]fl UP,
J[QnU PP Cv A] v
Jflkzumhx. Au CvPh |
xa\P A x Pmh.
B[Q Bm]fl uflx Cv Cb
Pz u[Px xflzvS C|US Pn[
P Az ysix.
Qzx \Pfl a\zvS Gv :
Qzx \P SP, H, JkUP
mhP, zv u[P uzu G
]P Psh. PU Th[P, zx
P, C\a \P A]fl Bu
BQ Th A{UPzvS flkzumhx.
G CxUP, C_P u[P \[PU
P G ]P Psh.
A{mk AbPfl [P : Pzv AbP
U fl BQ
Cvfl UPnu.
AP sh Cvfl UP P
Bx izu. Aufl P Pzv
smh h P Eu Cv smka
\ a\zvSU Psk u. AP
CUQ, \ P zu. AP
68
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EP P . Au izu CvPh
u[P smi {UP ux. G AP
Pzv smh h Cv sk
mhx Gflu |{mh Gso.
Cva \vz uP : IP Cv Aa_U
Th[P APkzv. Au {uP,
CuP z uh[Q. Cv
P zuP[P hmh. A
Cv {mh PzxUP Ch
u. A {{mifl zu
fl izu CvP Ax P Eu.
G AP Cv smk a]US
ohz uh[Q.
mkU P : mkU P U
PzxUP UPm], _uv, \zx
u] BQ Cv . Pzv {k
PUSa \fl CvP AUPzxUP A[S \k
u {iP Ax Psh. u{k v
AP CvPh A na]
C CuU Psk v. AU
PzxUP Cv AP u Ai
ha \P Dkmh.
xP B[QU P
CvPufl Cv u] En, {
]u a] x Gflx UP
iu EsS.
\ & 1828 : \ 1828&B Bsk
C Pfl Gfl uh[Pmhx. A
[Pzv K Aun Skzv u. A A,
\Qu, ^P, B[Q, g_, Czwfl,
QUP fl PU
Pnu. Cx, C_, Qzx `
69
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BQ \ uzx[P
P. Cx \Pzu \z
u ^vzxx Afl
UQ {UPP Cux. A
[P, Cv, \Qu,
^P B[Q
P P Gv.
H_ Qxfl PmhP
(Precepts of Jesus Christ),
AvUS Qa]US
(The Guide to Peace and Happiness)
BQ A ]. A
[P ^P C Pfl
\vzuP
Bzu. P \ Csh AU
CPUS C Gfl mhzu Azx Az
ux yxP C[QxUS A zu.
J Ph Gfl PPfl Aih
xa\zv {UPU PshPfl \P
\ Cux. E k, \ vP,
\h[SP BQ CPfl Psizu.
B A Cx \zv, u[P Psiu
{UP CUP. \ \v,
wsh, \v G EhflPmh Hu, E k
BQU Psizux.
sPfl | Ezu C
Pfl fli[ \v Gfl
EhflPmh H UPzu JUP ]zu.
1829&B Bsk fli[ EhflPmh H UP
\mhzvS x Gfl, Au FUSUS
nush [Pk Gfl Azu.
CUPi UPzvS GvP CP
|Pa] Gx Gfl E[PUSz u?
CPfl ] Cux uh P

70
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AflPmi ux zu Asnfl U
Pnfl Cuhfl, ux EP EhflPmh H
zv CuuU Psh. Ah C
{g] Au |Pa] Bu kP Cux.
G C v AUPi UPzu
Aik }UP sk G v EvPsh.
\ Suz vnzu, u
nzu Gvzux. uP nzu
Buzux. \zvfl uP J P\
\v \flfl ] 1872&B Bsk J \mh
Pskmhx. Aufli Suz vn,
u n JUPmh. Aa\mh Pz
vnzu, uP nzu Buzux.
CPflfl S fl
\zvfl oP PUP P\ \v \fl
uv {z uT Psk {hzv.
B \ & 1875 : B \z
v, _ uu \v
1875&B Bsk uh[Q.
A Szv Cu J ]
{Pzv F
Aun Szv u. A
CU Pzv \[P
Gfl AUPmh. A
_ u (Vrajanand)
Gfl x \vzu.
Afl ^hQ u[PU
_ uu \v
P. u[P v
A ufl { u
\mh. A Cx \Pzua ^vzu Gso.
uu \vfl Pzxi u[P G
EsP EhUQ. G ""u[P
71
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{UQa \'' (Go Back to The Vedas) Gflx Ax UP

x. u[P Ah PzxUP
\zzu P (Sathyartha Prakash) Gfl A Gv
PnkQfl.
\zu zu B \ E
k, \a \h[SP, P[P h,
\UP, {P uv fl PmkP
Gvzux. u u[P \u Cx \
UPz v Cx \zvSU Psk
uu \v _zv CUP (Suddhi Movement) Gfl
CUPzu Bzu. Aufl P HP
v Cx \zv fl Bzu.
uu \v Cx \zvfl ifl u
Gfl AUPkQ. ifl u a
\u ]u \a ^vzuv.
B \ Cx \PzvS
oP xx. A Suz vn,
un, u G Pzv Ao ,
\v EhflPmh Hu BQ
Gvzux. \ sP, uzumh UPfl
fl BQ zvx. Pz vn,
\v En Esn (interdining) BQ FUSzux.
B \ Cv SP h Cv H
P |[P |x. SS[P
P SS[P \Qu u[P
Buzv PUQfl. uu B[Q u
P (DAV Schools Dayanand Anglo-Vedic Schools)
PP {U P, u h[P, A
BQ PUPkQfl. uufl ^hP
v, fl, siu Suz BQ
B \U PPP . Cv u]z
uP P[Pu vP, P Qn
72
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PP BQ B \zvfl uzx[P
PmkP Su Dkk Psk Cu.

"_u\' "Cv CvUP' fl {PzxU

P uflu T uu \vPzufl
CUP sk. Ah SUP \P
(Motto) " A' Gfl
k. "\z u', "{ Aflu' (Satyam
Eva Jayate', 'Na Anritam') GfluS.

b \ & 1875 (Theosophical Society) v\

Gfl \ C QUPa \Pfl Cn BS.
v Gfl Ph Gfl \ Gfl A
Gfl k. G v\ Gfl Ph
A Gfl k. Cx \Qu
b Gfl AUPkQx. Ca\ ufl
u mQ Gfl so, P
Ga.G. BPm Gfl 1875&B Bsk AUP
IUQ {kP AUPmhx.
Cvfl ]u sk AP
Dzu. G AP fl Aa\fl u
Chzu \fl Ah
AhUS .
b \fl UQU PPP : Ca\fl
PPP :
1. \Puzxzu AihPU Psh
Azx UPfl A Jfl EUSu,
2. sh \, uzx, A P,

3. CPfl |vP Ax uh
uP \UvP zu BS.
Ca\fl ]UP A[Pzv vv.
Afl\flm A 1893&B Bsk Cv u.
73
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A b \fl u
H. A Cx \ a]USz ufl A
ozxU Psh. Pz x A B oP
P UQS. A ] (P])
uh[Q zv CxU P Cv _ Cx
PU PPzxhfl CnUPmhx. A {hzv
\vzu | Cv (New India) bU
PPP x. fl A Bzu
uflm] CUP (Home Rule Movement) Cvz u]
CUPzvS EzP Azux.
CQn CUP 1897 :
19&B sifl
UQ ^vzuv C
Qn \ B. A
PPzuS AQ E
um]n_
um]n_zvu P
Pfl \P Cu.
A PU P PP
. G uflh
G CP
Es A CQn \
ufla _ CuPfl
Afl . G \[Pfl Aih
EsP AUS Bu {UP Cux. A
Azxa \[Pfl J vzu. A
u[P E|hu[P Pnk E PzxU
P P G }vUPuP (Parables)
Gkzxzu. UP A Phfl J
Sv Gfl zv. A zu
""uUSa \ o PhUSa \uS.''

CQnfl PPP
Ah UQ ^h Pu \.
Pufl C {v{z GfluS.
74
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A B[Q P u
i izufl E
P . A
{mkz uzx bPfl
P izu. J
P PUSa \fl A
CQna \vzu.
{v A DUPmh.
Ax u A CQn
\h P {UPP
P Bzu. C
_ Pu Qnfl S fl
Pu u B\fl
PPP Cv x . Ah
a_zv, u A\P, \un
SiP A Pu. Pu
zu ""HPUS, uzu mhPUS
\ o PhUSa \ P
oS''. Ax Ah SUP.
Pu 1893&B Bsk AUP E
]UPP {P {h EPa \ {mi [S
. A[S SuP {UQ A u
E ""CPa \Pu, \PuP'' (Brothers and
Sisters of this Universe) Gfl uh[Q. Pu
EP Cvfl smi, Cx
\zvfl fl Ezv. ]UPP,
AUPfl Cu SvP C[Qv
A B EP AUS P {sP
Qmi.
CQnh 1897&B Bsk _
Pu PPzuPQ
|mhx. CQn hzvfl QP Cv
mkfl EQfl SvP E. ""u
CzvSa \ \u'' CUPzvfl SU
PS. P, sPfl k, HP
75
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uzumhPfl AP BQP
\P C| \x Qflx. C
UP P, u~m |[
P, Au C[P, zxP
|x. CPz x[P ,
g\ flPfl vS UPfl x
}UP, C| ox.
_ Pu Cx \, sk, \P,
Cv u] BQS usk B
. Au CQn CUP P
uuP x. Cfl C | Cv
\PzvS US oPz uhx \x
Qflx.
_ CUP[P : _P }shPP mkU
P B[Q Bm]fl uUPzvx
Q Cu. 19&B sifl Svufl
_ \Pzvh ^vzu CUP[P ufl.
{U P x, _ \uzv
Pnmh u , u n flPU
Px Afl {UPP Cu. 1863&B Bsk
PPzu Pv CUQUPP (Mohammeden
Literacy Society) Gfl A { Ax zw
Bzu. AUPP C_h P
v UQ [Q Bxhfl [Pzv
Pz uh[Qx.
\x APx P AP CUP : _
Ph {U P, \Pa ^vzu[P
P UQ AP CUPzu \ \x
APxPfl uh[Q. A B[Q A\[Pzv
}vzx AP o. A 1857&
{hu m]flx B[QUS _\P
Cu. B[Q A_hfl _P JzxUP
sk Gfl zv. G A Cv
76
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u]U P[Q\ Gvz u.

B[QUS GvP
_P A] mhzv
Dkkx APx {flP
vUS G A {.
\x APxPfl Cv
u]U P[Q\ Gvzu
Cx _ J A
zv u. CxUP,
_P BQ C J
{mha \uP Gfl,
\ \x APxPfl APfl Jufl
{mifl fl Ex
Gfl Pv.
1864&B Bsk \ \x APxPfl P]
Jflz uh[Q. flmP Ax A
PP (Scientific Society) Gfl AUPmhx. AUPP
A P Ex , zx
mhx. Afl P \u 1875&B Bsk
AP Pvfl B[Q Ksh P
(MAO) |uS. CUP {h Cv
_Pfl P UQ P |P x.
fl A| AP _ PU PPP
ux. \ \x APx P uh[Pmh
CUP AP CUP Gfl AUPmhx. A
sP Pzv Aou }UP sP
\uPPa \mh. A ufl {hzv u&Ez&
AUU (Thazil-ud-Akhlag) (JUPa ^vzu) Gfl
zvPfl Pz u PzxUP .
_ \PzvUS oh \U
PP[P uh[Pmh.
] ^UQ ^vzu CUP[P : ] C
UPh \, \Pa ^vzuzv Szxv
fliP [QP uu {,
{ Lkfl (Navoroji Furdoonji) B. s
Pfl flzvPP, APh { P
77
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CP Cnx z
Pu (Rast Goftar) Gfl zvP Bzu.
UQ ] C ^vzuv \
[P (Sorabji Bengali) Gfl.
^UQ zv ^vzu CUP ][ \UP
(Singh Sabhas) uh[Pmhx. A T Au
\] BUPmh. A \UP Cnx
P v UQ[S Qzu. 1892&
Au\] P\ P (Khalsa College) BUP
mhx. P |[P uh[P
mh.
Cu sifl Bzv ^UQfl
mkz u[P SzxUP \P PxU
P (Mahants) Pmkkzumk u. AP Au
mkz u[Pz u[Pfl \ua \zxUPPU
Pv. ]flo Szx uU Pmi
APuU Pm] AUSzxUP ^UQ C
v|vPh JhUP {UP Psh. _uv
CUPz uP Au Buzu. 1925&B Bsk
J \mh Cmk Aa\mh SzxUP
|QUS ]flo Szx
uU Pmih Jhzux.
^vzu CUP[P Hmh P : 1. ^vzu
CUP[P \Pzv, \zv ShzuUP
uPU Psk u. uhUPzv Smh
] Ch[P Hmh [P {h
Azx UPh , 2. ^vzu
CUP[P Cx _ \[P Evh
BUQxhfl Aa\zvh | \PU
PkP }UP ]zu, 3. P CvP
Szuhfl ]vUPz umh, 4. ^vzu
CUP[P PhuP P sk xUP Eu.
Cv { kzu Aa^vzu
CUP[P xn u, 5. mh Pfl CUQ
a]US A Cmka \fl, 6. \Pzvfl vu
\vfl Pmkk uz uh[Qx, 7. s
78
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ku ShzuUP \u Hmhx. APfl

| Ezvh ] {hiUPP AP kzu
mh, 8. a \PU Pumh A{mk
n UP HU P mhx, 9. xP
Cv fl ExnP [Q B]P,
zxP, UPbP, gbP
zvPP Ah[Q {kzu UP ufl C
UP[P Pn, 10. ^vzua \P
Sv u Cv UP Jfl\u.
^vzu CUP[P J En EUQ Cv
u] a] ush.

P AhP
1. n 19&B sifl \P, \a ^vzu
CUP[P ufluP Pn[P UP
i.
2. n CPfl uu
\v BQfl oP UP i.
3. n CQn \, Pu
Afl\flm A BQ Cv
\uzvS B uskP |T
C.
4. n AP CUPzvfl Ga] , \ \x
APzPfl oP UP i.
5. n ] ^UQ CUP[P
A C.
6. n \P, \a ^vzu CUP[Pfl uUP[P
vk \ i.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. 19&B si \Pzv | wP,
PkP P ]zuP
A. Cv hP B. izu CvP
C. iUPu CvP D. |UP
79
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2. \P, \ ^vzu CUPzvfl fliPz

vPu
A. CPfl B. uu \v
C. Afl \flm D. Pu
3. \zuz uzu
A. uu \v B. C Pfl
C. \ \x APzPfl D. hUh Afl\flm
4. CPfl RUPsh P C
zvUPP Bzu
A. B[Q, [P B. [P, ^P
C. ^P, Cv D. Cv, B[Q
5. _ uu \vfl CU P
A. {u B. \[P
C. uu D. \v\fl
6. v\P Gfl \ RUPsh x
mhx
A. B[Q B. QUP
C. ^P D. Ex
7. b \fl uP Ax Ch
A. \fl B. PPzu
C. h D.
8. 1893&B Bsk EPa \ {k {h Ch
A. shfl B. ]UPP
C. PPzu D. GQx
9. z Pu Gflx J
A. {P B. zvP
C. A\ D. ^vzu CUP
10. \ \x Px Pfl ufl PzxUP
flkzv zvUP
A. m B. v zu
C. u&Ez&AUU D. v Cx
(Tahzil-ud-Akhleg)

80
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II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. 19&B sk Cvfl _____________

_________ BQ ^vzu {hiUPP ufl.
2. sh Cv CUQ[PU P PUP
{mk AbP _____________ ___________ B.
3. \ P CvP A{P z u[P
\ _____________US fl.
4. 19&B sifl Cv Pzv {mk
xUPzxUP __________ ___________ BS.
5. C Pfl Gv zuP[P _____________
_____________ BS.
6. C Pflfl UQ {UP _____________
\Pzu kzxuS.
7. \[P ________ Gflfl ^hQ u[PU P.
8. uu \vfl UPP [Q \h
_____________ BS.
9. B \zvfl PPP uUP Cv
u]z uP ___________ __________ B.
10. \Qu v\ Gflx _____________
Gfl AUPkQx.
11. b \z uzuP _____________
_____________ B.
12. Pu zu _____________
____________ BQUSa \ usk PhUSa
\ Pa ]u ushS.
13. _ \Pzvh _____________
___________ BQ \PU PkP |.
14. ] Czuh \P ^vzu[P u
SzvP _____________ ____________ B.
15. 1892&B Bsk Au\] _________ P uh[P
mhx.
81
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III. fl zxP

A
1. \ &-& P[Pu vP
2. \zvzu P && {U P
3. u]zu && u[P E|hu[P
4. DAV P && _ uu \v
5. SS && uv{z uT
B
1. C Pfl && B \
2. _ uu \v && CQn \
3. hUh Afl\flm && \
4. _ Pu && AP CUP
5. \ \x APxPfl && b\
IV. _UPP hUP
1. u smi Pnmh SPU P
CvPU Pu {mk PzxUPU SkP.
2. CvPz vvkzv, v ]uPfl
P U PnP.
3. Qzx \ Phx CxUP
_P ux \[P xPUP siufl
A] Hfl Hmhx?
4. Pzv AbP { CUQzvS B oP
?
5. 19&B sifl \P, \a ^vzu CUPzvfl
a]US Cva \vzuPfl [S
SkP.
6. sPfl flzvS CPfl B
oP USP.
7. P\ \v\fl ] Sz uP.
8. Cx \zvfl ifl u Gfl AUPk
? Hfl?
82
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9. Cx \uzvS B \ B oPU
SkP.
10. _ uu \v flP ]fl
PU SkP.
11. b \ (v\P \mi) Gx,
G[P, AUPmhx?
12. b \fl UQ {UP[P ?
13. b \fl PPP hUh
Afl\flm Gu ?
14. CQn \ UPUS Gu
vzu?
15. 1893&B Bsk ]UPP {h EP \
{mh ] Sz uP.
16. CQn hzvfl oP UPnP.
17. Pv CUQU PPzvfl UQU SUP x?
18. \ \x APzPfl Cv u]U P[Q\ Hfl
Gvzu.
19. SzxUP G ^UQ Cv|vP
Pmkmifl R u?
IV. h uP.
1. Cv \P, \a ^zvzu CUP[P
ufluP Pn[P U PnP.
2. Cx \uzua ^vzxv C Pfl
\zvfl [Q v.
3. _ ^vzu CUP[P J Pmkz uP.
4. 19&B sk \P, \a ^vzu CUP[P
Hmh P \kzxP.
VI. \ ]
1. ^vzuvPfl UP APh
oP zuP[P iUP.
2. CQn hzvfl \Pa \ [Pfl
A[Pzv US o \v Efl
DkkzvU PP.
83
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84
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AS & III
h & 5
Cv u] CUPzvfl
u a]
P {UP[P
1. n mhfl fl |P {hiUPP
G CvPfl {flPUS Gv
Gflu x Pu.
2. n fl , P\fl BQfl
^vzu[P Ax Pu.
3. n Cv u]zvfl u, Aufl a]
BQP Pn[PU P.
4. n Cv u]U P[Q]fl {UP[P
x Pu.
5. n wvPfl {UP[P x
Pu.
6. n [P , _u] CUP,
U u, `z flh&
^zvzu[P A u.
7. n uflm] CUP, U EhfliUP,
shS&\k ^zvzu[P P.

1858&B BsiS fl |Pzv Hmh [P :

1857&B Bsk m]US fl Cv
|QUS oPU Shx 1858&B
Bsk B[Q A]fl PUS x. Cvfl
|Pzu B[Q A_ Cva \ (Secretary of State
85
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of India) {iP HU Pshx. Cv |Pz

vU Pmkkzv Aa \US Euh 15
EPU Psh CvU S Jfl Csh
AUPmhx.
Cvfl u B{ ] Gfl
AUPmh. A C[Qvu Cva
\US vUPU Pmkmh. 1861&B
Bsk B[Q fl Cv Pfl]P \mh
Ax Cva \mhfl[P \mhzu Cx.
Aufli u B{fl \mhUS EPfl
GsoUP 12&BP Eux. u B{ Au
EP |UP. AP ] Cv
EP |UPmh. AUSSU S
mh ] AvP[P mk Cu.
Pn |Pzu zu 1861& \mh
fl[P APkzumh. B A Pn
B{fl PPP \mh. A
Cv B[Q Psiu A]
u DkkP xPzx Au kzx
u UQ {UPPU Psiu. B[Q
|P, B[Q P, u AvP
B[Q AP BQfl {flP mk
xPzux. AUSUP Cv vUS PP
P fl. AzuP | 1870&B Bsk
Cv&C[Qx {kPUQh AUPmh
uv Cn (Telegraphline) J ] {fl Gflu C[S
Sh sk. B[Q u[Pfl _U PP
| |zv. Ax mhfl fl {hiUPP
uP mhx.
mhfl , fl , P\fl
,
BQfl E{mk |P

mhfl (1876 & 1880) : 1876 mhfl Cvfl

]P . A CUQzv Dkk
86
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Psh. B |P fl A A.
A Cv P[P A
UP. A| Bm]
A Cv |Pzv [PU Psk
u. A Azx mhfl DkkP
mk zv \u. G CvP mhfl
fl {hiUPP Su Avv Ahu.
Csh BP : mhfl Cvfl
u B{P Cux, B[Puzv
Cfl \US uU Psk B[Q
Ag]. C BPufl P Cv x
hkUPUTk Gfl C[Qx Gsox. G
Cfl UPzuz ukUP BPu
u B[Qfl i Psk mhfl
wzu. Au 1878& BPuz uUP
B[Q h A. A{mifl fl A
A CSz u Ki. B[Q v
flhfl J EhfliUPa \x Psh.
Aufli B[Q v|v (English Resident) J P
|UPmh. B sk BPuzv
Hmh J PPzu AhUP B[Q Csh
P BPufl x hkzx A{mhU
P. u {hu AP
Cv u P \P vUPmhx.
1876 & 1878&B BskP Hmh g\ : 1876 u 1878
Cv PU Pk g\ |x.
\fl, , Iuz, g\, zv u\zvfl
zv Sv BQ Ch[P P \P vUP
mh. Cm\UPnUP UP Cu. Q[
P mk UP APfl. Pu |SvP
\zuU Ph si | Hmhx. Au
\zv mhfl C[QvS Hv \u
xoPPUSa _[P (Bzw) vzu.
87
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1877 h u Jfl {hzv, Av

Uh Po Cvfl ] Gfl
Phkzv. Bh Au u {hzu
Cm\UPnUP \hmhx.
Aa\ " {P Gx Psiux
} flfl i ]zux'' Cux.
mh P zvPa \mh 1878 : CvPfl
USP Cv zvPP Auzxhfl
mh. AP mhfl fl {hiUP
P B[Q Bm] Gvzx Gv. G
zvPPfl _uvzuU Pmkkzu 1878 mh
P zvPa \mhzu mhfl A_ Cx.
mh P u \vzuP,
CuP, Pk uoUPUS Emkzumh.
Au CvP ^hu.
Cv Bua \mh 1878 : mhfl A_ 1878&B Bsk
Cv Bua \mhzuU Psk ux. Aa\mh,
CvP Bu[P [Q, B[Q
A]h E (Licence) sk Gfl
zvx. Aa\mhzu P Auzxhfl ]z
ushUS EP siux. B,
B[Q, B[Q&CvP B[Q A]fl R
ou Smh ] US Aa\mhzv
Cx US AUPmhx. Au mhfl fl
fl |P {hiUPP CvPfl
EnPUS GvP Cu.
fl (1880 & 1884) : fl 1880&B Bsk
Cvfl u B{P . A
u fl Psh. A izu Cv
CbPfl GvP x Pshxhfl
APh Au Pmi. A Cv
|Pzv Cv UP AvP [S sk
88
 www.kalvisolai.com

Gfl . G mhfl
APkzv AhUS
a \mh[P A }UQ.
u\a \mh 1881 :
fl A_ 1881&B Bsk
u u\P \mhzu
Cx. Aa\mh 12 vS
Emmh ]Pfl
{zu |nzux. Aa
\mh u\P AP fl
Cv[Pa _ x
P h sk G zvx. Aa\mh
{hkzukuU PsPoUP BP
|UPmh.
mh P zvPa \mh }UPku 1881 :
Au Bsk UP P UPmhx mhfl
APkzvx mh P zvPa
\mhzu fl }UQ. Au Cu zvPa
_uv sk mhx.
Cv UP uPU PnUPk 1881 : {mh
]P |QUS mk fl
UPuP PnUPk 1881&B Bsk
Cv APkzv.
1882&B Bsk PUS : 1882 fl J
PUS |zu. Aufl uP \. h.
h. sh (Sir W.W. Hunter) Gfl \mh.
AUS uhUPUP Ch|U P BQ
fl flzvP B\P [Qx.
AUS J mhzv vP
(Model Schools) |h sk Gfl x
\ux. u PUS AUPmk u z
uP (Grants-in-aid) }miufl Ch
89
 www.kalvisolai.com

|U P FUSUP G AUS Tx.

sPUS AvP UQzx PkUP sk
fl AUS A_US xa \ux. g\
PUPP |h fl PnP Cu.
Em] : fl P Pu ^vzu
|Pzu, |vU Pmkmh UP
GkUPmh {hiUPS. Ah A_ Cv
Em] A_ |h, 1883&84&B BskP
\P a \mh[P Cx. APfli
Cv x mh [P (District Boards),
uUP [P (Taluk Boards) AUPmh. A
m] A_ APh P, xa_Pu,
Si}, _zu, _Pu, \ BQ
kzx oP JhUPmh. AoPa
\x iUP AP x |v \v
Cu. CP CvP u[P P[
Pz u[P |QzxU P ]US
uzv | (Nomination) US v uu
flmhx. Aa^vzu[P fl
"Em] A]fl uu' Gfl mhzu .
Cm \u : fl A]fl \mh E ]..
Cm (C.P. Ilbert) Gfl 1883 J \mhzvU
Psk u. Ax Cm \u G AUPmhx.
Aufli Cv }vvP B[QU SP
\n \ E . Aufl Cv
}vvP B[Q }vvPUS Cn AvP
. B Cvu Ia \Pzv
Aa\mhzuU PkP Gvzu. G A\u
EhiPz vzuh siu. vzumh
\ufli "Sum\ v I E
PU Psh' }vUS (Jury) B[QU SP
\UP i Gfl mhx.
90
 www.kalvisolai.com

fl uh oPzv (Free Trade)

Su {UP Psh. A CUSv P
}UQ. A E u U Szuxhfl |
a \ \ ]P Psh.

P\fl (1899 & 1905) : P\fl ]P u

HuS fl CvS x \fl. A
Ev Pi E Psh. A B[Q
C Eux Gfl Cv Bm] \ A
zvS E Esk Gfl {.

^vzu[P & g\ & U |n : P\fl

CvS ux, zuu,
zv, h Cvfl SvP Pk g\
|x. Azxhfl U { Ch[P Pn
mhx. P\fl g\ |nU S Jfl Azx Aufl
|n oPUS uP JxUQ.

\ ^vzu[P : Q UPUS Euh P\fl

\a ^vzu[P APkzv.
G un va \zuUTi PhflP \
PUS [Pmh. {mifl P[P
Tmka \[P[P uh[Pmh. [Pzv \
Gflhzv \ Ba] | Jfl
uh[Pmhx. Aufl {UP \zx
Ba]P PuS. P\fl |Pzvfl
x PP mhmk }\
kzumhx.

Cqa ^vzu[P : P\fl Cqzvfl US

zx Aa ^vzv. CqzvS
v UPP, xUQP [Pmh.
CbPUS Cq ] AUP _ Cb Cb
h (Imperial Cadet Corps) Jfl AUPmhx.
91
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[P |a ]fl[P xPa \mh : 1904&B

Bsk {mifl [P |a ]fl[P xPUP
Ca\mh Cmhx. Ax A_ u
Pmi x |x. Au {u,
um\^, \g], Gsh SPP, \{z fl
Ch[P Pnk vUP iu CvU
PmP Pmhh[P xPUP mh.
Pa ^vzu : Cv PU PPa \mh
1904&B Bsk |mhx. P\fl P
u zu. xUPz u
CUS{ (Director General of Education) ufl R
Pzx kzumhx. B PUS
AUPmhx. Pfl flzvSz w
vmh[P Pmh. PU PP[Pfl
\kP kzu J S AUPmhx.
[P 1905 : 1905&B Bsk [Pzu
UP P\fl Psh i CvPfl u]
EnUS zu AiP Aux. [P, P
J\fl J Sv EhUQ
Pn Cux Gflv \uP. A
Pnzu |Qx Pi \Pzufl
Cux. G, fl Pz u PnP
zuu fl Aa\US GuPz w
PsiUP. B P\fl [Pzu CshP
zxU QUS [Pzu A\ Cnzx J
PnP, S [Pzu P
Cnzx PnP Azu. hUP
QUS [Pzvfl u{PP, PPzu S
[Pzvfl u{PP AUPmh. QUS
[Pzv _Pfl GsoUP AvPP,
S [Pzv CxUPfl GsoUP AvPP
Cu. P\fl Aa\ [P ] UPfl
Ja ^Szx u] CUPzvfl a]z
92
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uku UQ {UPPU Psiux. A

CxUP _P Ch P Hkzu
Gso. B Aufl GvP
Aux. [P UP A JflPz vsk
Azvmhzv Gvzu. _P, uvP,
wvP [P z ukUS ]
Jflnx \mh. AP [P
zu PPfl AP G
Azu. CvPfl w Gv mhzv
[P sk 1911&B Bsk J |x.
Cv u] CUPzvfl u : 1857&B Bsk
m]US fl P Su HuP
Cux. Uh ]fl Phzv Tmh
USvP Gx uP |h.
Cvfl u, A] smk
a]US Afl Bm]ufl Es uh Gflu
CvP Enu. CUPPmhzv ufl Cv
u] z uh[Qx. \, \P ^vzu
CUP[P Czu] En Eu.
Cv u] En ufluP PoP & A]
J : B[Q Bm]fl Cv
A] J Hmhx. Au Cv J {k
Gfl Gsn UPh ux. \P, \a ^vzu
CUP[P UPh n Hkzv
AP Jfl \zu.
B[Qfl ua _sh : Cvfl \
Azu u {mkUSa _sia \u
B[Qfl {UPP Cux. 19&B sifl
Cv Cv, B[Q {miS si Pa\
mP Hv \ {hP, A{k Ezv
\u mP \ \uP
x. B[Q u[P uzu uk
\x C Ah ChP x.
93
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Cu I {kPhfl Hmh uh :
B[Q, izu CvPfl x. Au
CvP {mkU PzxUP, sk
Au. CvP , Czu
IUQhuuU Psk FUP Psh. G
u[P u[P kuUS h Gso.
19&B si Hmh \P, \a ^vzu
CUP[P : CPfl, uu \v,
C Qn \, _ Pu
hUh Afl \flm BQ Cv ,
Cvfl P zx a \u. AP
Cv u] CUP ufluS Aizu
mh. _ Gfl \ uflu
flkzv uu \v B.
uP USzx fl :
Cu, uv Pz uv,
u, \P PP Azu
fl {mifl u a]US Eu. Cuz
u a] Cv UP Jflnzux.
Aa\P \vzuP : u] ufl
Cv zvPP PUQ [Q u.
mh P H \vzuP
hmh. AP B[Q
US Gv PzxUP mh. v \
(The Social Reformer), v h B Cv (The
Times of India), v m (The Madras Mail), v
hm fl (The Statesman), v Cx (The Hindu),
Au\ zvP (The Amrit Bazaar Patrika) v P\ (The
Kesari), zu (The Maratha), ifl (The Tribune),
\a\ (The Bombay Samachar), m Pu (Rast
Goftar) fl zvPP P . A
xUPfl PzxUP vzuxhfl UPh
u] n Hkzv. UQ\v\mh,
94
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Cv{z uT
uT, _o v
u\Uu G
GzuPfl GzxUP Cv UPh
u\ En [Qa \u. B, 1878&
Cmh mh zvPa \mh, zvPa
_uvzu zux. Au Bsk UPmh Bua
\mh CvP Bu[P zvu uh \ux.
AzuP `|Pufl CvPfl EPUS
h 1885&B Bsk Cv u]U P[Q_
uUPmhx.
Cv u]UP[Q_ & 1885 : B[Q Bm]
{UPu Cv UP Cv u]UP[Q_
Ax Cv u] UPm] Gfl A
Hkzv. Ax 1885&B Bsk uh[Pmhx. K
B[Q AvP Bfl AUhfl
(Allan Octavien Hume) Gfl Cv u]U P[Q]fl
uzvS UQ PnP Cu. P[Q]fl u
Tmh {hx. AUTmhzvS h.
]. (W.C. Banerjee) u Qzu. uu
{, _v{z , uflPfl ,
G.. h, PQn PP,
zu, . _o A fl u Gsn
Psh uP AUTmhzv v|vPP
Px Psh.
Cv u]U P[Q]fl BP {UP[P : 1. \mh
fl UP v|vzx u, 2. P
u, 3. zvPa _uv, 4. |Pz xx
}vzx zu, 5. Cv |P oz
uP (I.C.S.) Cv {hzuU Pu,
6. Cqa \PU SUP zxu, ,
7. A{mk mP u CUSv
AvPUPU Pu BQS.
uvP (1885 & 1909) : B Pzv P[Q_ Av
P u \x. P[Q]fl
95
 www.kalvisolai.com

uhUPUPz uP izu
{kzu UPzua \uP
P Cu. AP B[Q
fl { AqS
{UP Psi
u. u[P PUPP
, u[P zu
Av
Psh. P[Q]fl u
PP _v{z , uu
{, zu,
PQn PP, G.. PQn PP
h fl [Q.
AP P[Q_ Pm] uvP Gfl AUP
mh. 19&B sk UP A]fl PPPU
STv, ^vzu[PU Pv P[Q_
AUP Psiux. uvPfl PUPP
A] Ex GU P[Q]u C u
ozu. APfl wa \P u]
CUPzv wu uflU PnQ.

v , P[Pu vP & fl \v

96
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w u]vPfl u:
uhUP Pzv B[Q A_
P[Q_hfl {m mix.
B, P[Q] E
wU PzxUPfl a]
P[Q_h B[Q
A]fl UQ u
Hmhx. P[Q]fl PUP
PUS A_ GzuP Pzu
AUP. G
P[Q]fl J uv
Pfl AqSP {UP
Au P
Cu. AP UQ
P P[PuvP, ( & Bal) v
(&Lal) fl \v ( & Pal), Au P
BQ B.
AP Cva _uvzvPP kv Ev
Psiu. AP A_US UP AuS
v UP mh[P {hzxu, A]fl PP
P ]zu, Afl mP UPozu,
_u\ mP (E{mk mP) fl
kzxu BQ P {UPU Psiu.
AP _uvzvS A]fl
Pna \vUP.
AuS GvPa _uv
x u[P E Gfl
{. "_ Bm] Gx
, Au Ahu wfl'
Gfl P[Pu vP [Q
. u{mi _o
v, _o ],
.E.]u BQ
vPfl {[Q {sPPa
.E. ]u
\mh. vP ufl
97
 www.kalvisolai.com

PzxUP P\ Gfl zvPfl a\

\u. fl\v | Cv G zvPfl
Euhfl ufl PzxUP mh. AvP
GvUS & Aux B[Q A_US Eu GuU
Pzv uh Jx[Q |S uuU
PP Au P, u u Gfl
zvP UQ. A wu
P[Q]fl {UPzu x mk
A Ah mh.
_u] CUP : P\fl [Pzu 1905&B Bsk
zu. Aa\ P[Q_ CUPzvS PP
Eux. [P UP uS v,
AP JflPa \zux. Aa\ u
UPo G _u] CUP ufluS
Szux. _u] Gflufl \u {k
GfluS. AUP \u {mifl uP
kzxu {UPPU Psiux. _u]
CUPzu DUPmh H UP B[Q
mP, SP xoPP, UPoz
u. Au Cvz uP u. _u]
CUPzv A{mkz xoPa \Pzx A
{P[Pfl SvP Gzxa \UQ.
H CbP u i mk A
UPzv Dkmh. AP u u G
u{mk UP UPzu G. uflv
yzxUSia \u .E.]. G G
AUPmh .E. ]u _u] }U
P P Ax Szv (Swedeshi Steam Navi-
gation Company) CvUS C[PUSh
oP \ |.
_ U u & 1906 : Cv u]U P[Q]fl
u _Ph Ju zu Hkzvx.
u[P flzvSz uP J Az u
98
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Gfl izu P Enu. zu

PP fl B[Q A_ _Pfl
skP Hx. 1906&B Bsk hUPfl
{ \ Pfl u _ U
EQx. _ U _Pfl EP x
Pu {UPPU Psk B[QUS _\P
{hx Pshx.
`z & 1907 : P[Q] uvPUS w u]v
PUS Ch | Pzx kP AvPzxU
Psk u. P[Q_, _ Ahu ux
{UP AUP sk, Gfl w u]vP
. B, AzuP w P Dkmk B[Q
A_hfl {iP xuS uvP uP
C. 1907&B Bsk {hu `z {mi P[Q_z
uz uukv C USh
u Hmhx. Au P[Q_ CshP x
Avx w u]vP . C|Pa]
`z GkQx.
flh& ^vzu[P & 1909 : Cvfl A\
v|v flh Cv A_a \
Cnx Cv \mhfl[Pa ^vzu
vmh Szu. Aufli 1909&B Bsk Cva \mh
fl[P \mh, Ax flh& ^vzua \mh
Cmhx. Aa\mh Cv \mhfl[Pfl \
kP ^vzu[P APkzvx. Aa\mhzvfli
\mhfl[P uukUPmh A[PzvPfl
GsoUP Ezumhx. _PU P uz
uSvP APkzumh. Au P[Q_
PkP Gvzux. , , (Bal, Lal, Pal)
Ah[Q u Ao u[P a],
Gzv , Cv x UPh mh
Enz ysix. ]fl "" Gkzx A\
zx. H Ax Azx Afl A_'' Gfl
99
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\P Cvfl v Gvzux. Es
B[Qfl zu PPx uvP
A]h zu UShPUQ, 1916&B Bsk
{hu U {mi APz wvPhfl
sk Jfl\ Szux.
u EP 1914 & 1918 : 1914&B Bsk u
EP uh[Qx. B[Q A_ Cv
A mhfl \ [Sa \
x. Bzv Cvz uPUS Av
. G Cv P A
[S u ukUP.
uflm] CUP 1916 :
P[Pu vP 1916&B Bsk
uflm]U PPzu (Home Rule
League) |.
Aua \u Afl
\flm Gfl so
Ahu b
\ uhh.
A ufl iiP
Cv u] CUPzv Dk
kzvU Psh. A
\fl J uflm]U
PPzuz uh[Q. A
PP[P \x Cvfl v {
uflm] CUP Ax _
Bm] uS a\ \u. v {
].B. u_ AUPzu Buzu. hUh Afl
\flm, u a\ Gzu, Cv UPh
P A E\Pzuz ysi. B[Q A_
A {hzv zvP | Cv Cv uh
\ux. vP, Afl\flm A Px
\ mh. Au {zvufl 1917&B Bsk
shS fl BPk AUP hmhx.
100
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AUP, Cv
PUS iiP
m] AUPk Gfl Ev
zux. G, CvP
US fl _ Bm]
QhUS Gfl {UP
B[Qfl ]
PUS uP Jz
x Pkzu. Au
uflm] CUP ufl UQz
xzu Cux.
U Ju & 1916 : Cv ].B. u
u] P[Q]fl U
{mi C UQ |Pa]P Ch .
uuP, uvP wvP Jflmh.
AP C K IUQ floPa
\mh. CshuP, P[Q_ _ S _
Bm] v JUP Jzx {Qh
Ju Jfl Pzvmh. Ax U
Ju G AUPkQx.
Au U {miufl {
Pv ufluPa \vzu.
u EP ihu & 1918 : u EP
1918&B Bsk ihux. B[QPfl \
[S CvP, uUS B[Qh
x ] \PP QhUSfl Su Bhfl
Gvzu.
shS&\k ^vzua \mh & 1919 :
CvUP A_a \ shS, Cv
A_v|v \k B[Q fl
Ca\mhzv 1919&B Bsk Ch h
P B. Ca\mhzvfli QxP, B[Q&
CvP, ^UQP BQ fl C UPUS uz
uSvP [Pmh. Ca\mh zv, Pn \mh
101
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fl[P kzvx. , Ca\mh

Pn[P Cmh Bm] AP
kzvx. CvP AvP GsoUP \mh
fl[P Ch . G, Cv u]U
P[Q_ Ca\mhzu |Pzux. Cuz uhx
Cv fl U kP, Jzx
CUP Hmh.
Aa\mhzu mhx B[Qfl
ufl \ G, Au HU Px
CvUS vhuPx G Afl\flm
zu.
P AhP
1. n mhfl fl {hiUPP CvPfl
{US G Gv Gflu UP i.
2. fl Cv UPUS B \P
n | T i.
3. P\fl fl ^vzu[P n UP
i.
4. P\fl zu PP n UP
i.
5. n Cvz u] ufluP Pn[
P UP i.
6. n uvP wvPfl {UP[P
\P Jk \ i.
7. n `z Hfl Hmhx Gflua _miU
Pmh i.
8. Afl\flm A CvUS B
oP n UP i.
9. n uflm] CUPzvfl {UPzvU
Sh i.
10. n U Juzvfl UQzx
Sh i.
11. n shS&\k \mh Psk u
[P mih i.

102
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_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. u {hzv.
A. UP B. fl
C. mhfl D. P\fl
2. mhfl Cv zvPPfl _uvzuU Pmk
kzu mh \mh
A. mh P B. u\a
zvPa \mh \mh
C. Cm \mh D. PU PPa \mh
3. Cv UP uP PnUPk
APkzv
A. mh B. fl
C. P\fl D. Q
4. u\ \mh Cmh Bsk
A. 1887 B. 1882
C. 1883 D. 1885
5. E Bm]fl uu Gfl AUPk
A. P\fl B. fl
C. mhfl D. flh
6. ].. Cm Gfl J
A. hzu B. \mh E
C. u B{ D. }vv
7. Tmka \[P[P APkzv
A. fl B. P\fl
C. mhfl D. h]
8. u Ba]z x Hkzv
A. mhfl B. fl
C. P\fl D.
103
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9. [P |Pu Bsk
A. 1911 B. 1912
C. 1905 D. 1910
10. _u] CUPzvfl x UP EQzu UP

A. u[P B. u u
{UQa \
C. _ Gx D. C Gx C.

11. u EP |Pu BskP
A. 1914 & 1916 B. 1912 & 1915
C. 1914 & 1918 D. 1918 & 1921
12. hUh Afl\flm J
A. B[Q so B. Cv so
C. AUP so D. Ax so
13. BPk AUP mh
A. B. shS
C. sm mhfl D. P\fl
II. Pimh Ch[P |P
1. 1870 uvUP Cn C[QxUS _______ US
Ch AUPmhx.
2. CvP Bu[P zvUP, [P Ax P
sk A]fl Av sk Gfl
zv \mh _______ BS.
3. 1881&B Bsk u\a \mh _______ fl
{zu |nzux.
4. fl fl A_ _______ \mhzu }UQx.
5. fl ______ E PU PPzu |.
6. P\fl _______ S Jfl Azx |n oPUS
uP JxUQ.
104
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7. CbPUS Cq ]UP P\fl _______I

Azu.

8. QUS [Pzvfl u{P _______ G S

[Pzvfl u{P _______ G AUPmh.

9. _______fl Phzv hmh USvP

Gx flh.

10. CvP _______, _______ BQ {kPfl IUQzv

FUP Psk u[P _uvzvS h
.

11. _______, _______ BQfl GzxUP UP zv

u] na]U Psk u.

12. uvPfl PUPP _______ Gfl oUP

mhx.

13. _u] CUPzvfl x Cv _______ mP

UPozu.

14. uflm] CUPzv Dkmh uP _______

_______ B.

15. U {hu P[Q_ {mi {

ufl uP _______ I \vzu.

III. fl zxP

A
1. mh P zvPa \mh &&- 1877
2. sh S && 1881
3. h u && 1904
4. u\a \mh && 1882
5. Cv PUPPa \mh && 1878
105
 www.kalvisolai.com

B
1. A A && [P |a ]fl[P
2. E Bm]fl uu && \mh E
3. Cm && BP A\
4. P\fl && \
5. \ Ba] && fl
C
1. uu \v && uvP
2. Au P && u u
3. Afl\flm A && P\
4. P[Pu vP && | Cv
5. A] a\ && _
IV. _UPP hUP
1. mh P zvPa \mh ]S uP.
2. 1881&B Bsk u\ \mh EUS Gfl
u?
3. fl Cv P zvPa \mhzu Hfl
}UQ?
4. fl fl Pa ^vzu[PU SkP.
5. Cm \ufl A\[P ?
6. P\fl fl \ ^vzu[P ?
7. P\fl G Cvfl [P |a
]fl[P xPzu?
8. [P Hfl UPmhx?
9. Cv u]zvfl a] Au v
Aa_UTh[P \vzuPfl, [Q U
PnP.
10. 1878&B Bsk Cmh Bua \mhzvfl
x?
11. Cv u]U P[Q_ Gx uUP
mhx?
12. Cv u]U P[Q]fl uhUPU P {UP[P
?
106
 www.kalvisolai.com

13. uvP ? AP ]fl PU

SkP.
14. wuz u]vPfl {UP[P ?
15. uflv vPUS {UP {sPP
CuP ?
16. _ Qfl {UP[P ?
17. w u]vP Gx, Hfl P[Q\ mk Q?
18. hUh Afl\flm CvPh G u]
En Hkzv?
19. U Juzvfl UQzx TP.
V. h uP
1. mhfl fl U Szu PPPU
SkP.
2. fl fl ^vzu[P USP.
3. P\fl fl ^vzu[P vkP.
4. Cv u] CUP ufluP Pn[P
USP.
5. `z Hh Cmka \fl |Pa]P USP.
6. w u]vP GmhP ? APfl
{UP x?
7. Cv _uv mhzv hUh Afl\flifl
[Q v.
VI. \ ]P
1. Cv u]U P[Q]fl u u 1919&B
Bsk Cv ku mh
|Pa]PU SUS PUPmiz (Time Line)
uUP.
2. { Gv "iP B Cv'
(Discovery of India) Gfl zuPzv E _uv CUP
SvP iUP.
3. .E. ]u , _o v
BQfl UP iUP.

107
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PviP
108
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h & 6
Cv ku &
PviP P

P {UP[P
1. n Cv _uv mhzv Pvfl
[S A .
2. n fl U kP
Qz CUP Ax Pu.
3. n Jzx CUP x
Pu.
4. n _U Pm], T P[Q]fl
UQzx, Ea \zvUQP, mh \
{kP Ju A
.
5. n 1935&B Bsk Cv A_a \mhzvfl
A\[P xPu.
6. n _uv mhzvS {u B
oP Ax Pu.
7. n Q yxUS,
CUP, 1946 u Aa\z yxUS,
ChUP A_ BQ A .
8. n sm mhfl fl vmh
Ax Pu.
9. n Cv flm] SvP Cn
hfl [S x Pu.

1919&B Bsk Cva _uv mh

J mh PPmhzuU SuP
109
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Aux. 1919&B Bsix 1947 Pv

_uv mhzv ufl DkkzvU Psh.
G CUP Pmh PviP P Gfl AUP
kQx. A Pzvfl Czufl B[Q
Gvzx h Cv UPz ukzv.
flUS vP \zvUQP, AQ\ BQ
P flkzv.
m \mh 1919 : m \mh 1919&B Bsk
Cmhx. Aa\mh Ezufl G Px
\ B[Q A_US AvP Azux. Aa\mhzvfl
\nfl G ] AhUP.
m \mhzv GvUSi Pv CvPUS
A kzu. Aufl P {k x
Phh, Gv mh[P Hmh.
fl U kP, 13&H 1919 : m
\mh Gv mh uhP \zv
\wfl Qa (Saifuddin Kichlew) BQ UQz
uP g\ Px \mh. \mhzvS
AUPv Gvzx UP Au\] E
fl U Gflhzv [P Jfl Ti.
A[PS J UP mk ] ~
Cux. G UP[P Eu _P
`miux. Aufl zv J Qn Cux.
Au\]fl Cqz uv h Au
~ Sv ki ufl hPUS Ezu
mh. fl Guu flfl AvP,
|u oP Ti UPa _ki ufl h
PUS Ezumh. AUTmhzv si,
SuP Th Cu. Aa\ J Pk
kPx. AzxUQa `mi HUS
500 Eu. 1200 PUS Phu.
Aa\ fl U kP Ax
g\ kP Gfl AUPkQx. Pv
Aa\zuU Psizu. Axu A B[Q
A_hfl JzxUP zu. A Cv ku
110
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]UP uPz ufl. A 1920&B

Bsk Jzx CUPzuz uh[Q.
g\ kP, fl u u
h }izu J uUPzu Hkzvx. ux
GvU Pmh Cv{z uT B[Q A_
uUS Azu {mm (Kinghthood) mhzuz xu.
ufl BUP A\ uUS AUPmh
P\&C&z (Kaiser-i-Hind) Gfl uUPzu Pv
v Azu. uT, Pv, { BQfl
{s ].G. Bsm (C.F. Andrews) Gfl
Au\ \fl vhfl fl U
kP Pu u\US RU
Psh ""Ax J kP, J PUP''
G Gv.
Qz C UP : Cv _P
CUP
B[QPUS GvP S
kPU Psiu. u EP
fl x xUQ fl {m
{hPa \mhx.
uhuhfl xUQ _
]uiUPmhx. A]fl SvP
mh, fl_ [S mkU
Psh. xUQ _ufl AvUP
mh. _ufl _PUS P
Ax \z u Th B.
G EP xu _P
B[Q A_US GvP Qz
CUP
CUPzuz uh[Q. Cv
Px A, \Pz A Gfl C
\PuP AUPzuz uh[Q
Px A P. P[Q_U Pm] AUPzu
Buzux. CxUP, _
P Jfl \UP Ax J { \u G Pv
Gso. _ U Pm], P[Q_U Pm]
{[Q Qz CUP Szux.
111
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\fl S UPo

Jzx CUP & 1920 : P[Q_U Pm]

1920&B Bsk Jzx CUPzuU Ph
izux. AUPzvfl UQ {UP AQ\, Av
P _ uS. AUP fl
|P PhiUPmhx. uuP CvP
B[Q A]hx mh[P, P
xP Gv UPmk P xu.

Cshx PmhP Phh Emh

mh[P {hzv. G A_ AP[P &
P, PP, \mhfl {hiUPP Eh
Azx UPoUPmh. v {,
{, ].B. u, C, D.. C\
(uu ) Eh HUS 30,000 u\UuP
Px \mk ]hUPmh.

AUPzvfl CvU Pmh \zu zu

BS. 1921&B Bsk APuzv {hu P[Q_
{k, A_ u[P PUPP |
UP A\[PzvS \zu sh Gfl
PmkU Pshx.
112
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\ \ |Pa] & 1922 : Jzx CUP

PhiUPmh x Ezvu\zv \ \
Gflhzv PPfl AhUS xUQa
`miS GvP \P P |zvS wmh.
Aa\zv 22 PP Eu. A|Pa] \
\ |Pa] GkQx. Afl |Pa]U
P Pv v. A|Pa] Ax
AQ\ PPUS GvuP Aux. UP
Cfl AQ\ Jzx CUPzvU
PhiUP USh Gflu Pv Enu.
G A Jzx CUPzu EhiP JxUQ
zu. B[Q A_ PvU Px \ux.
AUS B BskP ]z ush [Pmhx.
_UPm] & 1923 & 1925 : Pvfl PxUS fl
_uv mh P {hzva \ \
uP C. A ] Cu v
{, ].B. u_, _UPm] EUQ
P. uu mimk u AUPm]
fl {UPQx. \mh \US ~x A[Qx
B[Q A\[Pzu Gvu AUPm] GkzxU T
vmhx. AUPm] Cv A_ |h
skU P wzu |x.
CvPfl uP, PUPP |
h mh\ {kP {hzuh sk
PUP kzux. B, 1925&B Bsk ].B. u]fl
S fl AUPm] \x fl PUP
mhx.
\fl S, 1927 : 1927&B Bsk H Ah[Q S
Jfl B[Q A\ |UPmhx. AUSfl u
P \ fl \fl . AUS Cu
A IP. G CvP AUS
|Pzu. AUS Cv ux ""\
113
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va \'' (Simon, Go back) Gfl UPz xhfl UP

AUSfl P UPozu.
g\ ][P Gfl AUPmh C \v
T \fl P Gvzx mhzu
flfl {hzvx, Pfl uiia \zu
CUP {mhx. Ah n Pz][P
wUPmhx. C\v CuSU PnP
Cu P Pz][ _mkU Pfl. AuPP
fl AUS B[Q A_ nush Azux.
T P[Q_ {k, 1929 : 1929&B Bsk
{fl u T P[Q_ {k Tix.
A{mi B[Qhx ku Ax
n _uv P w Cmhx.
w AUTmhzv |mhx. Aufli
B[QUS GvP \mh CUP uh[P
mhx. AUTmhzv J Bsk 26&B
{ _uv {P {h[S A\UPh sk
G ikUPmhx. Aufli 1930&B Bsk
26&B { _uv vP {k x
Pshhmhx.
1930&B Bsk 26&B { P[Q_U
Pm]fl nU Pi Hmhx. UP na
_uv ha \ukzxU Psh. Au
{ P[Q_U Pm] flzxUP
UPmh {x. Cv A{
| T 1950&B Bsk 26&B { Cv
A] A HU Pmhx. A{
{ Si_ vPU Pshi Qfl.
Ea \zvQP, 1930 (Salt Satyagraha) Ax \mh
CUP : Cm\UPnUP UP EQzu
\un Efl x B[Q A_ vzux. Au
v, CPPU QhUS E G
Gv EQUP iu | Cux. UQ
114
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P H UP P vUPmh. G Pv
E GvUPz wzu. A 1930&B Bsk
a v[P 12&B { a ]UP usi
nzu Psh.
\v B]zvx usi 241
P (HUS 400 Q..) yzu \
{k Eh uukUPmh 78 BuPhfl
Pv 25 {P P{hP n \u.
Anzvfl x "u u' Gfl UP
G Ch[P Gvzux.
A H 6&B uv usi Ahx AUPh
Pu E ufl P Gkzu. A|Pa]
Cv UP UP CUP izvh J w
Aux. AUPzv sP [P.
uflv Anzu C\ Pa\
va]x us Psh.
PhP P[Q_z uP J
Pfl PUTmix fi nzuz
u u[Q {hzv E Gvzu. AUP
E \zvUQP Ax \mh CUP G
AUPmhx.
Auz uhx {k x mh[P,
PhhP, Afl mP UPoz
u Pmh. UP \zu zu.
1930&B Bsk u Cv Pv, {,
C fl UQz uP Px \mh.
hS G Pn[P u UP
Aa\mh CUPzv [P. ASv
G Pv (Frontier Gandhi) G AUPmh Pfl
Ax PPfl u AP {hzv.

\mh CUP Jzx CUPzvx

mhx. CUPzvfl UQ {UP a
115
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_uv x BS. Aa_uvzu, \mh[P

x Ahvh sk GU Pumhx. CvP
B[Q A\[Pzu G |P Gvzx Aua
\UPa\, \mh CUP ysix.

mh \ {kP 1930 & 32

u mh \ {k, 193
19300 : B[Q A] \mh
CUPzu AhUP i. G Cv
Pa \ukzx P B[Q A_ 1930&B
Bsk Csh mh\ {k JflS Hk
\ux. B P[Q_U Pm]z uP A
] AhUPmk Cuu P[Q_ Au
{mi [PP.

Pv & Cfl Ju, 1931 : Pv 1931&B Bsk

ku \mh. Aufl fl Pv&Cfl Ju
Pzux. Auzvfli Pv \mh
CUPzvU Ph JU Psh. A]
PvP A ku \u Csh mh
\ {mi PxP C\u. G
Au n ush vUPmka ]
u m]z uP Pz][, CS BQfl
kuUS SUP.

Csh mh \ {k: 1931&B Bsk Csh

mh\ {k {hx. Pv A{mi
Px Psh. B A{mi Gu J Cv
i Gmh. hu Pv Cv
v. A A_ v|va \vUP Psh
] fl x. fl B[Q A_ P[Q_U
Pm]a \mh ux G Azux. Pv
UQ P[Q_z uP ]hUP
mh.
116
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Csh {h Csh mh\ {mi

Pv Px P \u

fl mh \ {k, 1932 : P[Q_z uP

{k,
G [S fl mh \ {k
{hx. Ax u iux.
S v|vzx Ju,
1932 : 1932 Pv ] AhUPmiux
C\ Uhk u B[Q A_
S v|vzxz vmhzu Azux. Aufl
i ]flUS, uzumh C UPUS
u Ch JxURk [Pk G AUPmhx. Az
vmhzuz uzumh C UPfl u hUh
.B. AzP . B Cva \Pz
v zu J vmhP Pv AuU
Pv. G A Au |Pzu. Auz uhx
A \S Esnuzu Psh. 1932&B
Bsk AzPhfl Hmh EhfliUPUS
fl A ux Esn uzvU Pmh. A
hfliUPfli uzumh UPUP u
JxURk Phmhx. AuS vP \mh \P
117
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JkUPmh, flu[Q SPUS AvP A

GsoUP Ch[P [P JUPmhx.
A B[Qfl zu vmh iUP
mhx.
1935&B Bsk Cv A_a \mh : Cv A_a
\mh 1935&B Bsk Cmhx. Aa\mh \fl
Sfl AUP mh\ {kPfl iP Ai
h Cmhx. Aa\mh APkzv
[P (1) Pn[P uflm], (2) Pn[P
Cmh Bm] }UP, (3) zv Tmhm] A_,
(4) zv, Pn ]UPPz wUP Tmhm] }vfl
|u (5) Tmhm] \ [Q (Federal Reserve
Bank) |u BQS.

Aa\mh P[Q]fl GvP zva \

. G P[Q_ ux mhzuz uh
ux. G 1937 Akzumh Aa\mhzvfl
Aih {hu uu P[Q_ mimhx.
P[Q_ 8 Pn[P v \ Azux.
Csh EP: Csh EP 1939&B
Bsk Hmhx. A mhfl | Ch
k UPux. B[Q A_ P[Q_ uP
Ax \mh\ EP Px B]UP
Cv A Dkkzvx. Cv
A DkkzvuU P[Q_ uhUPzv
. fl fl i CvSa _uv
AUPh sk Gfl |uhfl AuU
P[Q_ HU Pshx.
flfl C{kP PP, 1940 : PxA
fl 1940&B Bsk ux C {kP PP
mh. A _PUS Qufl Gfl J
u {k P.
118
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BPk {flPh 1940 : Csh EP Cv

P DkkzuU Pn Cu B[Q A\
v|v flzP B. A P[Q\z vv
kzu ] \PP Azu. Aufli i
Ehfl CvS hfl Aux (Dominion Status)
[Pk Gfl Evzu. Cv A]
vh J S AUPk Gfl.
A_ v|vfl |PU S Cv J
|UPk Gfl Ev T. A P
1940&B Bsk BPk u hmh. G
A BPk {flPh Gfl AUPkQflx.
P[Q_ AUP xP |Pzux.
Cv u] Cq, 1942 : {u (u G
k) _ \v P u\z u
P J. A Pv
Psh Av mh
P vv h. A
1927&B Bsk Cv u]U
P[Q] \u.
{hfl Cnx o
. {u CbPUS
x UPUS u] En
Pnz vPu. A
H CbP u]
CUPzv [S zu. _ \v
A 1938&B Bsk Cv
u]U P[Q]fl uPz uukUPmh.
1939 A USU Pm] (Forward Bloc Party)
uh[Q. A {kPUS _ n
Psk Cv x A{kPfl Auz u
. A ]xP mka ] (House arrest)
UPmh. A[Qx A BP h
mk Cvx u Ahu.
fl u ma \vzx CvS
119
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Ax EuU P. fl fl \fl A{mk

ua \vzu.
fl 1942 \fl. Aa\
\ux. B[Qh o
u CvPU Px\x ]U
PvPP zvu. APfl GsoUP 20,000US
CUS. {u AP kz
u. APU Psk _ \v Cv
u] Cqzv (Indian National Army) EUQ.
fl 1943 A ][P \fl. A[S Cv kuU
PPzvfl (Indian Independence League) u
C P _h Jhzu.
Cva \u CP 1915&B
Bsk u ]zx u. A 1942&B
Bsk a u hUQ {P _uv {k
Jfl {hzv.
B\z z L (Azad Hind Fauj) Gfl AUP
mh Cv u] Cqzvfl uvP _
. Ax u _ \v {u
(u) Gfl G AUPmh. Cv
u] Cqzv fl] o Cm_
AUPmh sP Ao S Cm_ Gfl
u{mk so uPa \.
z Gfl _ \v]fl UP P
PP Cv UP Gvzux.
"h {UQa\' (Delhi Chalo) G P
UP ]huS. A Hkzv
Cq Cvfl hQUS Sv o
flx. xvh\P AvP ,
\ `|P Au Cq Pz x
Pa \vzux. G Ah fl[Psi |
Hmhx. A \P AP A{P
120
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Sv u E Cu. EP 1945&B
Bsk fl \nhux. G Cv u]
Cq P Px \mh. A| {u
[PUQx hUQS u. A
\ A zv EuuP
{kQx.

Cv kUP {u Psh P Ah
Pzv | Ah a
\ Cv UPh Bu u\Uv zux.
Ax UP Cv UPfl EnPz umi
Gx.

Q yxUS, 1942 : \ hk Q ] vmh[

Phfl Cv u. A P[Q]fl Jzx
{i. A ufl vmhzuU RUPsh UQ.

CvP B[Q x Psiu

x APUS EuP CUP sk.
iuhfl Cv A] A u
P v vmh AUPk GU T. B
CvS _uv [Sx A GzuP Pz
v Sh. G Pz Pv Ax
vmhzv vQU Psiu [QUS fluv
mh P\ (A post dated cheque on a failing bank) [S
x CuPU T Au |Pzu. G
Q yxU S u Pshx.
CUP, 1942 (Quit India
Movement) : Q yxUSfl u Pvfl
UQ [PU Psk ux. Ax A
fl u AQ\ P GzuP AUP
Gflu Enu. G A B[Q
Cv mk xP skU
P. C[QvS CvSh Gu
121
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{m Jzx C CUPx G A
hP Azu.
fl Gfl zvP Pv uhx
PmkP Gv. Av A UQ
PzxUP, PmkP Aih P
UP CUP uflx.
CvP C zxU Pix Gz
u kzv. ""{fl zvuz uh
u GflflUS zvUP six
ufl'' Gfl T. Cu Pv,
""Aizuzu umh Ea\
{fl A] |U (Anarchy) Th HPz u''
G T.
1942&B Bsk BPk 8&B { P[Q]fl \
S J wzu Cx. Azw B[Q
Cv mk Px.
{hu \SU Tmhzv Pvfl
UPiu \z uhx Azw
|x. ""a _uv u Gu {fl
vv Ah mhfl. { AuPP Ax
. Cv ku a \ Ax
A] \zx i'' Gfl Pv.
Es Aa_ P A Bu
m]US A GU SP Aux.
AuS Akzu { Pv, {, AP
B\z UQ P[Q_z uP A
Px \mh. \ Pmku C
{h[S flU P[P Hmh.
Csh EP 1945&B Bsk i
hux. C[Qv uPm] (Labour Party) Bm]US
ux. u Pm]fl u Am (Attlee) B.
A Cva _uv mhzvS Bu Azu.
A C[Qvfl u. A P[Q]fl
x B[Q A_ vzvu uh EzuP
122
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UQ. Cvfl a\Pz wUP J S

CvS A zu. AUS CvSa
_uv [P xa \ux.
Aa\z yxU S 1946 : (The Cabinet Mission) 1946B
Bsk a u CvUP B[Q Aa\ vU
fl, (The British Indian Minister) zuPU Sfl
u H.. AU\sh \. hk
Q BQ Psh S CvS ux.
AP mi Aa\ EP
Cu. G AUS Pm Ax
Aa\U S Gfl AUPmhx. AUS
CxUP, _P P Au Pn[
P EUP xa \ux. Tmhm] A_
AUS xzux. CvPfl a\
Pz wUP ChUP A_ Jfl Azvh
B[Q i \u.
ChUP A_, 1946 : { uPU Psh J
ChUP A_ 1946 |mhx. Au ChUP
A\ AUP { flfl EuU P.
B fl {hfl JzxUP zxmh.
fl ux Qufl PUP iuP
Cu. G Cv uUP iu
u.
sm mhfl vmh 1947 : 1947&B Bsk sm
mhfl Cvfl u B{P u
H. Aufl B[Q A]fl Ph]z u B{
B. _ UQ EUPmh A]
A] mkUPmhUS A J w
[Q. Aufli Cv, Cv fl Gfl
Qufl fl Gfl C _uv {kPP
UPh siu. Cvu _u\
A_P C{kP Hux Jflhfl \x
123
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P Ax _uvzxhfl
CUP E .
P[Q_ _S Azvmhz
v HU Psh. Azvmhz
vfl Aih C[Qx
A_ 1947&B Bsk u
Cv kua \mhzv
Cx. Cv
1947&B Bsk {hkzu
mhx. B[Q A]hx
AvP[P Cv
sm mhfl Qufl BQ {kPUS
mh. vuP EUP
mh Qufl S g\, ]x, hS G
Pn QUS [P BQU
PshuP Aux. APn[P _ UP
uP flP Cux.
Cv 1947&B Bsk
BPk 15&B { ku x.
h E P
UP \[Pmh, mhfl
fl U (Union Jack) Pi u
Chzv, Cvfl nU
Pi Hmhx. sm
mhfl _uv Cvfl
u u B{P (Gov-
ernor-General) siu
{ u u vP ]. C\Pa\
. fl ]. C\
Pa\ _uv Cvfl u Cvz
u B{P u Qzu. Cv 1950&B
Bsk 26&B { Si\hfl hUh
C\v\z {x{mifl u Si_z
u.
124
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_u\ A_Pfl Cn :
Cv _uv Ahu x
{mi Hzu 565 _u\ A_P
Cu. AP {P,
flP |\
flP Bm] \x u.
Au A_P Cvhfl
CnUS a \u
h Psh.
AuP Cv A_P x (The
\u h Indian States Department)
EUPmhx. h Az
xUS Aa\P . uhUPzv
_u\ A\P uzxa \h .
h AP Cv hfl \i A
kzu. A EhiP H.
Hzu 562 _u\ A_P Cv hfl
Cnu. A Cv JmiS,
xPS { Cu Bzx }UPmhx. B,
P, Iuz Pz BQ Cvhfl
Cnz u[Q. h ux A] v
Pk {hiUPP Au {kP Cv
hfl Cnzx Cvfl C u Gfl
P .
P : P Bm] \u P ][
J Cx B. A[S u UP fl
P _P. Pfl A\ Pzu
Cvh Ax Quh CnUP
. AuQh Qufl
UP P x hkUP FUSzx APUS
P EuPa \ux.
AhP Pzvfl u{P {P
{[Q. Cfl 1948&B Bsk P
125
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][ Pzu Cvhfl Cnzu. B

AuS Qufl hP PzxUS Fk ]
SvPU PU Psh. Cv Qufl
Ch 1948&B Bsk J ] Hmhu
P Cvhfl CnvUP x.
Iuz : Cva _u\ A_P Px
Iuz. A[S u UP fl
CxUP. |\ A\ J _. |\fl u
Aa\ P] C Gfl u
AvPUP J ] _ C\UP
CUPzvz uh[Qx. AUP CxUPUS
GvP PkP Czux. APfl
EUS EhPUS w[S Hmhx.
sm mhfl h \x kzu
Cn skP HP |\ zx mh.
Axmk A Quhfl \uP
EhfliUP Dkmh. G ASv UP
AUS GvPU Qa] \u. {mi \mh
J[S ^ Pmhx. G Cv A_ uh
si PmhzvSx. h Cq
{hiUPz uh[Q. fl {mP Iuz
x Pmhu |\ \nhu. 1948
Iuz Cv hfl Cnux.
Pz Cn, 1949 : Pz Pzvu J
Pa ] A_. Aufl UP CxUP. B fl J
_. UPfl zu vUP Pzvfl
fl Quhfl ufl {mh Cnzu. Au
UP E{mkU Pzv Dkmh. A\
AP AhUP i. G A Q
uUSz u Ki. fl 1948 UP UPk
{hux. ASv UP A Cv hfl
\z wzu. 1949&B Bsk 29&B {
Pz Cvhfl Cnux.
126
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127
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g_ SvP CnUPh, 1954 : g_

A]fl Avhfl sia\, PUP, ,
H, \v{T BQ SvP 1954&B Bsk
Cvhfl CnUPmk Cv fl SvP.
a_UR] SvP Cn, 1961 : P, h,
hfl BQ Cv a_UR] Si[P
Cu. g_ A] a_UR]
A_ u[P Si[P Cv CnzxU
Pu AvUP. B CSvP
u UP Cvhfl Cn . G
1961 Cv Cu\[Pfl x Cq {hiUP
GkUP {mhx. 1961&B BsiS S CvP
AP Cv fl SvP.
P AhP

1. n Cv ku mhzvS Pv
B uskP UP i.
2. n fl U kP
UP, { u\UuP G kuUS
i G En i.
3. n Qz CUP, Jzx CUP
BQ UP i.
4. n \ \ |Pa], _U
Pm]fl uzu UP i.
5. n Pu usi nzu
UP i.
6. n mh\ {kP, Afl
iP UP i.
7. n EhfliUP, 1935&B Bsk Cv
A_ \mh BQfl UQ A\[P UP
i.

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8. n T {k, BPk {flPh Cv

ku {ufl [S BQ
UP i.
9. n Aa\z yxUS, smmhfl
vmh Sh i.
10. n _u\ A_Pfl CnS mh B
oP UP i.
11. n ku Pfl uskP
vP[P |T i.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. m \mh Cmh Bsk
A. 1919 B. 1917
C. 1918 D. 1921
2. fl U kPhfl uhh
B[Qz uv
A. fl B. h
C. \ Bu D. P fl\fl
3. fl U kPUS fl Cv{z
uT xu mh
A. u B. {mm
C. D. A\
4. xUQUS GvP mi A_ \u |
\U Psizx A \PuP Bzu CUP
A. _ U B. _ U Pm]
C. Qz CUP D. Jzx CUP
5. _U Pm] ufl Ch
A. A ] B. h
C. \ \ D. APz
129
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6. 1929&B Bsk {hu T P[Q_ {miSz

u Qzu
A. Pv B. {
C. {u D. C

7. ufl Cv Ea \zvUQPzu flfl

{hzv
A. Pv B. C\Pa\
C. P\ D. Pfl Ax PPfl

8. Csh EP uh[Q Bsk

A. 1937 B. 1939
C. 1941 D. 1942

9. Cv u] Cqzuz uzu
A. ].B. u B. {u
C. Pv D. C

10. _PUSz u {k skfl Pmh

A. { \ B. {u
C. fl D. A \PuP

11. ChUP A] u u Qzu

A. { B. C
C. mh D. Pv

12. _uv Cvfl u Cvz u B{

A. Pv B. {
C. fl D. C

13. Cv Si_ B {
A. 26 1935 B. 15 BPk 1947
C. 26 1950 D. 26 BPk 1950
130
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II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. 1919&B Bsk Px\mh C P g\
uP ________ ________B.
2. fl U kPUS fl Pv ufl
BUP A_ AUSU Pkzu________ uUPzu
vU Pkzu.
3. Cv A \PuP ________ ________
Qz CUPzu Bzu.
4. ________fl S fl _U Pm]
PUPmhx.
5. ________ Gfl GUPv Gfl AUPkQ.
6. 1940&B Bsk T Tmhzv ________ Gfl
C{kP PP mh.
7. CvP Csh EP DkhU PnP
Cu B[Qz u B{ ________ B.
8. Cv u] Cqzv sP Ao
________ Gfl u C[Qx.

9. Csh EP ________&B Bsk i

Ahux.
10. ChUP A_ AUP { _ Qfl
u ________ Gflfl EuU P.
11. _uv Cvfl u Cvz u B{
________ Gfl B.

12. {x CvU Si]fl u Si_z u ________

B.
13. Pzvfl fl J ________ B.
14. ________ A\ ][ Gu {mkh \
uzvUP .

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15. Cvx g_U Si[P ________ B

Bsk Cv hfl Cnu.

16. 1961& a_UR] Si SvP ________,

________ ________ BQ Cvhfl
CnUPmh.

17. \u h Cvfl ________ Gfl PkQ.

III. fl zxP

A
1. m \mh && Pv
2. usi n && {u
3. z && Cqz uv
4. h && 1927
5. \fl S && 1919

B
1. v { && Ezvu\
2. \ \ && _UPm]
3. g\fl ][P && Pfl Ax PPfl
4. G Pv && C\ Uhk
5. S v|vzx && C v
IV. _UPP hUP

1. P[Q_UPm] Hfl m \mhzu Gvzux?

2. fl U kP ] Sz uP.
3. Qz CUP Hfl uh[Pmhx?
4. _UPm] Hfl BUPmhx?
132
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5. P Gfl ?

6. Q]fl vmhzv Pv Hfl |Pzu?

7. Aa\z yxU Sfl EP ?

8. sm mhfl vmh USP.

V. h uP
1. Jzx CUPzvfl fl |P UP.
2. usi nzu Aufl P
UP.
3. mh\ {kPfl UQzxzv U
PnP.
4. 1935&B Bsk Cv A_a \mh Psku
[P ?
5. CUP Aufl
P USP.
6. _uv mhzv _ \v, Cvu]
Cqzvfl [Q GxP.
7. h Hfl Cvfl C u Gfl
AUPkQ?
8. fl |Pa]PUS PUPk Jfl P.

A. Jzx CUP
B. \ \ |Pa]
C. _U Pm]
D. Ea \zvUQP
E. mh \ {kP

9. 1930 u 1945 Ix UQ |Pa]PU

PUPmi SkP.
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VI. \ ]P

1. Cv hzv RUPsh Ch[PU SUP :

Iuz, Pz, P, P, h, hfl,
sia\, H,
2. ku mh Pfl h[Pa \Pzx
hHk (Album) Jfl uUP.

134
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AS & IV

h & 7
_uvzvS fl Cv
(1947 & 2000) & \P fl
P {UP[P
1. n _uvzvS fl Cv GvPsh \P
\Pz ux Pu.
2. n Cv \P flzvS
Pmh {hiUPPU P.
3. n wsh JPP Pmh
{hiUPP x Pu.
4. n 1947 u Cv Hmh \P
fl A .
5. n \P P a] Hmh
uUP[PU P.

_uv fl Cv \Pa \vUP

{ux. \P HzuP, sP, ]P
JkUPmh a\PUS Cv w Pn
siux. Gzufl Cvfl P
\ P [Qx. A Cvfl \P
flzvSz uhP EUQ. G \P
flzvfl u Bx Enmhx. Cv
\P flzvU Psk {hiUPP
Pmh. A \Pa ^vzu CUP[P,
\P{a \mh[P P a]fl {h
kzumh.
135
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u CUP : CUPzv 1951&B Bsk

H 18&B { B\ xUQ.
Aufl {UP | \zx \u
A EUSuS. CUP AvP A
|[P zvu |a_fluPhx E
|[P A | H \PUS
Quu {UPPU Psiux. |h
uP flx |[Pz uP [Su C
UP FUSzux. CUP Hkzv
n zv, | A_P \mh[P C |
Ea\ U Psk u. | HPfl
u | CUP a\kzvU
Pmix.
\u CUP : CUP AP
xUPmhx. CUP {x u\z uPfl
B] ux. CUP Azx UPfl
E, { kzxu {UPPU
Psiux. Si\z uP k, Pu Ezv
BQ CUPzvfl ufl oS. Cv
AQ\, Av J \P, u
m]U Psk u CUP {UPPU
Psiux.
sP fl : _uvzvS fl Cv
sPfl | uzuUP P Cux. 1947 u
sPfl | kzu \Pa \mh[P
Cmh. {x A]a \mh Bs, s
\zxzv zxQflx. sP flz
vPP |mh \mh[P Cu
{hiUPP fl :
1954&B Bsk vna \mh : Ca\mh Pz
vn[P, \ Pz vn[P \mh
i \iUQx. BsP vn v
21 BP sP vn v 18 G \mh
136
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UQx. Ca\mh Su Ax
Pzu ushUS S G Azux.
1955 & 56&B Bsk Cxa \mh \u : Cv
sP fl Ca\mh J P
\\PU PukQx. vn, n (Divorce)
Ax Pzx, _, P E, uzx
Gkzu [P Ca\mh USQflx.
1955&B Bsk Cxa vna \mh : Ca\mh
JUS Jzv Gfl J u nzu (Monogamy)
\mh UQx. CxUP u (Polygamy) n
x Pu Ca\mh ukUQflx. Ca\mh
BsP, sP CPUS n Ax
Pzv \ E [SQflx.
1956&B Bsk Cx _a \mh : Ca\mh u,
uufl \zv PUS, Pfl SuPUS
Ex PUS Pfl SuPUS \
E Ax [S SUQflx.
1956&B Bsifl Cx C Pa
\mh : Ca\mh uUSU SuP u CPU
P Gfl E xPUQflx.
Ca\mh BsP sP Pfl Ax
Pz uzx GkUS E [SQflx.
1961&B Bsk um\n uka \mh (1984 vzu
mhx) : Ca\mh um\n Gfl _shx
sP xPUQflx. um\n u
Ca\mhzvfli Pk ushUS SS.
1961&B Bsk P \PP \mh : Ca\mh
o sP P k E
[Qx.
137
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1971&B Bsk zxv P Pa \mh :

PUS sPfl Eh BUQ
zvS F US P PUS E
Ca\mh sPUS AUQflx.
1976&B Bsk \ Fva \mh : Ca\mh BsPUS
|PP sPUS Fv [SuS SU
Qflx. o P[P Aih
mi Ca\mh ukUQflx.
\P, uz vmh[P : Cv A_
1953&B Bsk zv \P { zv Azux.
Au J |zv |a \P {
[P E. A sP, SuP
Gfl {flP kzxQfl. F
sP, uP, AuP, Phmh sP
BQfl {flP C[P xPUQfl.
1990&B Bsk u] sP Bna \mh : Ca
\mhzvfli 1992&B Bsk 31&B { u]
sP Bn Jfl Hkzumhx. C
nzvS J u, \,
EP E. Cn s EP
, PkP, A}vP fl PP \zx
APU P {hiUPP Gkzx Qflx.
Ci Q P Ax sPUP u]
Phfl [S |v : C|v | A 1993&B
Bsk a v[P 30&B { Hkzumhx. u
Ax \vz uh[P H
u UP sP AUPk _ EuU
SUPUS (Self-Help Groups) C|vzvx |v Eu
[PkQx.
P \v (Balika Samridhi Yojana) : Czvmh
1997&B Bsk AUh v[P 2&B { uh[P
138
 www.kalvisolai.com

mhx. 1999& \mh Czvmh U

PmiSU R (below poverty line) uPUS
US s SuPUS UPU Tix.
AzuP s SuP J Ag\P
Ax [Q 500/& z uPP
\zukQx. AUSuP 18 v |
\ x AzuP P Ax vn
{UPzvS flkzvU P. Cxmkfl
AP zu S P PP Euz uP
[PkQx.
_ & \Uv vmh (Swa & Shakti Project) : Czvmh 1998&B
Bsk AUh v[P 16&B { u \mk
Qflx. Czvmhzvfl 15 u 20 sPU
Psh _ EuU SUP uh[Pk BUP
oUS A_ |v Eu Azx Qflx.
Cv sP flzv {UPPU
Psk A_ A_ \ usk |[P (Non-
Governmental Organisations) {hiUPP
Gkzx Qfl. IUQ {kP \ (I.{. \)
1978&B Bsi \u\ sP Bsk G
Azux. u {mi sPUS 30 UPk
Ch JxURk \mkx. Em]
AP sP 33 UPk Ch JxURk z
uSvhP. sP ux APP,
zxPP, PP, PPP,
\mhfl EPP (M.L.A.) fl
EPP, (M.P.) E. Cv s
u, B{P, ua\P Psk
Ex. C _uvzvS fl sP |
Hmk fl[P \P fl
\u GkzvQfl.
] { : Suz u a\ Cv
J \P a\S. Ha ]P
139
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`|Pfl Pmhzv oUSa \ si

x. {x A]a \mh ]Pz u
AP UPzxuz uh \Qflx.
1948&B Bsk Cvz u\P \mh 14
vSmmh Bs Ax soz u\
P UPzxuz uh \Qflx. 1951&B
Bsk umhz u \mh 12 vSU R
E ]PU P C umhz
u UPzxuz ukUQflx. 1952&B
Bsk _[Pa \mh 15 vSU R EPa
_[P[P UPzxuU PmkkzxQflx.
1960&B Bsk ]Pfl \mhi G
|[P ] { [P AUPmk.
1961&B Bsk s ]_ua \mh s SuP
P kuz ukUQflx. u C
Ca\mh usiUQflx. ] u }UP,
]P UP, {hiUPP
P mk Qfl. G ] a\
Pn[P {mifl J ] SvP
Cfl }izx Qflx.
JkUPmh UPfl { : \v Hk
Hzu CvS \S. {x
A]a \mh Gu P mi
ukUQflx. 1955&B Bsk wshU Sa \mh
wshU PhiUSz ush [S
Qflx. 1989&B Bsk uzumh, [Si
(A}vP uka) \mh, uzumh [SiUS
GvP CUPk A}vPU P Pk
ush AUP P \Qflx. CzuP \mh
{hiUPPz u zv, | A_P uzu
mh, [Si, kzumh S
PUS , P |[P Ch
JxURk PP fl Qfl. P
Euz uPP, Pmhna \PP, ]
u ], CzuP SPUP kv \v
140
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BQ {hiUPP Cv J[Qnu \P
flzvU Psk v Eu x.
]fl { : Cv A]a \mh
]fl P |[P Azvh,
u[Px, \P, smk EP kzvU
P E AUQflx. 1992&B Bsk
]fl u] Bna \mh u], |
]fl Bn[P Azvh
\Qflx. CzuP {hiUPP {x {mi
]fl zv xP En
Hkzv.
F {fl : FPfl SPU
Pvh A_ A_ \ usk |[P
o Qfl. 1955&B Bsk F \mh
Eh F h Cmhx.
1976&B Bsk Pfl Cva \P Eh
EP Ezv | (Artificial Limb Manufacturing Cor-
poration of India) AUPmhx. C| F
USz uk u EPa \PP
Ezva \x Qflx. 1997&B Bsk z
v[P 24&B { u] F a] |v
| (The National Handicapped Finance and Development
Corporation) AUPmhx. C| FP
P, Phfl Euzx
Qflx.
v {fl : v { oh A_
uflz usk |[P \x Qfl.
v \vhfl u[Qh v C[P (Old Age
Homes) Hkzumk. AzuP C[PUS
A_ EuP x Qflx.
P a] : \P flzvU Psk v
Pfl [S uuS. P J[Qnu
141
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\P a]U Psk Exn Qflx.

1951&B Bsk Cv P A ufl
UPk 16.1 BS. sP P P flu[Q
| UPoUPmiux. _uvzvS fl
P a]US Su P \zumhx.
Cv P kzx zv,
| C A_PhxS. Cv A_ 1948&B
Bsk hUh \. CuQnfl AP u
PUPPU PUS |zux.
J Bsk hUh \. CuQnfl
APfl u { \h 5 B]
vPU PshhkQx.
A u S Azu 1949&B Bsk
AUPfl Aih {x {mifl P
UPmhx. 1953&B Bsk hUh H.
Cm_n \ u u PU
S AUPmhx. AUS xfli U
P Gflx P \k Gfl Aih
Aux. EP, Cv, {P Cm]U SiUP
EUSu E| U Pfl {UPP
Ask AUS xzux. E|
| ]Pfl Jmkzu a]U
Psk sk AUS zvx. 1964&B
Bsk Pzu PUS Ax u]U PU S
|UPmhx. AUSfl 1966&B Bsk x
AUP Cv x J v P
AU Psk Gsox.
AUSfl AUP u, u~m,
, s A PUS
UQzx Azux. 1986&B Bsifl v PU
PP 1992&B Bsifl \ vmh 21&B
sk uh[S fl 14 x E Azx
SuPUS |hfl Ti u Pz
142
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uu {UPPU Psiu. CzuP ]P

1951&B Bsk 42.6 UPhP Cu uhUPU
P \UP 1999&B Bsk 94.9 UPk |US
Eux. E| U P, E P
PUPPU PUS \ UQzx AUPmk
a]x. Cv 1.10 Cm\zvS mh
E| , | |[P E.
Au x, u~m, zx
sU PUS 12,350 PP E.
Cv 250US mh PU PP[P (Universi-
ties) \ Qfl. \UP GsoUP
AvP |[Pfl GsoUP a]
2000&B Bsk Cv P Pfl
UPk 65 vS Eux.

1947&B BsiS fl Cv Hmh

\P, P flzvfl P ShzuUP \P
Hmkx. \v A \ Hmkx.
\P Ch HxQx (Social mobility), {
u \uzvfl Azx UPUS
{flP \fl \Qfl. Cv \zx
\u uflQflx.

P AhP
1. n u, \u CUP[Pfl
{UP[P UP i.
2. n _uvzvS fl Cv sP
flzv UP i.
3. n JkUPmh , ]P, ]fl
{flPUPP GkUPmh {hiUPP
UP i.
4. n 1947&B BsiS S Hmh P
flzv UP i.

143
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_vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. u CUP uh[Pmh Bsk
A. 1960 B. 1950
C. 1952 D. 1951
2. um\n uka \mh Cmh Bsk
A. 1961 B. 1960
C. 1962 D. 1963

3. u {mi sPUS Ch
JxURmifl A
A. 30 UPk B. 33 UPk
C. 31 UPk D. 32 UPk
4. B] v Pshhk {
A. \h 5 B. \h 10
C. \h 15 D. \h 25

5. PzuU S |UPmh Bsk

A. 1966 B. 1962
C. 1960 D. 1964
II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. \u CUPzvz uh[Q ________ B.

2. Cxz vna \mh ________ nzua \mh

UQx.

3. sP \ Fv P \ \mh________
BS

4. u\P ]P UPzxuz
ukUS \mh ________ BS.
144
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5. wshU Sa \mh Cmh Bsk ________.

6. hUh H. Cm_n\ u S |UPmh

Bsk________.

III. fl zxP

1. && 1953
2. zva \P { && 1986
3. s ]_uz uka \mh && u CUP
4. v PU PP && 1961

IV. _UPP hUP

1. u CUPzvfl {UP Gfl?

2. Cx _a \mh u E Gfl?

3. zv, |, \P { [Pfl o Gfl?

4. 1952&B Bsk _[Pa \mhzvfl {UP Gfl?

5. u] F a] |v | Gx
AUPmhx?

6. 1951&B Bsk Cv Pfl UPk Gfl?

V. h uP

1. Cv sP flzvS GkUPmh
{hiUPP USP.

2. 1947 u Cv P fl Szx GxP.

3. _uvzvS fl Cv \P fl
J Pmkz uP.

145
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VI. \ ]P

1. um\n uk J \US Hk
\P.
2. Cv P flzvS GkUPmh
{hiUPP Szx &h |Pa] {hzxP.

146
 www.kalvisolai.com

h & 8
Cv vmhmh u
fl A
u~m a]
P {UP[P
1. n _uvzvfl x Cv GvPsh
u a\P, vmhhfl {UP[P
Iuskz vmh[P A
.
2. n Iuskz vmh[Pfl Ahu
\uP x Pu.
3. n u, u, EP
C Szu Cvfl | ux
Pu.
4. n _uvzvS fl Cv Hmh
A, u ~m a]P x
Pu.

B[Q Bm]P CvU Pa\ m

P Ezv \ J {hP zvu.
AP Cvfl u flzv
UPozu. u, Csh EPPfl x
Hmh uP Cv ]x u a]
Hmhx. B Aa] mhzuUP A
C. Cv u P
vUPmhx. UPhu Cvu _ 68
UPk }\ Sv QuUSa \flx.
Au {x {mifl En EzvU Sux. Aufl
P Cv En u US
147
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Hmhx. {mifl u{ P S
uP Cux. UPfl UPz u flu[Q |
Cux. UP uP UPzu
fl Hmhx. G 1947&B Bsk _uv
x Cv u a\P
GvP siux. Aa\P }UQh
Cv vmhmh u a]
Pshx.
vmhUS, 1950 : Gu }sh P Ax SQ
P SUPP a \vh
sk vmhh A]Qflx.
{miP AzuP vmhh o vh
{fl A_ 1950&B Bsk a v[P vmhU
S Azux. { Aufl uP [Q.
vmhU Sfl oP : 1. Iuskz vmh[P
Szu, 2. {miSz u , u,
u Bu[P vku, 3. |v JxURk x
P |nzu, 4. {mifl u flz
v Ah , 5. A]fl uU
PPP, vmh[P u B\P [Su
BQS. 1952&B Bsk {mifl vmhmh
u a] kzu u] a]U
S (National Development Council) G A
Hkzumhx. C |[P [P
{mifl u a]US JzxUQfl.
vmhhfl {UP[P : Cvz vmhhfl UQ
{UP[PP (1) u] , UPfl u{
BQ AvPUPa \u, 2. UPfl
UPz uzv Ezxu, 3. ,
fl Szu , 4. AUS \
u UP [Qh BQ Au.
P u : {fl A_ P
uU (Mixed Economy) PP fl x. Aufl
148
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A_USa \u (x |[P)
uUSa \u (u |[P) Csk
u |[P {mi C[S GfluS.
1950&B BskP u flzvfl ysP
Gk ] Aih PPz u\P
Azvh u umhx. AzuP
uP _ 20&v 1948&B Bsk, 1956&B Bsk
|mh A]fl u PPz w[P
Ah \u. AP xP uhz
uP, s Ba], Aq \Uv, v (Air-
ways), P Pmku, fl\ mP, uh
siP (Railways), GLSz u \P, Gsn
Gsn mP fl Ezv fl
uPS. Cz uPfl a]UP
{hiUPP A_ Pshx. fl [QP,
Pmk (Insurance) |[P Th A]fl Pmk
mifl R Psk mh. 1956&B Bsk Cv
fl \u \u A |u
A]fl \P, uU PPPfl {UPP
HU Pshx. Aufl {mifl ua
\P z vmhh {h
GfluS. AUPP Th u u\P
x A]fl Pmkk AvPUP Px. u
x A]fl Ezxhfl (License) ufl u\P
Azvh AvUPmh. xo Ezv, ]sm,
mh P[P, Cvz u, ] uP
Si\z uP BQ ufl ]US
hmh. B 1991&B Bsix uh[Q
u u, u u 20&B
sifl Cv Ix BskP Hmh EP
u BQS fl AsU Pzv
P uU PP zvSQ Ex.
149
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Iuskz vmh[P, \uP : Cv Cx

Jflx Iuskz vmh[P {hkzvx.
ux zux Iuskz vmh (2002&-2007) \
Ex. u Iuskz vmh (1951&1956) 1951&B Bsk
uh[Pmhx. Azvmh sUS UQzx
Azux. }\, fl Ezv, u, USzx
fl xPfl a]US P \zu
mhx. {US {v }z vmh[P uu vmh
(S [P, P), J\ P{vfl SUP Pmh
mk Sm An (EQfl } An), \m
{vfl SUP Pmhmk U {[P An
(Cvfl P {US {v}z vmh),
x[Pz vmh (Bv, P{hP), P]z vmh
(P), \ vmh (zv u\, Cu),
Uz vmh (S [P), {P\P vmh
(Bvu\) BQ AUPh {hiUPP
Pmh. Cshx Iuskz vmh
(1956&1961) PPz u\PUS UQzx
Azux. , UP, xP, P BQ
{flS Ch[P GLSz u\P Hkzu
mh. TkuP \, \Pmi, zv
fl Ch[P GLSz u\P AUP
mk. Pfl, P BQ Ch[P Az
u\P x[Pmh. Pzv, AUSsh,
P, flPflm fl Ch[P ua _[P[P
ufl. xzu {Pzv EUQ EPzu z
ukUS BP Eu, uflzvS (Dhanbad)
AQ AUPmh. flx Iuskz vmh
(1961 & 1966) s, ux BQ CsiS
UQzx Azux. flx Iusk vmh
Pzvufl Cv _ m] (s
fl) Psk mhx. _m]
Cv Enz ufl x.
150
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1949&50&B Bsi zu En ufl

Ezvfl A 54,921,000 hflPS. 1970 & 71 B
Bsi Ax 108,422,000 hflPP Eux. Au
AUP Pmhzv 6,759,000 hflPP Cu
Px Ezv 26,477,000 hflPP Eux.
1967&B Bsk u 1969&B Bsk Kskz
vmh[P (Annual Plans) \kzumh. {flPx
Iuskz vmh (1969 & 1974) s a]
BsiS 5 UPhP, u a]
BsiS 9 UPhP CUP CUS |nzux.
1951&B Bsk u GkzxU Pmh 600 ,
{kzu }\z vmh[P 360 vmh[P 1973&B
BsiS |mh. Iux Iuskz
vmh (1974 & 1979) J }shP Psnmhz vmh
S. Azvmh 1985&B Bsk \hUTi
10 Bsk vmhS. AzvmhU Pzv P mh
( AP) G v UP flkzu
mhx. AUPPmhzvufl vmhhfl {UPP
\P }vfl a] uflx. 1973, 1978
1980&B BskP Cv A_ u PP
w[P |x. 1970&B BskP
uh[Pmh Ezv UPz vmhzv
(Operation Flood) 1997&B Bsk Cv Ezv
EQfl u Chzu iux. P z
vmhzv Cv mh Ezv Iux
Chzv izux. Aufl P {mifl ,
kUSP mh uPU QhUQflx.
vmhmh u flzv Cv
u Ezv Qx. J mh,
\ a]U Pskx. Bx Iuskz vmh
(1980 & 1985), Hx vmh (1985 & 1990), Gmhx vmh
(1992 & 1997) Jflux vmh (1997 & 2002) BQ
Azx a] CUQ |nzx \kzu
mh. AP Azx s, u,
151
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u, CP \PU Pmh
fl, EUP, u]
Ezxu AP BQ {UP[PU
Psk {hkzumh.
u Iuskz vmh A]fl \z
uPP 2,400 PiPU Psiux.
Ax Jflux vmhU Pzv 8,59,000
PiP Eux.
1950 & 51&B Bsi 9,140 PiP Cu
Cvfl u] 1998 & 99&B Bsi
16,80,000 PiP Eux. Au 1950&51&B
Bsi 255 mk Cu u{ 2000
& 2001&B Bsi 16,500 AS Eux. 1974&B
Bsi 55 UPhP Cu U PmiSU R
u UP uPfl A 2000&B Bsi 26
UPhPU Sux (Q[P 328/&US
R u hP, {P[P
454/&USU R u hP U
PmiSU R UPPU PukQfl).
{mi vmhmh u fl Hmk
v Cfl { , fl,
u Hzu fl a\Pa \vUP
six. CzuP |US UQ Pn
UPuP UPS.
u u : A_USa \u u\
Pz u US PP 1980&B BskP
Ex. CUPP C[Qv um\ \Puzv
(1976&89) uh[Qx. CUPP u, a]
CP {kPUS x. A_ mk
Pmkmi zvu USzx,
Cx, P USzx, fl Ezv, }
|[P, uz uhzx fl Aih
152
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UQzx u uP u xUSz vx
hmh. 1991&B BsiS S uh[Q u
u u u P x.
u u : A_ mk E Psk {hzv
Pmkkzv u ] uPz u
|[P uh[P i vUPmiu
uhP uzumh. Cv CUPP
1991&B Bsix flmk Qflx. u
UPUS fl xzxUS G Cv
JxUPmiu uPfl GsoUP 17x
3BPU Sux. ux u |[P GLS,
USzx, P USzx, PP
Cv[P mkx xP u\PU
Th Azx {hzvh AvUPkQfl. Au
E[P (Licenses) [SuP \mh[P, {h
P, CUSv, HvUP AvP,
UPmkk, z uh \mh
vmh[P uzumk. CzuP {hiUPP
u u G AUPkQfl. u
ufl Akzu Pmh {hiUPP A]fl uk
UP PP (Disinvestment) {hUS xx.
1991&B Bsk AUPmh v u PP
(New Industrial Policy) uh, E ~mz uP,
Pmh \vP BQ A_ umiS
xP G Azxx. uk SU PP
fli A_ ux [P UP xzx, A_a
\ |[P [S umiz uUS
P uh[Qx. ux u vP
mi mkU Psk C[P FUSUP
kQflx. xzx CzuP \Pa \vUP
Au Pz vhfl \ si |
Hmkx.
EP u : EP {kP u v \u\
A Jflfl \v[P si. A
153
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EPz uP, zuP, \u fl |P

u[P JflkzvU P six A]
Qflx. uP uh m] EP Cfl J
QP C[SQflx. CzuP | IUQ
{kP \fl (U.N.O) E {kP Jfl \x
1995&B Bsk \z v[P 1&B { EP zuP
|zv (World Trade Organisation) Azu. EP
{kPUQh oPzv kzxx Aufl
{UPS. Aufl uP A
xx.

EP [Q |zvfl E {kP u[PUS

u zuP Ju[Pa \x PQfl.
A{kPUQh mP, u, u
~m u uhfla \ AvUP
h sk. A{kP u[PUS zuPz uh
Pz uzxu sk. CUSv, Hv x
|nUPmk AP A{kP AP
sk. Au {zv EP [Q |zvfl |v
P A{kP HU P sk. C|
vUQfl zuP |uP E {kP H
AP flu sk. CzuP | EP
u G AUPkQflx. Cv EP
[P |zvfl K E {hS.

_uvzvS fl A u ~m
a]P : _uvzvS fl Cv .]. ,
].. Cfl, G. Cfl fl gbPU
Pshx. _uvzvS fl Cv A, u
~m J v Azv uh[Qx.
{ A, u~m Su
{UPU Psiu. Cv AvP \P,
u [PU Psk v AP
P \u[PPU P G A
154
 www.kalvisolai.com

Pv. G Ax A_, A, u ~m
Ba] FUSzux. 1958&B Bsk Cv
fl {fl ""A PPz wz
v'' HU Pshx. Cv A, u
~m flzvU Psk v fl
|[P P UQ o BQfl.
A: 1. Ga.. fl u C[Q Aq
\Uvz x (Department of Atomic Energy (D.A.E.), 2. G.G.
m{P u \mh A, u
Ba]U PP (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research
(CSIR) 3. i.G. Pzufl R \
xP A | (Defence Science Organisation
(DSO) BQS. 1947&B Bsk u] C
\uU Th h Avh { AiUP
{mi.
Ca\uUTh AiUP hfl
\P ""\uU Th G mk
AUPk u ]h[P B PP G
{fl E[PU Pg_Qfl. AP CmiUQ
a]hU P[P. CPufl GvP
PP & {fl, Q u ]u PP.
C[Sufl u C Ex,
{flS Qflx'' Gflx Ch x.
Aq Ba] : 1948&B Bsk BPk v[P Aq
\UvU S AUPmhx. A 1954&B Bsk
[R ufl R \v
Psh xP UPmhx. Cvfl
Aq \Uv vmhzvS Aizumh . 1957&B
Bsk Aq Ba] AUP
mhx. Cv Aq \Uv Av {UP fl
EzvUS flkzxQflx. u AUPmh
Cvfl u Aq fl | 1969&B Bsk
AUh v[P fl Ezvz uh[Qx. Au
155
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fl C |[P Cu Ph Gfl
Chzv, u{mi \flUPQ PUPz
v uh[Pmh. {flPx Ezv u\zv
{ Gflhzv AUPmhx. u
flzvS P A] fl\, } fl
Ezv mkfl Cqfl |[P
Ezv \mk AUPkQflx.
Cv Cu Ufl Gfl
Chzv 1974&B Bsk u 18&B {,
1999&B Bsk 11&B { AvP Aq
ia \u {hzvx.
A u Ba]U PP : 1942&B
Bsk AUPmh A u Ba]U
PP (Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR))
_uvzvS fl UPmhx. { Aufl
u. P gb G.G.
m{P (S.S.Bhatnagar) AUPP hmhx.
Ax ^ ] 1964&B BsiS
Cvfl P[P x u] \uU
Th[P AUPmh. Cv x ux
[P uh[Pmk \ Qfl.
s Ba] : Cv
s Ba] mhzuUP
A a] x.
[Pz uhPU
Psk \mk Cv
s Ba] |
(Indian Space Research Organisation
[ISRO]) U H. \fl ^
o UPhux. Cv
s Ba] [P,
P { h P fl u{P
[P (I.G.B.K), U H. \
P vu AQ
156
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x (U \
s ) Gfl
Chzv, Bv
u\zv
Pmh (\zw ufl
s )
Gflhzv, u
{mi Pv Q
(v H P
, Liquid Propulsion
Systems Centre) Gfl Bmh \PU P
hzv, APuzv
Ax. Cv \PU P
\zx vmh 1972&B Bsk u uh[Qx.
1975&B Bsk Cv ux u \PU P
Bmh so \zvx. P Jfl,
P Csk fl \PU PP
Cv so \zvx. \PU P
\zx sU PflP (Satellite Launching
Vehicles (SLVs), vflS \PU P \zx
sU PflP (Augmented Satellite Launching
Vehicles (ASLVs)), a _ \PU P
\zx sU PflP (Geo-Synchronous
Satellite Launching Vehicles (GSLVs)), x \PU P
\zx sU PflP (Polar Satellite Launch
Vehicles (PSLVs), Cv s \zvx.
1982&B Bsk uh[Q \P so
\zumh Cvz u] \PU PP (Indian
National Satellites (INSATs) { {mifl uU Pm],
uz uh, Bu[P Aku
|Qzu, _a `U PsPozu,
uP u ~m P BQ xP
m]P [PU Psk x.
Ph Ba] (Oceanography) Cv gb
P zv vzx. AflhmiP {x
gbP J Ba] zv Azx.
157
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Aufl uU]fl P[Pz GfluS. Cv

_ m] Hh G.G. _{ufl
s Ba]P xnx. {x
HPnz u ~m H... Ax Pfl
[P flx. En, G\Uv, E[P,
C, flmP, fiv, PvUP,
v fl xP Cv
Ba]P fl.
{x {miSz u u~m
oPfl GsoUP Ah {fl A_
1947&B Bsk A u B S Jfl
Azux. AUSfl PoS fl \fl,
h, Pfl, PU, fl Ix
Ch[P Cvz u ~m |[P (Indian
Institutes of Technology) AUPmh. fl Q, A\
SvP C |[P Hmh. C
|[P ] u ~m {P
EUSQfl. u ~m {P
v Cv, AUP IUQ {kP,
CS Akzx fl |x. Po
PUS Cv g\. {x
{mi Po gbP, oP HP
E.
P AhP
1. n vmhUSfl oPU Sh i.
2. n vmhhfl {UP[PU Ti.
3. n Iuskz vmh[P
Azvmh[Pfl R Hmh \uP
Gu i.
4. n u u, u u
EP u UP i.
5. n Cv Hmk A, u
~m a]P UP i.

158
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_vk

I. \ hz uukUP

1. vmhUS AUPmh Bsk

A. 1956 B. 1950
C. 1952 D 1954
2. Iuskz vmhzv Sx
A. vmhUS B. u] a]US
C. Aq\UvUS D u Aa\fl
AP
3. { A_ fl uU PP
A. u B. u
C. P u D. EP
4. Cv Aq\UvU S AUPmh Bsk
A. 1945 B. 1948
C. 1954 D. 1955
5. Cv s Ba] | Ax Ch
A. [P B. xh
C. Iuz D \fl
II. Pimh Ch[P zv \P

1. u Iuskz vmh ________ US UQzx

Azux.
2. EP zuP | AUPmh Bsk ________
3. Cv Aq\Uv vmhzvS Aizumh ________
B.
4. u{mi ________ Gfl Chzv Aqfl |
Axx.
159
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III. fl zxP

1. Ga.. && Ezvu\

2. G.G. m{P && i.G.K. (D.S.O.)
3. i.G. Pzu && Cu
4. Ph && ].G.I.B (CSIR)
5. { && i.H.D.(D.A.E.)
IV. _UPP hUP

1. vmhUSfl oPU TP.

2. vmhhfl {UP[PU SkP.
3. P u Gfl Gfl?
4. u u Gfl Gfl?
5. Cv Aqfl |[P Ax
Ch[PU SkP.
6. { {mi s Ba] [P Ax
Ch[Pfl P GxP.
V. h uP
1. _uvzvS S Cv Hmh vmhmh
u fl GxP.
2. _uv x u Cv Hmk
A, u~m a] vkP.
VI. \ ]P
1. nz u[P Sv u\P
uPa \PUPU T.
2. n u[P Sv Hmk u
[P Au.

160
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h & 9
Cvfl U PP
P {UP[P
1. n Cvfl U PPfl
UQU TP x Pu.
2. n g\ ^U PP A .
3. n Ao\U PPU P.
4. n shU Tmkfl UQzxzv
x Pu.
5. n Cv Ash {kPhfl
{kPh Psk E Au.

J {k EQ {kPhfl Psk
E G AkQflx. J {mifl
x J ] PPP, PmkP
Aih AuuS. AP zuP
U PP Ax A{mkU PP G
AUQfl. EP P[P J {k
AUPPfl Aih ufl DkkzvU
Pu EP P[P A{mifl [S GU
PxQfl.
Cvfl U PP P Ax
Si BvUPzv Hmh vPfl
flo EUPmhuS. Cvfl u
u Aa\ { Cv U
PPfl ufl ] B. 1947&B Bsk u
(1) EPa \uzu qu, (2) SiU PP
Gv, (3) _U PP Gv, (4) |U
161
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PP Gv, (5) g\^, (6) Ao \, (7)

Ash {mkhfl {m, (8) shU Tmk, (9)
Pflz A [S, (10) [Pu Gv
BQ Cv U PPfl UQ
A\[PP [Q x.

1. EPa \u qu : Cv IUQ {kP

\fl Av fl Gfl PP
{UPU Pskx. Avfl u S
fl C. 1945&B Bsk u Cv I.{.
\fl EP Cx Qflx. { APfl
\Pu vv. m_ sim IUQ {kP
xa \fl u s uP 1953 & 54&B
BskP o. IUQ{kP \fl
E Gfl 1950&B Bsk Hmh h,
ufl P fl x, 1956&B Bsk `
]UPfl x, P[P (1960 & 64) a]fl x,
A[P ]UPfl x Cv EP umh
| Szvh Ak mhx. P[P,
A[P, P\, \ SvP Av
|{mih I.{S Eu P Cv ux
Cqzv Azux. 1991&B Bsk Hmh
Sh {UPi I.{. wzx zvh
Cv ux Bu Azux.

2. SiU PP Gv : Cv B[Qfl
SiU PP (Colonialism) P
vSx. SiU PPfl R Hk
ua _shfl wP Cv {flS
Avux. G EQfl Gu Sv SiU
PP Gu J i |U Thx G Cv
Pvx. SP B], BUP, Czwfl AUP
{kP A| Si[P }UPkv Cv
AUP Pmix. Gufl Cvfl U
162
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PP SiU PP Gv J UQ
A\x.
3. _U PP Gv : S {kPfl _U
PP Hmh [P P Szx
Cv n Pshx. UP {k G
{mi fl, Auz ufl {mkhfl CnzxU
Psk BvUP |P \u _U PP
G AUQfl. AzuP _U PP u,
Csh EP PUS (1914 & 18 1939 & 45) J
PnP [Qx. CP P
Cv P vUPmhu, Csh EP
iu Eh _uv u _U
PP Gi G[S | Au
Gvu Cv SUPPU Psiux. fl
| _U PPfl ih ux |
u {kPfl u _U PP
P whuS. G GzuP i
_U PPfl Au Cv GvUS
J {hS.
4. |U PP Gv : {kP |
Ax CU PP fl. A B],
BUP UP uhfl {hzv. 1919&B Bsk
{h _ Av {mi fl {k Ca
\zxzvSU PUP kzux S {kP
Au |Pzu. G ^, fl {kPfl
Ga]x {kPfl E Gsn
UQS J Cmhx. Pv ufl Cv
ku DkkzvU P fl ufl
BUP A]fl Cmi Gvzx i
. G PPUS Gv ufl BUP
A]fl "Awm' Gfl AUPmh |
U PP uhx }izux. Aa]
Cv uflu 1946&B Bsk I.{. \
163
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Gx. {\fl shfl Chh

mhzv Cv Azxu uP
Bu AsU Pzvufl | U
PP APmhx.
5. g\ ^ : Cv ^
Ash {kP. C {kPUS
h skPP
UP E
}izx ux. 1949&B Bsk
^ xh {hP
Ex Cv A
{mkhfl {UPP Qx.
^US {, CvUS
`&fl& n
Psh. C{kP
1954&B Bsk Ix A\[ { `&fl&
PU Psh g\ ^U
PPfl Aih J
Juzv Pzvmh.
Ax A\[P :
1. J {mifl J,
Cs vzu,
2. JUP Azx,
3. J {mifl E P[P u
h,
4. \zx, {flP
5. \ua \P BQS.
CUPP 1955&B Bsk Cu]
{h flk[ {mi Px Psh 29&vS
mh BUP & B] {kP HU Psh.
Ash {kPhfl {m zxU Pv
CUPP Cfl vhuP [SQflx.
164
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6. Ao\ : "Ao\' Ax "Tmka \'

G zu .P. Qnfl EUQ.
Au { Cv U PPfl
AihUQ. Csh EP US fl
AUP IUQ {k, fl \z
(C) , Cq mi, AqBuU
S, Cq AoP Azu fl \
P Dkmk u. uzx AUP IUQ {k
{mh (NATO) Gfl h AmsiU Ju A
(North Atlantic Treaty Organisation) "^mh' (SEATO)
uflQUS B] {kP Ju A (South
East Asia Treaty Organisation) FUSzux. xh
C Q \ Ju {kP (Warsaw Pact
Countries), QUQ xha ^ FU
Szux. Au EP xPS AvUS
Aa_zu Ex. Cv CzuP AoP
Guh \ . Au Cv Gu
{mkhfl Ehflk P .
Cu | Ao\ G AUPkQx.
C| {k| G hx. C| \u\
a\P zu _uva \k G
k. vuP Ax _uv
BUP, B] {kP CUPP fl
sk Cv x. CUPPUS flk[
{mi {u Qmix. CUPP HU
Psh {kP Azx {[Q {m Psh.
Cx Ao\ CUPP (Non-Aligned Movement) E
kzux. Cvfl {, Pfl
imh, Cu]fl _P, GQvfl {\ CU
PP u HU Psh uP.
1961&B Bsk Pz u{P Q
mi Ao\ CUP {kPfl u {k {h
x. 1964&B Bsk CUPzvfl Csh
{k GQv P (Cairo) {hx.
CUPPfl {vmh[P A{mi Py
165
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\v mh. AP : (1) Aq BuU S,

(2) Gz uPP Avhfl wzu, (3) A|
BvUP, Azx, v\ v, | &
BQx ku, (4) \u\ Tmk
xu u a]U Psku, (5) IUQ
{kP \US, Aufl Av a]z
vmhzvS Bu Azu BQ BS.
Ao\ {kP, IUQ {kP \ fl
AoPa \mh. Ao\ {kPfl |
u[P Buzu B], BUP, Czwfl, AUP
{kP fl EP {kP (Third World Countries) G
AUPmh. Cu si Ao\
CUP _ 12 Ea] {kPU Pskx. C
UPzv 112&US mh {kP [S Psk
E. EP {kP x[PPa \mk
CUPPmhzv EP Av, x
P {UPPU Psh CUP Cfl
uh JflP Ex.
7. Ash {kPhfl {mU PP : Cv
Gx ^, Qufl, [Pu\, {,
hfl, fl (), C[P, zwP fl
ux Ash{kPhfl { zxU
P Qflx. Cv ux Ash {kPhfl
shU Tmk (Regional Co-operation) Aih
{mhfl \mk Qflx. Cvfl fl
u I.P. S (I.K. Gujral) 1996&B Bsk Ix
A\[Pfl Aih Cvfl "Ash
{mkU Pmmi' mh. A (1) Gv
{m mku, (2) {mk J
vzu, (3) {mk E P[P uh,
(4) ux {mk Sv {miPvP
flkzu Av, (5) a\z wzxU
Pv {i a_ BQS. C S
Pmk G AUPkQfl.
166
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167
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8. \U shU Tmk : Cv, shU

Tmk {UPU Pskx. Cuih
[Pu\ Cvhfl Jzxzvh fl
ux. Aufl P uS B] {kP \U
Ax shU TmkP uP]a \[P
(South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation (SAARC) G
A EUPmhx. Cfl u {k
1985&B Bsk i\ v[P [P u\z u{P
hUP {hx. 1986&B Bsk {zvfl
u{P Pzsk (Kathmandu) Cfl u
Px, C, (1) Cv, (2) [P u\,
(3) Qufl, (4) {, (5) hfl, (6) C[P,
(7) zwP fl 7 {kP ux A[P
E. C JUP \P, u,
smkz xP Eu \x Pu {UP
PU Pskx. C GzuP A] Px
Psi[P. E {kP Si},
G\Uv, uPuh, USzx, _a`, Ch
, _, oP, uk fl xP
u[PUS Jhfl \h JU Psk.
C{kP 1993&B Bsk \h Ax uP]
fl zuP Ju (South Asian Preferential Trade
Agreement (SAPTA) Jfla \x Psh. C
ux 12 Ea] {kPU Pskx.
Cv uP] Sv Av Ev
||zu ux Ash {kPhfl Jzxv
P BP Cx Qflx.
9. Pflzv [S : C[Qvfl fl Si
{kP u[PUS oP, smkz uhPU
Psiu. AP Pflz Gfl A
Hkzv. Cv A Ea
\ux. Pflz {kP u[PUS P,
A, u ~m, sk fl xP
Jzxhfl \mk Qfl. A{kPhfl
168
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Cv ux Ez xsizxU P
.
10. [Pu Gv : [Pu AP
[Pu ux AvUS Aa_zu [Q
Qfl. Cv [Puzv GvUQflx.
Cv ux Ash {kPh, EP
{kPh \x \u\ A [P uzv
Gvv Jzxzvh Gfl uP Ex.

Ash {kPh {kPh

Cvfl EP
^ & Cv EP : 1957&B Bsk u, ^&Cv
EP vP Hmh. 1959&B Bsk ^
Cvhfl Gz uP zux. Ask
vzv ^UPvP Gu m] JkUP ^
xP Ax. vzvfl u Cv
US Ki u. ^ Cvhfl hz ux.
1962&B Bsk ^ Cvz uUQx. A
Cv CflPUSx. Az
uhx 1976&B Bsk Cva&^ E _P
| Ax. 1988&B Bsk fl Cv
u C Pv ^S n \uxufl
sk Cva&^ E _P | Hmhx.
Ask Cv ^ A u
~m, flUSzx, smk zu
fl fl Ju[P Pzvmh. 1993&B
Bsk C{kP Av Av Pzu
G Juzv Pzvmh. 1996&B
Bsk ^z u [fl (Jiang Zemin)
CvS P u. Ax Cv
^ {UP US {hiUP Ju[P
{flQ Pz vmh. Ax uPsk ^&Cv
E | fl Hmk Qflx.
169
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Quhfl EP : CvS QuUS

Ch Hmh P[P BuS
}sh{mP B. Cfl P a] wUP
hu JflP C {kPUSh uzvS
uPx. _uvzvS fl Pzvfl fl
P Cvhfl Cnzu. B Qu
E P P Cfl Cn
Gvxhfl Av ]P iv
Dkmk Qfl. AzuP ]PUS A|
\UvP G w Gsn Fx Eu
Qfl. Au Cv&Qufl Ch 1948,
1965, 1971 1999&C (PQ ) P
{h. 1966&B Bsk uPsm Ju,
1972&B Bsk ] Ju {i a_ zu,
Ehflmifl a]Pz wzxU P
SUQfl. Cv A_ P UPm]
Azxx. Qufl }shP Cq Bm],
Cqzvfl , wuzv P
Cvhx UP ]UQx. B C{mk
UP zv Gu P\na] C.
Cv C[P : Cv C[P {
Ash {kP. C[P Gx Cvfl
| | Buzx {hS. 1990&B
Bsk u Ca]z uhP Cv ux
Av PUS h C[P A]fl sk
PUQn[P C[PUS Ax. P
C{kPfl E _P | Cx
Qflx.
EP {kPh EP : 1973&B Bsk
Cv&AUP EP mk P A
. 1974&B Bsk AUP a \
fl Q][P Cv u. Ax uPsk C
{kPUS Ch oP, A, u~m
BQ xP J | Qflx. Cv
1953&B Bsk u Chfl { E zx
170
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xx. Cv ux GLSz u\P

Azvh C, fl_, , C[Qx fl
{kPfl Eu x. Cv B]fl
{kP fl, ufl P, ],
][P fl {kPhfl uhx Jhfl
\ Qflx. Au fl BUP {kP,
zv QUS, Ph, Bv, Czwfl AUP
{kPh Cv { o Qflx.
P AhP
1. n CvU PPfl UQ
A\[P UP i.
2. n g\ ^, Ao\U PPP UP
i.
3. n ^&Cv EP vUP i.
4. n S PP UP i.
5. n Cv EP {kPhfl Psk
EPU PimkU Pmh i.

_vk
I. \ hz uukUP
1. Cv I.{. \fl E B Bsk
A. 1944 B. 1945
C. 1947 D. 1946
2. "A wm' PP fl {k
A. ufl BUP B. B]
C. ^ D. BUP
3. u Ao\ CUP {k {h Ch
A. P B. hUP
C. Qm D. Pzu
4. \U Afl uh
A. hUP B. Pzsm
C. D. x v
171
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II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. flk[ {k {h Bsk __________ BS.
2. g\ ^ __________ PmkPU Pskx.
3. \U Afl UP ________ _______ ________.
4. ^&Cv {h Bsk __________.
5. PQ {h Bsk __________.
II. fl zxP
1. vv. m_ sim && 1985
2. \U && 1996
3. \h && P
4. imh && 1993
5. S Pmk && I.{. \fl u
s u.
IV. _UPP hUP
1. _U PP Gfl Gfl?
2. Ao\ CUPzvfl UQz uP ?
3. \h USP.
4. \U {kP P GxP.
5. C Pv Gx ^US n \fl?
V. h uP

1. Cvfl U PP USP.
2. Cv Ash {kPh EP {kPh
Psk EP .
VI. \ ]P

1. hzv Cvfl Ash {kPU

SkP.
2. n {, `&fl&, imh, {\, Cv
u EPz uPfl h[Pa \PUPa
\.
172
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Si
AS & I

h & 1

Tmhm] A_ A

P {UP[P
1. n Tmhm] A_ A .
2. n Tmhm] A]fl A\[P Gfl Gfluz
ux Pu.
3. n CvU Tmhm] Afl uflz
ux Pu.
4. n zv, | A_P zvSvP,
(fl u\[P) Ch E x
Pu.

Tmhm] G k h\fl (Federation)

Gfl B[Qa \ Czwfl zu "h'
(Foedus) Gflvx mhuS. J Tmhm]
A_ Gflx |[P Jflnvfl
ufluS. G J Tmhm] A] zv K
A_, | A_P G C A_ AP E.
C A_ AP Gumh (Written), {Qz
ufl Psh (Rigid) J A]a \mhzv
QuUPmh _uv AvP[PU Psk.
P T J Tmhm] {mi zv
A_, | A_P E. AUP IUQ {k,
173
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Bv, _m\x, Cv, Ph fl

{kP Tmhm] A_PUS Eun[P BS. J
{mi J J A_ A mk CUS
A{mi J_ (Unitary State) {k G AU
Q. C[Qx [P fl {kP
J_PUS Eun[PS.
Tmhm] A_Pfl Aih A\[P : J Tmhm]
A_ {flS Aih A\[PU Pskx. A
fl : 1. A]a \mhzvfl u u
BvUP, 2. zv, |[PUQh AvP
Q, 3. A]a \mhzvfl {Qz ufl
, 4. _uv }vzx A E BS.
1. A]a \mhzvfl u u BvUP :
J Tmhm] A_ A] Gumh J
A]a \mhzv zu sk.
A]a \mh {Qz uflh JflP
Czu sk. zv |P, \mhfl
| |P, \mhfl BQPfl AvP[P,
oP A]a \mh G a
\x TQflx. A]a \mhzvS nP
|P Ax \mhfl \u Cx.
2. zv, |[PUQh AvP Q : J
Tmhm] A]a \mhzv zv A_, |
A_PUQh AvP[P Q \m
izu sk. xP, u] UQzx u
AvP[P zv A]S JxUPkQfl. |
UQzx u xP | A_PUS [P
kQfl. A]a \mhzv Shhu
Ax Gg] AvP[P (Residuary Powers) zv Ax
|[P \ JhUPkQfl. Cv A]
a \mh zv A]fl AvP[P zv
174
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mi (Union List) SkQflx. Ami 97

xP Ch . | mi 66
xP Ch . x Ax J[Qnu
mi 47 xP Ch . Shhu
Ax Gg] AvP[P zv A]fl \
JhUP mk. Cu miP Hu
\ sk Au A]a
\mhzvzu mk \u i.
3. A]a \mhzvfl {Qzufl : J
Tmhm] A_ Gumh J A]a \mhz
v (Written Constitution) US. Au Gv
vzu ix. G Ax J {Q A]a
\mh Gk. AzuP A]a \mhzvz
vzu \ Pi fl si
US. Bv, _m\x fl {kP
J A]a \mh vzu UPfl J
u |h sk. AUP
flzvfl Av fl Buh,
{flQ fl [S |a \mhfl[Pfl Buh
ufl A]z vzu[Pa \ i.
Cv A]z vzu[P fl
PP \kQfl. Cv A]a
\mhzvfl ] SvPz vzu \ {hfl C
APfl fl C [S fl Bu
ukQflx. J |zvfl u,
| GP zu, v |[P
EUSu fl vzu[Pa \ {hflzvfl
fl Bu Cu mk xuS.
A]a \mhzvfl J ] SvPz
vzu \ sk {hfl C A
Pfl fl C [S fl Bu {mi
v | \mhfl[Pfl Bu A]S.
175
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4. _uv }vzx, Aufl }vfl B

AvP : _uv }vzx \kx Tmhm]
A]fl uflU SUQflx. Tmhm]
zv, | A_P A]a \mh U
S u[Px A]U PhP |
Qfl. Cuv APUQh Huu
P uP Hk. AzuP uPUSz
w Pn }v Az ukQx. G Tmhm]
A] wUP Pzv [P Ax A]
a \mhzv UP J _uv }vzx
A] ukQflx. Ea\ }vfl GkUS
ifli zv, | A_P Jzx u
sk. Cu Ea\ }vflzvfl }vfl B
AvP G AUQ.

Tmhm] A]fl |P : Tmhm] A_ A

A] AbP H P mi.
Tmhm] A]fl |P fl P US
Qfl : 1. Tmhm] A] ] |[P Jflnx
Ev Tmh_ Azx Au Qfl,
2. C[P, skP, P, \[P
Psh {kPUSU Tmhm] A EPuuS
3. C mh Sv a]P
EhiPz wUPkQfl, 4. Tmhm] A]
] |[Pfl v EQflx, 5. ] |[P
u[P u P kzvU P
{fl uP C_ Ex, 6. C
Gua\vP A_P ufl A C, 7. C
|[Pfl vP FUSUPkQfl,
8. C] AvP, 9. AvP
kzxu C C.

Tmhm] A]fl SP : 1. C A_
\huS, 2. ] \[P E{mk,
176
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{mk P[P skP GUTk, 3. zv,

|[PUQh E, AvP fl
Szx uP G sk, 4. A zv,
|[PUQh Hk uP u]
Jk vSP, 5. P uu,
FUP niUPku |P, 6. A]a
\mhzvfl {Qz ufl Ax Hk
\P, u \P UQh Ehia \mhz
wP [Qh ix.
zv&| EP : Cv ux 28 |[
P, 6 zv Bm] SvP (fl u\[P) 1
u] u{P Sv (h) E. {x A]
a \mh EUQ Tmhm] A_ A
zu EQfl GuU Tmhm]
A_h Cu Jh ix. {x {mi zv,
| A_PUQh EP UQzx
Qfl. u] J, Jk, _uv
{mifl Cs xPzx zvhsk
fl {UShfl zv, | A_PUQh
AvP[P QuUS {x A]a
\mhzvfl 235 u 263 vP zv A]SU
Tku AvP[P [SQfl. CvU Tmhm]
_uvhx, \v[Sx. B
zv, | C A_P Jflfl \v[S
PPfl Aih C[SuS.
zv, | A_PUQh EP fl
uPfl R UP : 1. \mh
EP, 2. |P EP , 3. |v
P EP BQS.
1. \mh EP : u] UQzx u
xP zv mi Ch . xP,
177
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{mk P[P, C uP, Ag\

uv, PQu n {n[P fl ]
UQz xP Cmi \UPmk E.
|a \mh fl[P \mh AvP
xP | mi Ch . \mh
J[S, P, ]a\P, xa _Pu,
Em] AP, s fl ]
UQzxP | mi \UPmk.
xmi (Concurrent List) \UPmk x
Pfl x zv, | C A_P \mh[P C
E Esk. Cuv sk Hk
x zv A_ C \mh | A_a
\mhzvh \US UPu [S. vn,
nUS (Divorce), P, u { fl
xmi \UPmk xPS.
2. |P EP : | A_P \un
| u[Px USmmh |P P[
P AvPzv Psk. G
Smh ] |Pfl R zv A_ | |P
P[Pfl x ux Pmkmia \zx
Qflx. JmkzuP zv, | A_PUQh
|P EP fl P UP :
(1) {hfl \mhUTi Azx [
Pfl x zv A]fl |P AvP[P \i
S (v 162), (2) zva \mhzv \kzu
| A_PUS zv A_ u {P
[P (v 257), (3) CvU Si_z u |
B{P |UQ. |[P \
B{P zv A]fl {h v|vP C[S
Qfl. | |P Szx AP zv
A]S AUPP AQfl, (4) zv
178
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SvP (Union Territories) zv A_ {hP |P

\Qflx. CSvPfl xn B{P Ax
u BnP CvU Si_z u |U
Qfl, (5) C |[PUQh usp fl
kzxu GP Szu uPPz wx
uhP {hfl vP SUP.
3. |v P EP : zv, | A_PU
Qh |v AvP[P Cv A]a
\mh QuUQx. CP ] fl
P UP :
(1) zv A_ fl P vzx,
A `UQflx. CP k
zv, |[PUQh [Rk \k
Qflx, (2) {hflzvSmmk zv A_ |[
PUS PhflP [P. | A_P Phfl
PUS zv A_ n Ev [P,
(3) Cvz uU PnUS uoUP U Si_z
u | \Q. |U PnUSP uh
AvP[P PhP Ah [PkQfl,
(4) ] Pfl k x |[
PUS JxUPk |v, |[PUP EuU
PPP BQ B \vh Ix BsiP
J |vUSU Si_z u AU
Qfl.
{x A]a \mh CP zv,
| A_PUQh AvP[P Q \
Qflx. zv, | C A_P u[P AvP[
Pa _uvPa \kzu E .
zv & | EP \UP fl u
Aa\ Cv Pv \UP S |zu.
AUS A]a \mh US zv,
179
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| A_PUQh EP kzua ]
xPa \ux.

P AhP

1. n Tmhm] A_ Gfl Gfl Gflu UP

i.
2. n Tmhm] A]fl Aih A\[P
UP i.
3. n Tmhm] A]fl |P, SP
UP i.
4. n zv, |[PUQh EPU
Sh i.

_ vk

I. \ hz uukUP

1. "h' Gflx J
A. QUP zu B. Czwfl zu
C. B[Q zu D. Gx
C.

2. Tmhm] A]fl Aih A\P E

A. C |[P B. J A_ mk
C. C {kP D. zv A_,
|[P

3. zv mi E xPfl GsoUP
A. 67 B. 97
C. 47 D. 57

180
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II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. AUP IUQ {k J ________ A_.

2. Cv Gg] AvP[P _______ A]h E.

3. | mi ________, ________, ________ fl

xP E.

4. Tmhm] A_P ___________ }vzxU Psk

E.

III. fl zxP

1. xmi &-& Tmhm] A]fl J A\

2. C uP && J_

3. {Qz ufl && P

4. xn B{ && zv mi

5. C[Qx && zv Bm] SvP

IV. _UPP h
1. Tmhm] Gfl Gfl?
2. Tmhm] A]fl A\[P ?
3. Tmhm] A]fl |Pa _UPP v.
4. zv, | A_PUQh EPfl fl
uP mih.

V. h uP
1. Tmhm] A]fl |P, SPU SkP.
2. Cv zv, | A_PUQh
EP USP.
181
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VI. \ ]P
1. zv, | A_PUQh AvP Q
Amhh Jfl u \P.
2. n Cv |[P, zv SvPfl
miz uzu.

182
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h & 2
Cvfl zv A_

P {UP[P
1. n zv |P, \mhfl, }vzx
A[P[Pfl AvP[P, oP x
Pu.
2. n Cv Si_z u, xnU Si_z
u, u Aa\ BQ uUP
uSvP Au.
3. n Aa\a \k u
A .
4. n Cv {hflzvfl AvP[P,
oP z ux Pu.
5. n Cv Ea\ }vfl \k uzv
x Pu.

zv A_ ufl {x {mifl | A\S.

zv A]fl uP x v (New Delhi)
Axx. zv A_ zv |P, \mh fl,
}vzx G AUPk fl A[P[PU Psk
Ex. zv |P CvU Si_z u,
xnU Si_z u u Aa\fl
u Aa\U PshuS. zv
\mhfl {hfl G AUPkQx. A
C \ Gk |[P
U\ Gk UP (C AP)
PshuS. zv }vzx Cv Ea\ }vflz
vU Pskx. C[P[Pfl A, AvP[
P, oPU RUPsh UP :
183
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zv A_

| P
|P \mh fl }v fl

C vU Si_z u {h fl Cv Ea\ }vfl

xnU Si_z u U \ C \ Cvz u }vv

184

u Aa\ 25 }vvP

Aa\U S

543 2 CvU 238 |a \mh 12 CvU

UP Si_z fl[P Si_z
uukUP u u
uukUP
kQfl. |UP |UP
kQfl. kQfl. kQfl.
 www.kalvisolai.com

Si_z u : CvU Si_z u {mifl

u SiPfl / SiP B. Si_z u {x
A]fl u. A {x {mifl P Eu
u QUQfl. zv A]fl Azx |P
AvP[P \mhi Si_z uh E.

Si_z uPz uukUPkuP uSvP :

CvU Si_z u uUSz uu mih
J fl uSvP zu sk :
(1) A CvU SiP / SiP Czu
sk, (2) A zux v zv
AhuP Czu sk, (3) A zv
A], | A] Ax Em] A
Fv u Qzu Thx,(4) A U \
G AUPk UPfl EuS
uSvP zu sk, (5) Ax
U Si_z uz uukUS UP
flzv (Electoral College) Ch Su m\
zx UPP flu (Proposals)
zx UPP u (Seconders) sk.
Si_z ufl uUP 5 BskPS. A
sk uukUP h uSvh.
CvU Si_z u U \, C
\fl uukUPmh EP, Azx
|[Pfl uukUPmh | \mh
Pfl EP uukUQfl. Si_z
uPz uukUPk J Cvz u
}vvfl fl u Ev Ax
u nzv HU P sk.
Si_z ufl AvP[P oP & 1. |P
AvP[P : Cv A]a \mhzvfli zv
A]fl |P AvP[P Azx Si_z
uh E. AvP[P A {h
185
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P Ax A R o AP
P \kzu. Si_z u ux
oPa \kzu Euh, A [Qh
u Aa\fl u Aa\U S
Ex. zv A]fl Azx |P {hiUPP
Si_z ufl \kzu
kQfl.
Si_z u u Aa\, zv
Aa\P, | B{P, Ea\ }vflzvfl
u }vv, }vvP, E}vfl
}vvP Azx UQ AP
|UQfl.
2. \mh AvP[P : Si_z u J Bsi
{hflzuU Su m\ C U TmkQ.
Si_z u {hflzvfl C APfl
Tmhzu Ax J Afl Tmhzu Jzv
UP Ax iUSU Psk AvP
Psh. U \ Gk UPU PUP
Si_z uUS AvP Esk. Si_z u
C \ Gk |[PUS 12 E
P |UQfl. P, A, CUQ
\Pa \ fl xP ] P
] A|zvSz uSvhP.
B[Q & Cva \Pzv U \ x
v |vzx G A Pv
Aa\Pzv x C EPUS P U
\S |UP.
Si_z u {hflzv E |Pzx
Q. A C APfl TmkU Tmhzv Ax
Hux J A uP E |Pzu. C
APUS Hu Pzx kP Hkfl
APz wUP Si_z u U \
186
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C \fl TmkU TmhzuU Tmh. {h

flzv |k Gu J \u
Si_z ufl C\ Ax Ju Cfla
\mhPx. {hflzvfl Tmh {hu
\[P A\a \mhzv UP Si_z
uUS AvPsk.

3. |v AvP[P : Si_z ufl x

Gu |v \u {hflzv
APkzu ix. Cv A]a \mh
Cv Gva \ |vx (Contingency Fund of In-
dia) \US EU Si_z uUS
[Qx. A A|vx {hflzvfl
Cv A[RP fl A]fl Gva \
Pa \UP A_US fln [P AvP
E. Ix BskPUS J uh Ax |[
Pfl PUPfl Si_z u J |vU
S |UQ.

4. }v AvP[P : Si_z u PvPUS

fl [P, ush JzvUP Ax
SUP AvP . Si_z u
A] \mh uh P[P x Ea\}v
flzvfl B\ E .

5. {UPi P AvP[P : CvU Si_z u

h {UPi P AvP[P E. A : (A)
Ax {mk hk Ax Bu m]fl
x {UPi | Azu, (B) |[P
A] |P \USx {UPi
| Azu, , (C) |v {UPi |
Azu BS.

xnU Si_z u : {x A]a \mh

J xnU Si_z u uukUPh P
187
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1950 u {x Si_z uP
u

hUh hUh hUh

C\v \z CuQnfl R E\fl
1950&1962 1962&1967 1967&1969

.. Q Uwfl A APx Gfl. \g^ mi

1969&1974 1947&1977 1977&1982

188
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Q ][ B. [Pmfl
1982&1987 1987&1992

hUh G.i \ P.B. {nfl

1992&1997 1997&2002

hUh H... Ax P
2002&
189
 www.kalvisolai.com

\Qx. A {hflzvfl C APa

\u EP uukUQfl. CuUS
mik J CvU SiP, Ax
SiP, 35 x |P, C \
J EuS uSvP zu
sk. xnU Si_z ufl uUP Ix
BskP. xnU Si_z u, u
(Ex-Officio) C \fl uPa \Q.
Si_z u Eh{U S ux PhP
B Cux Ax {mi Cu x
xnU Si_z u Si_z ufl oPU
P. Si_z u u, Ax u
P, C Ax SzuUP (Impeachment)
PSx xnU Si_z u AvPm\
B u PzvSz Si_z uP
QUP.

u Aa\ Aa\U S :
A] \mhzvfli Si_z uUS
Euh A [Qh u Aa\z
uPU Psh J zv Aa\U S
\kQflx. Si_z u Aa\ [S
A ^a \a \. B
^U S fl Au Afli A
{hx Pu sk.

u Aa\fl | : U \fl (UP)

flU Pm]z uU Si_z u
u Aa\P |UQfl. Aa\P,
Si_z u u Aa\fl B\fl
|UQfl. U \ Gu J Pm]US u
fl C Si_z ufl
Pzxi GuUPm] Aa\ AUP i
Aufl u A Azx A_ AUPU T.
190
 www.kalvisolai.com

1947 & u Cvfl u Aa\P

u

Gs Bsk

1. v { 1947-1964

2. v Py \v 1964-1966

3. vv Cv Pv 1966-1977

4. v u\ 1977-1979

5. v \s][ 1979-1980

6. vv Cv Pv 1980-1984

7. v C Pv 1984-1989

8. v .. ][ 1989-1990

191
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1947 & u Cvfl u Aa\P

u

Gs Bsk
9. v \v \P 1990-1991

10. v .. {] 1991-1996

11. v H.. 1996

12. v Ga.i. uPh 1996-1997

13. v I.P. S 1997-1998

14. v H.. H 1998

15. v H.. 1999-2004

16. hUh flPfl ][ 2004-2009

192
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Si_z u Aa\PUS u n
CP]UP n \x UQfl. u
Aa\, Aa\Pfl Fv[P, iP
{hfl |nUQflx. {hflzv
E Cu Th Aa\ |UP
h. B A 6 u[PUS {h
flzvSz uukUPh sk.
Aa\P umh , Jmk zu
P UPUS (U \) hP.
zv Aa\P fl PP E. u
Aa\z u Pm Ax Bm]US
Aa\P, C\[P Aa\P (Ministers of State) xn
Aa\P G AP PP AUPkQfl.
Pm Aa\P A]fl UQz xP
|Qzx PPPz wUQfl.
Cshx, flx P Aa\P Pm
EP A. APa ] vPP
Azu AP Pm Tmh[P Px
P ix. C\[P Aa\ xn Aa\
hz uSv Eu. A uzx Ax J
Pm Aa\fl R o. xn Aa\
Pm Aa\US EuP o.
u Aa\fl u AvP[P : Cv
Es |P AvP[P u Aa\hzv
E. u Aa\ ufl A]fl xP
Aa\PUS JxURk \Q. u Aa\ Gu
Aa\ u PU P.
u Aa\, ufl u QUS, Pm
Ax Aa\U Tmhzvfl uv Px
(Agenda) Szx i \. u
Aa\ Pmifl u. Aa\P
193
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Ah \PUP B. Pm Tmh {hu

x u Aa\ ux zu \PUP C
Ax CPU Pu]UP. u
Aa\ xPfl oP
kQ.
Pm Ax Aa\ : |Pzvfl P
[S Pm Gflx zu Aa\PU Psh
J umh A BS. A]fl UQ iPU
Pm GkUQflx. Aa\P Aifli
\ku sk.
{hfl Tmhz uh {h uv, Jzv
UPk uvPU Szx ikx Pm
ifl UQa \mhfl oS. A\a \mh[P
UP Si_z uUS Pm xPa
\Qx. A] \mhz vzu \uUPU Psk
v Pm UQ[S QUQflx.
Azx Aa\Pfl PzxUP J[
Qnzx u]U PPP Sx Pmifl
|P oS. Pmifl u Aih
|v Aa\ Bsk &\ vmhzu (Annual Budget)
u \Q. G |v \uUPfl h
PmhS. Aufl fl A Si_z ufl
xPhfl UP APkzukQfl.
Pm, A]fl {mkU PP i
\Qx. \u\ EhfliUPP A[RPUQflx.
{kPUS Cvz yxP
|v UQ[Q QUQflx.

Cv {hfl : Cv {hfl {x
{mifl Si_z u, |[P (C \)
UP (U \) U PshuS.
194
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C \ EuS uSvP : C \
EuS J m fl uSvP
zu sk :
(1) A J CvU SiP / SiP
Czu sk, (2) 30 x |zu
sk, (3) \mhi uSvP zu
sk, (4) A | Ax zv A] \
Gu u Qzu Thx, (5) A
| \uP Ax Ph
vz u UP Czu Thx.
C \ J |u A[PS. AuU PUP
ix. C \ EPfl uUP 6
BskPS. Aufl EP fl J Sv
J Cshsk K Qfl. Au
Hk Ph[P v EP |k
Qfl.
U \ EuS uSvP : U \fl
EuS J RUPsh uSvP zu
sk :
(1) A CvU SiP / SiP Czu
sk, (2) A 25 vSU Sh
Czu Thx, (3) {mifl Hux J Sv Ax
UP mi Chzu sk,
(4) A A_ APzv \ o
Czu Thx.
U \ EP Ix BskPUSz
uukUPkQfl. G u Aa\fl
B\fl uU P i fl U
\U Si_z u PUP.
{hflzvfl AvP[P, oP : Cv
{hfl \mhu, |Pzv
195
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ku, &\z vmhzv H, xUP

SP USu, a]z vmh[P, \u\
EP, E{mkU PPP G u
P vzu fl oPa \Qflx.
{hfl Si_z u u Sz uUSu
P \UP, Ea\ }vfl, E }vfl }vvP,
uz uu Bn, Cvz uU
PnUP & uoUP BQ A]a
\mh vPfli u }UP \ AvP
x.
{hfl |Pzv PP, xnU
PP Pmufl P, Jzvz w[
P, u[P, w[P Cu, Pshz
w Ax {UPz wzu vzx
A Psk u flPfl P
ux Pmkmia \zv Qflx. |[Pfl
GP zvh {hflzvP AvP
Esk.
}vzx : }vzx A]fl flx A[PS.
Czx SiUPfl EP, _uvzv
xPv J UQ[Q QUQflx. {mifl
\mh[P, A]fl A\[P A], AS
US J ] o Czx
\x Qflx.
Ea\ }vfl : Cv Ea\ }vfl J u
}vv, 25 }vvP Pskx. Ea\ }v
flzvfl u }vvU Si_z u
|UQfl. }vvP Ea\ }v flz u
}vvfl B\hfl |UQfl.

A]a \mhzvfli J fl
uSvP u mk Ea\ }vfl }vvP
196
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| i : (1) J CvU SiP /

SiP Czu sk, (2) J Su m\
Ix BskP J E }vfl Ax C E}v
fl[P Ax AuS mh E}v fl[P
uhx }vvP o vzu sk Ax
(3) J Sum\ zx BskP J E}v
flzv Ax C Ax AuS mh E}v
fl[P uhx UPbPa \zu
sk Ax (4) Si_z u Pzvfli ]
UP \mh { Czu sk.

Ea\ }vfl }vvP 65 v Ah

u }i. Ea\ }vflzvfl |u uh
x vx. G CvU Si_z ufl
C\ Cvz u }vvfl ifli
Gu |zv Ax Chzv C}vfl
A A.

Ea\ }vflzvfl AvP[P oP

Ea\ }vflzvfl }v

uUP B\
}v k }v
}v u }v

1. uUP }v : Cv A]a
\mh Ea\ }vflzvP ] }vUSm
mhP flU SkQx : (A)
Cv A]S J | Ax AuS mh
|[PUSh ]UPP, Ax (B) Cv
197
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A_, Huu | Ax |[P Cfl

Psh ]UPP, Ax (C) Csk Ax
AuS mh |[PUQh ]UPP.
Aih EP {hkzxx uhP
G ]UPP Ea\ }vflzvfl uUP }v
USmmhuS. CP {hkzu
{P [P, BnP, }vfl Ezv
P [P Ea\ }vflzvS AvPsk. C
{UP[PUPP Ea\ }vfl (1) BmPn
}vn, (2) R flzvS kUS Pmh }v
n, (3) US \nz uh Bn, (4) E
}vn, (5) zvzuU Psk x
flkzuU R fl[PUS Chk Pmh
fl }vfl EzvP UP.
2. k }v : Ea\ }vfl {mifl
Cv mk }vflS. | E}v
fl[P [S E S (Civil and
Criminal) USP u wPUS Gv
mk USP Ea\ }vfl \UQflx. Ai
mh USPz wUP A]a \mhi
\mh UP u E}vfl \flu
Azu mk AUSP Ea\ }vflzvfl fl
Psk \ i.
3. B\ }v : x UQzx u
Gu \mh Ax Es u Ea\ }v
flzvfl Pzv A]a \mh Si_z
uUS AvPzv [SQflx.
4. u }v : Ea\ }vfl J Bn
}vflPa \kQflx. }vfl Avz
usiUS E Eh J }vflzvS fl
Azx AvP[P Ea\ }vfl x :
198
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A. Ea\ }vfl US \mh Cvfl

Azx Sv }vfl[P Pmk
kzx.
B. Si_z ufl Ju }vflzvfl
x \P, P J[S
kzx vP EUP Ea\}v flzvS
AvP [Pmkx.
C. Ea\ }vfl ux Afl u UPmk
mi Pskx.

}vfl B AvP : Ea\ }vfl A]

a \mhzvfl xPa \kQflx.
\a\US J \mhzv A]a \mhzvS
nx G AUS }vfl B AvP
Ea\}vflzvS Ex. Ea\ }vfl CvPzua
\kzxQflx. fl umh }vfl
B \ AvP Cv Ea\ }v flzvh
Ex. A (A) zv |[PUQh ]UP
P, (B) IkP, Pzx PUSS
A]a \mhzvfl A\[P UQ u
kzxu, (C) Aih EP xPzu,
(D) A]a \mhzvS nP \mhfl[P
C \mh[P BQS.

P AhP
1. n zv A]fl |P, \mhfl, }vz
xPfl AvP[P, oP \kzu
i.
2. n CvU Si_z u, xnU Si_z
u BQ uukUPkuS uSvP
UP i.

199
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3. n {hflzvfl A, zv A]fl
A UP i.
4. n Cv Ea\ }vflzvfl AvP[P,
oPU Sh i.

_ vk

I. \ hz uukUP

1. zv A]fl A[P[P
A. C A[P[P B. fl A[P[P
C. J A[P D. {flS A[P[P

2. zv Aa\U Sfl u
A. u Aa\ B. Si_z u
C. xnU Si_z D. xn u Aa\
u

3. C \fl E GsoUP
A. 238 EP B. 248 EP
C. 250 EP D. 12 EP

4. Ea\ }vflzvfl |u uh
A. \fl B.
C. PPzu D. x v

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. {hflzv ___________ AP E.
200
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2. Si_z u ___________fl u.

3. u Aa\ ___________fl u.

4. Aa\U S ___________vS Jmk zuP

huS.

III. fl zxP

1. Si_z u &-& Ra\

2. u Aa\ &-& fl A[P
3. xnU Si_z u &-& Es u
4. }vzx &-& u
5. U \ &-& A C
\fl u
IV. _UPP h
1. Si_z uPz uukUPkuP uSvP
Gfl?
2. Cv xnU Si_z u G
uukUPkQ?
3. zv Aa\U S Aa\Pfl
PP USP.
4. }vfl B J ] S GxP.

V. h uP
1. zv A]fl A GxP.
2. u Aa\fl AvP[P USP.
3. Ea\ }vflzvfl AvP[P oP
USP.
201
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VI. Pzu, P \P
1. zv A]fl A[P[PU PsUS UPh
Amh u \P.
2. zv |P, \mhfl, }vzx uPfl
P \kzxP.

202
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h & 3
| A_
P {UP[P
1. n | A_ A A
.
2. n B{, ua\, Aa\P, \mh
z u BQfl AvP[P o
P x Pu.
3. n | \mhfl ux Pu.
4. n |zv }vzx A
ux Pu.

Cv |[P EhUQ K Jfl

BS. Cv ux 28 |[P 6 fl
u\[P 1 u] u{P Sv (h) E.
Cv A]a \mh | A]fl (State Government)
AvP[P oP uP USQflx.
Cv {hflzvS |[Pfl GP,
u Hifl |[Pfl P
AvP Ex. EunP u_ | Gflu
1967&B Bsk u{k G {hflzv
mhx. A]a \mh Sk |
mi Ch xP |QUS
|[Pa \. C[S { | |P,
\mhfl }vzx v.

|P : | A\[Pzvfl A_ A zv
A_ fl fl A[P[PU PshuS. A
|P, \mh fl, }vzu BQS.
203
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J | |P B{, ua\z
uPU Psh Aa\ EhUQ
uS. A]a \mhzvfli | A]fl u
P B{ \kQ. Aa\P
Es |P AvP[Pa \kzxQfl.
G \mhi G |P AvP[P B{h
E. |P AvP[P B{fl \
kzukQfl. A]a \mh vP 151 u
160 B{fl |, uSvP, AvP[P,
oPU SkQfl.
B{ CvU Si_z u zv
Aa\fl xfl |UQ. J
B{P |UPk fl xP | ua\
Pu]UPkQ. B{, \umh
|zvS u |UPkQ. Si_z
u J | B{ AP fl
u\zvfl Tku |P PUP
| \. EunP u{k B{P
xa\ (sia\) fl u\ |Pz
v Pzx x.
uSvP, uUP, EP : A]a
\mh B{fl uSv, uUP, EP
UQflx. Aufli (1) J CvU
SiP / SiP Czu sk, (2) A 35
v | Czu sk, (3) A
{hflzv Ax | \mhflzv J
E Czu Thx. A A Huu
\mhfl A E C
B{ uSx Ax E u uP
PuP k, (4) A Fv
Gu u Qzu Thx.
B{fl uUP xP Ix BskPS.
B Si_z u A u
}iUP. Si_z u Guu Pnzu
Sh B{ ux }UP.
204
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B{fl AvP[P oP : B{ fl
AvP[P oP Q : (1) |P
AvP[P, (2) \mhzx AvP[P, oP,
(3) |v AvP, (4) }v AvP , (5)
AvP[P.
1. |P AvP[P : A]a \mhzvfli
| A]fl |P AvP[P Azx B{h
E. A | \mh flzv fl
Psh Pm]fl u ua\P Afl
B\fl Aa\P |UQfl.
A | A]fl u UPb, A_
o u Bnzvfl u, E
P, PU PP[Pfl xn uP
| \Q. B{US, | A]fl \k
Szx Si_z uUS AUPP A,
A]a \mhi Ph Ex. |zv
Si_z u Bm] voUPk x B{
|zu {hP Bm] \Q.
2. \mhfl AvP[P oP : J A Ax
C APU Psh | \mhflzv B{US
[S Esk. A | \mh EP 1/6
Sv | \Q. |zvfl C \mhfl
AP Ax \mh A E
|Pzx. | \mhfl | Gu
\u B{fl C\ fl \mhS.
3. |v AvP[P : |v \uUP \mh flzv
AP \kuS B{fl Av uk
Qflx. B{fl x PUP
P G ix. & \z vmh \mh
flzv \UPku B{ Evkzu
sk. | Gva \ |vx Gva
\Pa \UP |v [Qh A]a
\mh B{US AvP [Qx.
205
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4. }v AvP[P : | A]fl }vUSmmh

P[P uhP S x ush
SP flUP, ushU SUP
Ax }UP B{ AvP . G
B{ ushP AvPkzu AvP[P UP
.
5. AvP[P : | A_ o u
Bnzvhx Bsk AUPP B{ Q.
APa \mhflzvfl ^US, JuUS
\UQfl. Au | A]fl x
Pfl , \ uhh u uoUPfl
AUP Th B{ Q.

|a \mh fl
A]a \mh J |zv J
\mhfl AUPh P \Qflx. |a
\mhfl K A Ax C APU
PshuP CUP. |a \mhfl B{,
K A Ax C APU Psh
\mhflzv EhUQuS. C APU
Psh \mhfl[P P, P{hP, Pmi
fl |[P \kQfl. u {mi
|[P \mh mk Psh K
A \mhfl[P \kQfl.
\mh : \mh UP {hPz
uukUPk v|vPU PshuS. G
Cfl |zv Es AvP P
[SQflx. \mh , x u US
fl Aih UP {hPz uukUP
mh EPU Pskx. UP uPfl
Aih Cfl EPfl GsoUP
|zvS | k. Cuv \mh
fl AvPm\ GsoUP 500US P Aufl
206
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|a \mh fl

B{

ua\

Aa\

\mh fl

\mhfl \mh
() (R A)

Sum\ GsoUP 60&USU S Czu

sk. ] |[P Cx vUS
. u {k \mh 234
EP (MLAs) E.
\mh fl : \mh fl |zvfl
Ax \S. J |zvfl \mh
fl zu EPfl GsoUP A|a
\mh EPfl zu GsoUP 1/3
SvUS Czu Thx. Au {zv Aufl
EPfl GsoUP 40&USU S Czu
sk. EP UP {hPz
uukUPkv. Aufl E
P J US Qua\ v
|vzx Aih PPz uukUP
kQfl.
\mh z u : \mh ux E
P Ca \mhz uP, xnz
uP uukUQflx. J ufl \mh
207
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E u uh iux A
z u u mk P sk. A
Gx sk u P. \mh
z u, \mh \ 14 {P AU
Pkzx fl J wzvfl ux
}UP. AzuP w UPkflx P
u fl |h
sk. \mh PUPkx \mh
z u ux u mk P si
v. v \mh u uhP A
A \mhz uPz uhx }i.
\mhz u u PP Ex,
xnzu Ax oP Q.
ua\, Aa\ : |zv Es
AvP[Pa \kzxx ua\fl u
Aa\S. B{, ua\,
Ax xfli Aa\P |
\Q. xP, \mh flU
Pm]fl u ua\P |UPkQ. Gu
A] Pm] \mh Av
fl ufl
h Pm]fl uUS Aa\ AUS
B{ A kUP.
B A Aa\ A B{
Sk P AP\zvS \mh uUS
fl Bu Ex Gflu |UP sk.
ua\fl uU P |nUPmhufl.
\mh flfl Bu uUS
E J Au uh. ua\fl
u P Aa\fl u PS.
ua\fl AvP[P oP : |Pzvfl
Es u ua\, | |Pzvfl
208
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fliPz vPQ. A fl AvP[P

oP Q :
1. ua\fl u o ux Aa\
Azu BS.
2. ua\ ux Aa\a \PUP u
\xhfl APUP xP JxUS
Qfl. A J Aa\ u PU P.
A ux Aa\fl A uUP
Ax SUP.
3. ua\ Aa\fl u. Aa
\U TmhzvU Tmi u u[S
A.
4. ua\ Azx Aa\Pfl oP
xP kQ.
5. ua\ B{US ux Aa\U S
S Ch J Cn Pa \
kQ. Aa\Pfl xPx B{US
Ak J uP ua\
P \ sk.
6. B{ ux o B ua\ uSu
A [P sk. \mh
ua\US fl Sx
\mhU PUP ua\ B{US
Azu.
Aa\U S : Aa\U S A]fl \
PUS |a \mhflzv vUP Tmk
huS. Aa\U Sfl Azx A[Pzv
P |a \mhflzvfl EP Czu
sk. Aa\P |UPkx \mh fl
E CuP 6 u PzvS \mhfl
E uUSz uukUPh sk. G
Aa\P ua\fl ufl R J Ao
209
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1952& u u {mifl ua\P

1952&u

Gs Bsk

1. v ]. C\Pa\ 1952&-1954
2. v P. P 1954-&1957
3. v P. P 1957-&1963
4. v G. Uua\ 1963-&1967
5. v ].Gfl. Asnzx 1967-&1969
6. v . Pn|v 1969-&1971
7. v . Pn|v 1971-&1976
8. v G.. Ca\vfl 1977-&1980
9. v G.. Ca\vfl 1980-&1984
10. v G.. Ca\vfl 1985-&1987
11. vv Q Ca\vfl 1988
12. v . Pn|v 1989-&1991
13. \ . u 1991-&1996
14. v . Pn|v 1996-&2001
15. \ . u 2001
16. v K. fl\ 2001-&2002
17. \ . u 2002-&2006
18. v . Pn|v 2006&200

210
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Pa \kQfl. ua\ u }iUS

Aa\U S u CUS. \mh
Aa\fl x {UP Cz wzu
(No-confidence motion) | | Aa\
u P sk.
_[PU T | Aa\U S zv
Aa\U S AvP[P
Ex. |z ua \P Aa\U
S PPP, vmh[P {hkzx
Qx.
}vzx : | }vz xfl Ea\ | E }v
fl (High Court) Axx. A]a \mhzvfl
i J |zv J E}v fl Czu
sk. Cu v Csk Ax AuS
mh |[P, fl u\zvS \zx
xP J E}v fl CUP. Au
{hfla \mh AvUP sk. EunP
\fl E}v fl }v fl (Jurisdiction) R
u{k, x fl u\ E. E}v
flzvfl x | A]fl Pmkk Gx C.
A : | E}v flzv J u
}vv, Si_z u Ax Hk
uUP |UPk, }vvP E.
E}vfl }vvPfl GsoUP J vP
|nUPmh JflP C. Si_z u
E}vfl u }vv Cvz u }vv
| B{U Pu]zu P |U
Q. B }vvP |USx Si_z
u TkuP E}vflz u }vv
Pu]UQ. xP P zu (Senior Most) J
}vv u }vvP | \kQ.
E}vflzvfl }vvP | J
fl uSvP zu A]S :
211
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1. A CvU SiPfl / SiP Czu

sk.
2. A Cvfl Gu Svx E }vfl
APzvfl u Cx Su
m\ 10 BskP A zu
sk.
3. A J E}v fl Ax AuS mh
E}v fl[P UPbP o Su
m\ 10 BskP A zu sk.

}vvP u[P KUP u 62 BskP

u }iUP. u J Si_z
uUS Gzx uzx u P. J
}vv u {hiUP Ax v G
S \mhmk {hflzvfl J A
w C Si_z u Au E}v fl
}vv ux }UP.
E}v flzvfl AvP[P oP : E}v
fl Aih mk }v flS.
E}vfl C P oP Qflx. A
}v [P |P oPS.
ux }v [S o E}v fl uUP
uu }v AvPzv
mk }v Pskx. E}vfl
uUP uu }v AvPzvfl R }vfl Bn
P EzvP Aih EP
{hkzu mkfl {UP[PUPP
[P AvP Pskx. E}v fl BmPn
Bn (Habeas Corpus), R }v flzvS kUS Bn
(Mandamus), US \nz uh Bn (Prohibition),
E }v Bn (Quo Warranto), zvzu
flkzuU R flzvS kUS Bn
212
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G }vfl BnP US
(Certiorari)
AvP Pskx. E}v fl
Px, v (Will), vn,
nUS, oPU Sa \mh (Company Law), }vfl
Av uhh USP x Th ux }v
U Pskx.
E}v fl E S BQ
C USPfl mk }v
x. E USP E}vfl HU
P kP R }vfl[Phx
u u hP Ax Cshx
hP CUP. S USP E
}vfl A }vv (Sessions Judge) Ax Tku
A }vv (Additional Sessions Judge) BQfl w
PUS Gv mk USP \US
}v U Pskx.
|P AvP[Pfli E}v fl ux R
}vfl[P G Pmkkzu Afl
oP h AvP x.
A}v fl[P u[Px oP P vh
vP J[SP E}v fl
SUQflx. R }v fl PPU (Files) Th E}v
fl B \. USP J }v flzv
x Cfl }vflzvS . E}v
fl uUSU R }vfl[P UP AUP
P A P.
}v |P {UPzvPP J |
mh[PP A Jfl J mh
}vvfl }v \kQfl. mh
}vvfl R iiP o }v AP
P }v |Pzva \zv Qfl.
R| }vvP, E}v fl | A_
213
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o u Bn BQ APhfl Px
B]zx SUPmh vPfli, B{ |UQfl.
Shmk AvP[Pa \kzx
v E}vfl AvP[P ux
}vUS _uvzxhfl \Qflx.
Auh _uv o A]a \mh
xPP EvkzxQfl.

P AhP
1. n | |P, \mhfl
}vzxfl AvP[P, oP mih
i.
2. n B{US uSvP UP i.
3. n ua\ Aa\U Sfl
AvP[P, oP UP i.
4. n | E}v flzvfl AvP[P,
oP Sh i.

_ vk

I. \ hz uukUP
1. | B{ |
A. CvU Si_z B. xnUSi_z u
u
C. U \ u D. Cvz u }vv
2. | Aa\U Sfl u
A. B{ B. ua\
C. \mhz D. Ex Aa\
u
214
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3. ua\ |
A. u Aa\ B. B{
C. Si_z u D. \mh z u

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. Cv _________ |[P _________ fl

u\[P E.
2. B{ |zvfl _______ _______ u.
3. ua\ _________ u.
4. B{fl uUP xP _______ BskPS.
5. mh }vvP _________ |UQ.

III. fl zxP

1. B{ && \mh
2. ua\ && z u
3. \mh z u && |a \mhfl
4. \mhfl && Es u

IV. _UPP hUP

1. | \mh ] S GxP

2. Aa\U S.

3. E}v flzvfl A _UPP v.

V. h uP

1. ua\fl AvP[P, oP ?

2. B{fl AvP[P, oP ?

3. E}v flzvfl AvP[P, oP ?

215
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VI. Pzu P \P
1. | A]fl |P A US UP
h Amh u \P.
2. n u{k B{, ua\, Aa\P
Ash |[Pfl B{P, ua\
Pfl P mih.

216
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AS & II

h & 4
Cvz uu Bn
P {UP[P

1. n Cvz uu Bn J _uv
A]a \mh A Gflu x
Pu.
2. n uu Bnzvfl Az ux
Pu.
3. n Cvz uu Bnzvfl AvP[P,
oP U P.
4. n uz uu Bn, uu
BnPfl | ux Pu.
5. n |z uu Bn, Aufl oP
A .

Cvz uu Bn J _uv A]
a \mh A BS. Cn x
v Axx. Cn {mifl Azx
uu oP kQx. Cu
""|\fl \ufl'' Gfl AUQfl.

A : Cvz uu Bn fl E
PU Psh K A BS. Cv J uz
uu Bn, Csk uu BnP
E. AP A CvU Si_z
u | \Q. uz uu Bn,
217
 www.kalvisolai.com

uu BnP u[P u
{x B BskP u.
uu BnPfl Aux Ea\ }vfl
}vvPUS CnuS. CPfl Fv[P,
iP Cv Ea\}v fl }vvPfl Fv[PUS
iPUS \P E. CPx Fv[P
iP Cvfl uS |vx (Consolidated
Fund of India) [PkQfl.

AvP[P oP : uu Bn fl
UQ oP Qflx :
1. {hflz uuP {hzxu,
2. | \mhfl[PUP (fl u\[P
Eh) uuP {hzxu,
3. Si_z u, xnU Si_z u u
PUP uuP {hzxu BQS.
Smh \Phfl uhh o
PP (A) UP miz uzu, (B) uu
uvP |nzu, (C) uuP
ku, (D) US GsoUP iP AUP
Hk \u, (E) J {hfl Ax |a
\mhfl E uu Szu \a\P Gx
A uSv CUQfl Ax C Gflx
AU Si_z uUS [Su
fl Qflx.
Bnzvfl _uvz ufl : uu Bnzvfl
[S Aa\o fluS. Bnzvfl m\fl
Aufl _uvz uflhfl UQP nUPmk
Ex. uz uu Bn uu
BnPfl Cfl oP \mh fl
S P \Qx :
218
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A. uu Bn | zvfl Aih
Auufl. Cu | 6 BskP uU
P Ax J 65 v Gmku C
Gx flu Aufli |UPkQfl.

B. J uu Bn Ea\}v fl }vv }UP

flk Au ufl }UP
i.

C. J Bnfl o |u Ax |z
vS fl AUS uPP hU Thx.

D. J uu Bnz uz uu Bn
fl x ox }USu
ix.

E. Bn ux oP vh zv, |
A_P u oP BnzvS
Qhzvha \ Phmk.

uz uu AvP : J |zv J
uz uu AvP E. Cvz uu
Bn | A]fl / fl u\zvfl J
z uu AvPP |
Az uz
\Qx Ax mk ozxQx. AzuP
| | A_ / fl u\ |Pzxhfl
Pu]UPmk \kQx.

| uu o k AvP
uz uu AvPUS [PkQx. |z
uu oP JmkzuP ku,
{kzxu, PsPozu BQ |zv
uz uu AvPfl R E.

Cvz uu Bn {hfl |
\mh\ uSvPUSz uu PP
219
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Cvz uz uu Bn

uz uu Bn

uu BnP

uz uu AvP

mhz uu AvP

uu AvP

US v A

USa \i AvP

US A

(xP uu \P
P) A_ AP |UQflx. AP
Bn JhUS o Qfl.
| Gflx \mh JflS. AP
BnzvS AUP {hP AQfl.
|z uu Bn : A]z vzua
\mh[P 73 74&fl i |z uu Bn[P
AUPmk. J | / fl u\
uu Bn Em] A[P[P {Pm]U
PP[P, {Pm]P, mh Fm]P, Fm]
220
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Jfl[P, Q Fm]P Em]

APUP uuP {hzu AvP Psh
S. C Cvz uu Bnzvfl Pmkmi
C uP C[SQfl. u{mi |z
uu Bn \fl Axx.

P AhP
1. n Cvz uu Bnzvfl A
UP i.
2. n uu Bnzvfl oP UP
i.
3. n uu BnP | U Sh
i.
4. n |[P Gu A Em]z
uuP {hzxQflx Gflu UP i.

_ vk
I. \ hz uukUP

1. Cvz uu Bn J
A. _uv A B. \mh A
C. u A D. x |
2. Cvz uu Bn Ax Ch
A. B. \fl
C. x v D. PPzu
3. uu BnP C |UPkQfl
A. u Aa\ B. B{
C. CvU Si_z D. Aa\U S
u
4. Em]z uuP Cu A {hzxQflx
A. |z uu B. zv uu
Bn Bn
C. mhz uu D. P
221
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II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. Cvz uu Bn _________ G AUP
kQflx.
2. uu BnPfl uUP _____ BskPS.
3. uu BnPfl uSv _____ }vvPUSa
\S.
4. A]z vzua \mh _____ _____
BQPfl R |z uu Bn[P
AUPmk.
III. fl zxP
1. uz uu Bn&& A]a \mh
A
2. uz uu AvP && 73 74 vzu[P
3. Cvz uu Bn && |z uu AvP
4. Em] APfl
uu && mh A
5. uu AvP && Cvz uu Bn
IV. _UPP hUP
1. uu BnP | \x ?
2. uu BnPfl oUP G?
3. uz uu AvP |x ?
4. Em] APfl uuP Gu A
{hzxQx.
V. h uP
1. Cvz uu Bnzvfl AvP[P, oP
?
2. |z uu Bnzvfl A, [Q
USP.

222
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h & 5
uuP

P {UP[P
1. n uuP A .
2. n uu Pfl PP x
Pu.
3. n {hfl, |a \mh fl[P,
Em] APfl EP G
uukUPkQfl Gflu x Pu.
4. n UP v|vPfl [Q z ux
Pu.

{hfl, |a \mh fl[P, Em]

APUS J Smh PzvS UPP
u[P v|vPz uukUS \z uuP
G AUQ. uuflx UPP Av
UQzx Qfl. uuP Cfl v|vzx
A_ Ax CuuS. xP C PPz
uu P E. AP Jfl {Pz
uu fl Pz uu BS. Cv
xz uuP Ix BskPUS J {hzu
kQfl. uuP {hfl, |a \mhfl[P
Em] APUS {hzukQfl.

{Pz uuP : C UPP u[PUS

mPUS {PP UPzx
u[P v|vPz uukUQfl. Cv
U \ |a \mh EP
223
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C Ix BskU PzvSz uukUPk

Qfl. C J UP u[P
mPfl ]fl[PUS GvPz u[P
UQ vzx UPUQfl. A v
USP P AvP GsoUP USP
m uukUPmhuP AUPk.
|P :
1. C P UPm]z uflhuS.
H UPP u[P v|vP {P
P uukUS J C
Qfl.
2. C v|vPUS UPPUS
Ch {UP uh Hh
Ex.
3. A] UP w [Q B C
BmkQflx.
4. xP, {Pz uu mP u[P
PPP vmh[P UP fl
AUQfl. Cu A]fl \kP
UP xP iQflx.
5. C { v|vPz uukuS
Ex.
SP :
1. Cv UPP i A
PP uPP Eu u
Pfl a_UP AP Gv DUPk
Qfl. Aufl P ] {[P v
_{vP uukUPmk kQfl.

2. CPz uu AvPa \huP P

A HkP \h si
JflP Ex.
224
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3. \vP, \[P, P E J
\uzv P UP C
sk.
4. Aa\ Enfl PnP {h uu
[PP mkkQfl.
5. UPm] {UPPUS C
EPuu.
Pz uu : C UP J UP
flzvz uukUQfl. Afl APx
v|vPz uukUQflx. CPz uu
Pz uu G AUQ.
|P :
1. x u US Hk S
P C uu }USQflx.
2. C UPm] Cu J
{mi \kzu.
3. C A] Pm]Pfl UQzx
SUPkQflx.
4. {kPUS C EPuuS.
5. C Su \ Hk.
SP :
1. C UPm]z uflx.
2. UPP A] AvP Dkk P
v.
3. C PmiS g\zvS sk.
4. C UPPfl UQzx P
SQflx.
5. C UPPUS v|vPUSh
{hz uh Qhx.
225
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Chz uu : J mfl uUPzv Ax

u P Ax C Hk {hfl
Ax |a \mhflU P Chzv | {hzu
k uu Chz uu G AUPkQx.
E uu : {hflzu Ax |a \mh
flzu Auh uU P i fl
Pzxmk {hzx xz uu E uu G
AUPkQx.
Em] AP uu : Em] A
Ax Em] A_ Gflufl J Svfl
UP u[P Sv P[Pz u[P |QzxU
Pu BS. Aufl AihU PP Gfl
zv, | A_Ph J Svfl u
P a]P ASvfl UP ]P
PzxU P i GfluS.
1992&B Bsk A]a \mh vzua
\mh[P 73 74 Cmh. Czvzua \mh[P
1993&B Bsk H 24 u {hUS u.
C Fm]P {Pm] AP
A] \mhi APP .
Em] A_ : Em] A_ {P Em]
A\P Q Em] AP G
UPkQfl.

Em] A_

{Pm]U PP[P mh Fm]P

{Pm]U PP[P g\zxa \v

Ax Fm]
Jfl[P
{P Fm]P Q Fm]P

226
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73&x A] \mhzvzu \mh J

Qzv Q \ Q, Ch|,
mh A Fm]P Hkzu P
\Qx. "{PPa \mh' G AUPk
74&x A] \mhz vzua \mh fl P {Pm]
AP AUP P \Qflx. CP
{P Fm]P, {Pm]U PP[P, {Pm]
PP[P Gk. {P Fm]P Q SvP
Cx {P SvP SvPUS
AUPk BS. ] {P SvPUS
AUPk AP {Pm]P BS.
{PSvPUS AUPk
AP {Pm]P BS.
Q Em] AP : u{k \mhfl
73&x A] vzua \mhzvfli 1994&B
Bsk u{k g\zxa \mhzv |x.
u{mi fl P fl Pmh Q
Em] A_ \kQflx : (1) 500 P
AuS UP uPU Psh J
Qzv J Fm], (2) mh A Q
Fm]PU Psh Fm] JflU S , (3)
mh A Pmhzv mh Fm]
BQS. ux u{mi 12,584 Q
g\zxUP, 384 Fm] Jfl[P, 28 mh
Fm]P E.
Q Fm]fl u, Sv EP
A] Aihfl UP {hPz u
ukUPkQfl. xnz uP Sv E
P uukUPkQfl. A Ix Bsk
PUSz uukUPkQfl. CP
fl J Sv Ch[P sPUPP JxUP
mk.
227
 www.kalvisolai.com

Azx Fm] JflU SUPfl E

P UP {hPz uukUPkQfl.
Fm] JflU Sfl u AUSSz
u Q. u, xnz
u Sv EP uukUQfl. u
ukUPmh Fm] JflU SUPfl uU P
Ix BskPS.
Fm] fl flx Pmh A mh
Fm]P BS. mh Fm]Pfl u Aufl
ufl. A mh Fm] u
ukUPmh Sv EP uukUQfl.
UP Sv EP {hPz u
ukUQfl.
18 vS mh x u SiUP A
UPUPz uSvhP. 21 x |
P mk Fm] EPP, xnz
uPP, uP uukUPk.
Fm]fl uUP i fl Ax PUP
kfl 6 u PzvS AuSz uu {hzu
sk.
{P Em] AP : A]a \mh
{Pm]U PP, {Pm]P, {P Fm]P {P
Em] APP A[RPzxx. Cu
v {P AP (Townships), CqU Si
[P (Contonment Boards), AUPmh Sv
SUP (Notified Area Committee) BQ ] {P
Em] APS.
{Pm] Afl Pmhzv {Pm]U
PP[P E. C{Pm]U PP[P
{P[P |kQfl. xP, 10 Cm\
UP uP AuS Psh
{P[P {Pm]PP AUPkQfl. EunP
\fl, , PPzu, h BQ Cv
228
 www.kalvisolai.com

P {Pm]U PP[PS. u{mi

\fl, x, Pzy, \, va]
v{ fl 6 {Pm]U PP[P E.
{Pm]U PPzvfl A] u B.
A {Pz uu G {Pfl u SiPfl /
SiP G AUPkQ. , Sv
EP UP {hPz uukUQfl.
Sv EP xn z uukUQfl.
APx uUP 5 BskPS. {Pm]U PP
EPfl 2/3 [S fl zxhfl
w C , xn ux
}UP.

{P Em] A] {Pm]P Cshx Chzu

QUQfl. {Pm] G \ {P Ax {Pfl
_&Bm]U SUQflx. u {mi 100&US
mh {Pm]P E. J {Pm]
u, xnz u, Sv EP E.
u, Sv EP UP {h
Pz uukUQfl. xnz u Sv
EP u[PUS uukzxU PQfl.
AP 5 BskP u QUQfl.

J ]{P Sv J {P Fm]
A Hkzumkx. Av uukUPmh
EP E. CuPP {P Fm]
SvPP UPmkx. J Sv J
E mk uukUQflx. {P Fm]
fl u, EP UP {hPz
uukUQfl. AP Ix BskP u
QUQfl. {Pm]z u, EP fl
Au |, AvP[P E
P CP .
229
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UP v|vPfl [S P : u
ukUPmh {hfl, |a \mhfl, Em]
APfl EP UP v|vP G
AUPkQfl. UPUP APx [S
P P UQ. {hfl, |a
\mhfl EP UPUS umh
hP B. {hfl EP
{hflzvfl u[P oP Qfl.
|a \mhfl EP | A Aa\
PP UPfl v|vPP u[P o
Qfl. , {Pz u, u fl
Em] AUPfl A] |Q
P. Em] APfl A] uP
{Pm]U PP[P, {Pm]P Fm]Pfl
Tmh[PUSz u u[SQfl. AP
Em] APfl Bn[P zx A
Pfl AP x |P AvPzv
\zxQfl. UP v|vPUS J[Qn,
ku o UQuS.
P AhP
1. n {x {mi flk uu
P UP i.
2. n {P, Pz uuPfl |P,
SPU Sh i.
3. n Em] APfl PP UP
i.
4. n 73&x A]a \mhvzua \mhz
v UP i.
5. n UP v|vPfl [Q
P UP i.

230
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_ vk

I. \ hz uukUP

1. U\ EPfl uU P
A. {flS BskP B. fl BskP
C. Ix BskP D. Csk BskP

2. Em] APfl uU P
A. fl BskP B. B BskP
C. {flS BskP D. Ix BskP

3. z uukP
A. {hP UP B. EP
C. ua\ D. B{

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. Cv xz uuP _____ BskPUP

{hzukQfl.

2. xP _____ P uu P E.

3. Qz u UP _____ BPz uukUQfl.

4. UP _____ BPz uukUQfl.

III. fl zxP

1. 73&x A]a && 74x vzu

\mhzvzu
2. {PP && {Pm]U PP
3. && Fm] |P
4. {Pz u && {P Fm]
5. u && {Pm]

231
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IV. _UPP hUP

1. uu Gfl Gfl?
2. uu PP USP.
3. Chz uu Gfl Gfl?
4. Em] A_ PP USP.
V. h uP
1. {Pz uufl |P, SP ?
2. Em] APfl EP G u
ukUPkQfl?
3. UP v|vPfl [S, P ?
VI. \ ]P
1. Em] A]fl PP Psh UP Amh
Jfl u \P.
2. Em] _&A]fl AU PsUS
Amh h Jfl u \x Au S
US UP.

232
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h & 6
Si
P {UP[P
1. n Si, US x
Pu.
2. n UP Ah Amh, UPzu
P A .
3. n SiUS uSvP ux
Pu.
4. n A] Pm]Pfl ]fl[P ux
Pu.
5. n UPPfl PhP x
Pu.
"SiPfl' G k "]mi\fl' G
B[Qa \ Czwfl zu "]'
Gflvx mhuS. Aa\ {P&{mi
(City-State) ] G PshuS. {P&
{k A_P u fl Aa\ J {mi ]UQfl
PU SUP flkzumhx. J {mifl Si
UP, Si A] EP
AUQfl.
SiUPfl EP : {x A]a \mh {
{mifl SiUPUS fl EP [S
Qflx :
1. Aih EP.
2. SiUP mk xuP QUPz uSv
hP. {x {mifl u x
233
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uP Si_z u, xnU Si_z

u, u Aa\, Ea\, E }vfl }vv
P, B{P ua\ BQS.
3. SiUP mk U \ | \mh
fl[Pfl EPUS UPUPz uSvh
P.
4. SiUP mk {hfl, |a \mh
fl[Pfl EPPz uSvhP.

SiUPfl PhP : 1976&B Bsk Cmh

42&x A]z vzua \mhzvfli AzxU
SiUP fl si AihU PhP
SUPmk. AP : (1) A]a \mhz
v Aufl SUP |[P
fl {hzu, (2) u]U Pi, u] Ruzv
vzu, (3) AQ\, UPm] \a \fl
fl A]U PPP Enx A
flu, (4) {x smk ,
Cs, J Jmi
xPzu BQS. xa \zxUP, CP
[P xPzu \P ua \Pz
uzu fl PhP E.

Sifl PP : Si C Pk. A
Si A {mh
Si BQS. J {mi |uP
(EhPU Psh) SiUP PU
Psk US SuP SiUPQfl.
EunP CvU SiUPUS US SuP
CPP ufla\P CvU SiUP
Qfl. J {mi }sh P u[Q Ax
A{mifl J SiP / SiP nu
Si A{mh Si (Naturalisation)
234
 www.kalvisolai.com

G [PkQx. xP ,x u J Gu
{mi SiUS snUP. B Afl
snzv HP Ax |PPUP A{mk
A]S E Esk. CP v Si
J ux Si Cx
ufl Gu {mi Q A{mifl SiPfl /
SiPQfl. Eun P CvP AUP
IUQ {mi Si A[P
Six. Cuv Cv A_ AP
]US Ch CvU SiUP (Non-Resident Indi-
ans (NRIs) G uSv [Qx.

Sifl ufl: {x Cv A]a

\mh CvU SiPfl / SiP Gk JU
Si mk [SQx. B AUP
IUQ {k, _m\x fl ] Tmh_ {kP
Tmhm] Ax u]U SiUP Smh
|zvfl SiUP G CmhU Si
Ex.
UPUS EP : US x Jfl
uSvS. Smh J v Gv UP
AUS US [PkQx. Cu
xu AUS US Ax uu
US G AUQfl. Cv 18 v
Gv G UPUPz uSvh. APh
P UP mi \UPkQfl. uu
Bn APUS UP Ah Amh
[SQflx.
UP Ah Amh : Cvz uu Bn
UP Ah Amh AP \xx.
Cmh UPfl , x, , P,
uSvfl Sk Gs uPP Ah[Q
. USa \iPUS ~x UPP
235
 www.kalvisolai.com

Ch Amhz u[Phfl zxU P

u sk. UP Ah Amh [Pu
UPP UPUPa \x u[Phfl
fl Huu Buzv zxU Pu
sk. A (1) Sk En Amh, (2) Kmk{
E, (3) ~ E \flu (Passport Certificate)
BQS. J UP u[P Sv
UP Ah Amh A_ AP
[S x Au uu Bnzxhfl
Jzxzu A]S.

UPUS : UPUS CP
kzu. A h USv, CP]

uu UP Ah Amhfl v
fl UP fl UP

USv Gfl BS. ux C UPUS

P UQ v \ flqa
236
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\u[P flkzukQfl. Cu flq

UPzu G AUQ.
1. h USv : J UP ux
UQ hPz uzu Au
h USv G AUQ. h
USv USa ]u Eun PP
EzvU Pmi {Pz uukzuS. C
CP] PUPkv. C UP
GsoUP xz uuPUS
flhx. C hz ufl
UPfl E UPkQx.
2. CP] US v : C UPP
u[P US CP]Pa \USQfl. u
mh UPfl zv mik m
Ax Ehfl UPUS UP A
ix. EunP Cv {hzu xz
uuP C flkQx. C[S UP
PUS mPfl P, ]fl[P Psk
Aa]hmh USzuP [PkQfl. UP
ufl mfl US Gv Smh
J S Cmk USzu US mi
h sk. C CP] US v
Cv, AUP C[Qx fl
{kP flkQx.
A] Pm]Pfl ]fl[P : J A] Pm]
uUP J ]fl Pskx. Cvz uu
Bn, {hfl, |a \mh fl[PUS
mik mPUSa ]fl[P JxUS
Qflx. Q Fm]P {Pm]U PP[P
fl Em] APUS {hzuk uuUS
|z uu Bn ]fl[P JxUSQflx.
237
 www.kalvisolai.com

P AhP
1. n SiUPfl EPU Sh i.
2. n SiUPfl AihU PhP
mih i.
3. n USP UP i.
4. n UP Ah Amh
UP i.
5. n UPUS UP i.

_ vk

I. \ hz uukUP

1. ]mi\fl G \ Cx mhx
A. QUP B. Czwfl
C. D. Ex

2. Cv UPUS EUP x
A. 21 BskP B. 25 BskP
C. 18 BskP D. 20 BskP

3. SiUP xP C PkzukQfl
A. C PP B. {flS PP
C. Ix PP D. J PP

4. AUP IUQ {mi E Si P

A. CmhU Si B. JU Si
C. |U Si D. Gx C
238
 www.kalvisolai.com

II. Pimh Ch[P |P

1. SiUP ________ ________ EP
AUQfl.
2. Cv UP Ah Amh _____
_____ _____ AP \xx.

3. UPUS _____. _____ G CPP

Pkzumkx.
4. A] Pm]Pfl ]fl[P _____ _____ _____
JxUSQflx.
5. Cv _____ Si mk Ex.

III. fl zxP

1. UPUS x && uu Bn
2. CmhU Si && 18 BskP
3. ]fl[P JxUSx && PP Ezxu
4. h
USv && 42&x vzua \mh
5. AihU PhP && AUP IUQ {k
IV. _UPP hUP
1. Si Gfl Gfl?
2. "xu AUS US' Gfl
\ USP.
3. UP Ah Amh [Sx ?

V. h uP
1. CvU SiUPfl EP, PhP
USP.
2. US, UP Ah Amh, UPUS
BQ P GxP.
239
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VI. Pzu P \
SiUP EP, PhP Ah[Q UP
Amh Jfl u \x Au S
US UP.

240
 www.kalvisolai.com

Cv & K AP
{{k fla ]hzx. C[S
sn[P Esk. {, Cfl
Cv J P uzuz ufl (timelessness)
|Qflx. { Pzvfl [P, u
Pzxhfl Jk P, P PP
|PQfl. fl, Cv
Ahux. UPfl Jflsk TP mk
[P Avzux. B Cfl [P
G UPU TP vx mkfl,
A], u, \u, ~m
Pa\ fl G E
Jfl |Pzvx. Phu 50 h[PUS
P, _uv Cv |Pu
[Pz u \ vh J
A {USz uQflx.
G [P { [PP Cu
Gflu \z u. Gfl,
u Pzv h fl
Hmhx Gflu Gkzxa \ sk. J
] nUSP / USP mk h
ufl. Au mi \z uSu
P fl Cvux Gflx J
H. G h P UQ \u
J u u^zu, EUP
iux Gflu. A] \{P i
[PP ux Ca\uP Jfl.
SkP | ufli Th, _uv
uu EP fl Cu
Gflx Cfla ]. {mk Au
k { { {x Ash{kP
zu {hiUPP {hzv P
uQfl.
241
 www.kalvisolai.com

u fl A vv
uuP C; Gfl u h[P
h u\ fl {flP Ex.
{mi |u ] |Pa]P { a_
PP C Gflx J Po.
flmk mk miP Cvfl AS I : Cv : mh fl
\uP ]P C. B] {kP h
flu[Q | Cv Ex Gflx u. h 1
P, { UPz u
fl { {k Cfl H | Cvz xnUPsh
Ex Gflx zu uUTi Jfl. A_U
SURmh Pmkmi mk { P {UP[P
Ax PuP i. { _ {x 1. n Cvz xnU Pshzvfl
Av \fl TQ : "u Cux, {x n[P Ax Px, zu
A_ x A, P {
zu, E\Pzxhfl \h.' 2. n Cv |zu[P, Pa\[P
Gfl, Cv J {h k {hPz (ua)\fl ux zu.
uyUS Gfl {UP |Qflx. HP,
|{kUPmiS hUQ B]U
{{k Jhfl ufl Cx, ufl
Pshzvfl uflSv Axx {x xnU
kzxU Psk uh[Qx.
Psh. EP | 2.5 \uQuzu mk
x Q {kPhfl A] v
ufl AhUQ v, EP UP uP 16
{k|US vUQflx. {USa \uP \u
&A] [P |Pu sn E. \uQuzu x. Psh[Pfl |
Ti ^UQ Cv EP A[Q hfl Jk x, Cv | ]uP
{QPz vP. C[P UPz u k. Cuv Psh[P Pnkx
A\ UPUS { u | A, P |, CPz u[P, s
P, \flhfl \ k, { fl CPU PoP Pa\U PoP
u yUS, {h k. , u, C UPUP[P
kP |x PnkQflx. G Cv
u. \uSfl J xnU PshPU PukQflx.
u : zu S
zuPU S u CP A, Pa\, u,
C, P Pnku Cv xnU
Psh Gfl uSv Qflx.

242 243
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Ah : B]U Pshzvfl uflSv

Cv [Phfl uSv Cv
Ax Ex. Cvfl Q Az
wP, QUQ Cu^ wP Ax,
J Pv A { {miSz uQfl.
Aha ] Cv EQ G
{kPh uh P i. Cvfl P
}sh PhP, xP[ P S
QUS {kPhfl oPz uh S, Ph
USzxUS P\x {US ExnP
[SQfl. hUQ Ax C P
uQ Ax Cv [Ph
CvS CP AsPP [SQfl
(h 1.1).

Cv 8o 4' h Am\zvx 37o 5' h Am\
68o 7' QUSz wUPzvx 97o2' QUSz
wUP x. 23o h
Am\P (PhPP) Cvfl SUPP Ki
Cv Csk \P[PP UQflx
(h 1.2).
1. PhP Am\zvS uQ E Cv
wPSv.
2. PhP Am\zvS hUQ E Cv

IWlT
wP Sv.
{{k fl Aih Hx
{hS. Cvfl zu 3.3
fl \.Q.mhS. Cv hUS uPP 3,214
Q.mh } QUS PP 2,933 Q.mh AP
Psk Ex. 6,600 Q.mh } Psh
P }sh PhP Pskx. Aufl &
|UP, Cm\zwPfl PhP \zxU
Psh CvU PhPfl } 7,516 Q.mh
BS. TPm 1.1
244 245
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PhP Am\ {x {mh wP Cv

wP Cv Gfl Csk P[PP
UQflx.
GP
CP Cvfl hUS GPS.
uP Cv [Ph, P AUPh,
QUQ [P Sh GPP E.
Cvfl hSSvP BPufl,
Qufl, hUQ {, ^, mhfl, QUQ
[Pu\, uQ [P flP G
{kPP E. [P ] }a\v
Qflx. C}a\v U}a\v GflUP
kQflx.
BPufl, Qufl, ^, {,
mhfl, fl, [Pu\ BQ
Cvhfl x GPU Psk.
Cu G a] A{kPfl PP
a] Cv {iP P
P uUPzv HkzxQfl.
SP Qufl CvUS
Ch P a], ^fl vz
a], [Pfl ku P mh
Cv A] vP AvP vzxx.
A] P
Cv kuhuS fl 562 i_
P, QUQv P |mh Jflx
Pn[P Cu. _ 150 h[PP Bm]
\u C[Qx Cv mh[PP (Prov-
inces) zx |Qzux. Cv _uv Ahu
x Cv, Qufl Gfl Csk {kPP
ux. Cu CvS
a]Pz u zux. [Pfl ,
u, u a]fl Hz uP
Ca]P AvPUPU Pn. Cv TPm 1.2
Pa ]{kPP Cu Pnzu |Qv
246 247
 www.kalvisolai.com

Hmh ]UPPz uUP 1956&B Bsk Cv

|[PP UPmhx: 25
|[P 7 fl u\[P
PshuP UPmhx. \fl ] hzv
|[P UPmk 3 v |[P
ufl. UP uP AvPzu Pnzu ux
Cv 28 |[P 7 fl u\[P
E (h 1.3).
J
Cv Eu P, hP,
\P G mh | AP
PnkQfl. Pu |U Psi
u u P|P |Qfl.
Cv P sh u P AvP
]g], hQUS Sv,
SU PhP PnkQfl. u
PP, _a `US H mkU
PnkQfl. Cu mu P,
A\ Ahu PkP PnU QhUQfl. AWdLPp
A[P P , u ] E
u E[P Qfl. Cu
E E P, Ba \P
LYWh
Pnk sh, h Sv Pnk
Y]kRWm
P\s G u sPP
PnkQfl. PU P mP 1. BkWl WRNm 15. UaWxW
2. AQfNXl WRRNm CkV Vu UXeLs
mikUP kQfl. Cv CPU 3. A^m
16. Ulo
17. ULXV
PoP |A, P|, CPz u, 4. Lo 18. ^Wm
29. AkRUu LTo Ls
5. NiLo 30. RjW SLo aY
s fl mk mkU Pn 19. SLXk
6. NjvLo 31. PUu P
20. JN
7. _Wj 32. Pp
h. C[S UPfl C, , 8. aV]
21. TgNl
33. LY
22. CW_vRu
UPUP[P, u fl 9. UfNXl WRNm 34. CXhNj Ls
23. dm
10. _m Lxo 35. TifN
mkx. C mh C, u, 24. RrS
11. _odLih 25. W
12. LoSPL
UPh {[P a]P 13. LW[
26. EjWl WRNm
27. EjWgNp
ufl Th Cv UP A 14. UjV WRNm 28. Ut YeL[m
v "{ Cv' Gfl En P E. TPm 1.3
Px PflS UPfl
248 249
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Pa\ UP UP[P HUS

JflP Ex. UQ E PuP J
v. Cv Gfl En, Cv
Hk CPa ^[P, {mifl xPS
[P x P K[QU PnkQflx.
P x { Cv Gfl Enhfl
A \kQfl. Au fl flmk
mk miP {hx Cv
Ah C, , u ufl Cv
sk Gfl En [Q
PnkQflx. Cu En Cflmk A
Cv ]] xskPP, mi P
BvUPzv Cuu Cux. Cv A
Jflmh Jzu S Pvfl u
usizvfl x " '
Gfl [Q. Cu Jh mi
\zu A\zx B[Q Cv
mh x (h 1.4).
Cv sn[P
Cv sn |u {hS. C[S
u bP B BskPUS fl
` J |[P EhUQ, s|PU
Pm]UQflx GfluU T.
Pv `U PhP EPkzv
Gmk QP[Pfl uP, G E
PUS Bu P |zu. J
QP J snzu US
AQflx. CuU QP[P
E[Pfl v |nUQfl. C[S
u PP, U Ps, zx, ,
Pu, PuP, }, , l
Gfl |[Phfl uh Eh.
C|[P J UP | TPm 1.4.
HkzuU Ti.
250 251
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sn[P Cv UP K Cv \fl U PP
UP iu SvS. C u, Pa\, flQflx. C[S ua \fl, ua \Qz
Aflh {hiUPP En, Eh, ufl fl fl E. G, ]
UP BQ Csh Px. Ch[ P {hu P[P {h
|[P UPfl Pzu, AP US F xhfl {mi
UP C Cv UPhfl Px. ]] xskPUQ UPa \xk Gfl
|P A, Cv A]a \mh[P uflx. G, SuPUS
G Cv Jfl. Cv A {nUPzv \fl Pz
\. Azxa \PzvUS xP, ux {x. Azxhfl a \ P
_uv AUPmk. Cv Jfl vsk Gvzx kx Gfl m]
P \ mh, 18 P A]fl CvS PP z u
PP A[RPUP mk. C[S Gflv I. \ UPm] uUP Ax
sk Gu uzu fl. Pmk Gflu Pmku { US.

P Gfl hfl uh zuS [P

P PzxUP U P Eu
PS. u[P UP {kzxuPP Cv fl zvP u
Hmh. G u, umh, [P C.
_{zvPP Pku, Au zxU Cvfl EP : IUQ AUP CvP
P[P Hk u ukzu sk. A
ukUPh mh { {x {mifl \fl (secu- IUQ AUP 3.22 fl CvP
larism) Gfl uzu Cxk. G E. AUPfl zxP 38
Su zv Cu { u, fl \uQuzv CvP. 12 \uQuzv Cv
P Gkzxa \xhfl, u[Pfl gbP, {\ oP 36
]UP GkzxUT u, \uQuzv CvP. U \m
{nUPzu \Qz ufl zu oP 34 \uQuzv Cv. I..G
sk. P {m US P oP 28 \uQuzv Cv. U
[Su A]S. o P 13 \uQuzv CvP. IUQ
Cva \ (INDIAN SECULARISM) AUP {kP CvP 23 UPmi
Cv {UPP Pshx. a\ AmhP zx.
h[PP Cv u[P {nUP[ mh[P
Phfl Jflmk Cxu. B Phu
si B[P[P u, CU P[P Cv P |u {k.
ufl \fl Szu. Cfl Th "" J'' Gfl A CP
252 253
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Pa\U PoPfl
Pn[P uP x Pu {.
J Ta \x J v E SvP
mh[PP UPkQfl. CP Ax
\PU PoP Hux Ksk SvP
x J va `P EP
mh[P GflQ. PoP zx
Aih Cv mh[PP
UP. h 1.5
Cv P Tx Cvz xnUPsh : PoP
Bm Iflhfl : { CvPUS Phfl CPz u[P Pa\z u[P
miUQ. G Gsqx GfluU
PzuP AP. A PzvUP CP mh[P Pa\ mh[P
mh Guu A PskiP
1. |zu 1. s
C US.
U mfl : Cv u Czvfl umi, 2. P| 2. uP[P
u a]fl h, \zvzvfl uP,
3. CPz u 3. \P
|a ]fl[PUS umi, zx
umi. u fl vUP iu 4. s 4. u [P
_kP Cvufl xPUPmk.
g_ P flflm : EQ
Khzv uPfl P |x
Gfl GkzxU Psh Ah |a\P
CvPz ufl CvUS.
\ : AUP IUQ {mifl ^ yu Tx.
^ 20 skPP Pa\ v Cv
J G usi A
Pskx.
mh[P CP mh[P
Pa\ mh[P G CPP UP
(h 1.5).
254 255
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CP mh[P : | A, , Pskizux. Bmh zu Pskizu.

iP, P|, CPz u[P, s EQ u PU PP uU Q..700
BQfl Aih CP mh[P Bsi |mhx. 10,500US AvP
UPkQfl. Cv Hux J Po J nP EP[Qx x 60US
vP E SvP J CP mhPU mhU PPU P. {u PU
PukQflx. xP RPsh PoPfl PP Q.. 4&B sk uh[Pmhx.
Aih CP mh[P UPkQfl. Pzx Pa \u a
1. | A \xx. \Qu G I
PUS u P [Qx. \Qu
2. P| Po fl Gu P H S
3. CPz u[P GflQx. zvP 1987&B Bsk
u AUP & Bu P
| Afl Aih UPk
zxS. \UP & zxzvfl uu & 2500
SvP Au SvP Pnk |
BskPUS fl Cu Pkzv.
Afl ufl u C CUP sk.
ux P PP Bu UQzx
Au fl P| Ax CPz u[P
Qflx. 17&B si mi
Aih SUPk mh[P Pnk PvUP Hk Cv Pa \UP
P|P u PP HUS J {hP [Qx. ]x {v 6,000 BskPUS
v [P Pz uflP fl } USzx uh[Q x.
PnUQhUQfl. {Pfl Gfl \Quzvfl "{z' Gfl
Pa\ mh[P : C Pa\U \ Cx uuS. Pa\
PoPfl \mi Jfl fl `a _ GkzxU P {zu
SvPU Pa\ mh GflQ. Cv m GflUS fl
RUPq PoPfl, \mi zxU Pshu. 5&B si `
Pa\ mh[P UP kQfl. AP : GkzxU P {mP 365.258756486
G Pshmhx fl (PI) vU
1. s,
Pshu. zu. C 6&B si
2. u, uUP uzu UQ. A,
3. \ v, PS BQ Cv
4. u PskiUPmh. ua\ 11&B
si SmjmiU \flk Pskizu.
Cv [P QUP, 106 flkzv x
CvP 1053 I 5000 BskPUS fl u
10,000 BskPP Gu {mh Pzv flkzv. Cfl AvP
BUQUP. Cv Gs U GsoUP 1012 flkzxQP.
256 257
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AUPfl CPz uUP[P B P AhP

|zvfl Ti 1896&B Bsk EQ 1. n / n Cv
zvS BuP Cv ufl [Qx. IUQ Cvz xnU Pshzu Ax
AUP Ax CPfl uUP[P PQfl.
B | Pu USzu 2. Cvfl Ah A] P
nP u Qfl.
PUS fl Pvufl P s k
3. Cvfl Pa\ J,
i z u G fl u | z x x . \fl, {UPP Ax
\mi ufl ufl u }zuUP PQfl.
}\zvPPU Pmh mkx. \P A\fl
zfl Ti 150 Q.Pzv hP Sfl _vk
_un H \vSu Pzv I. \ hz uukUP
Pmhmkx. \x[P mk Cv 1. wP Cvfl QUQ Ex
ufl PskiUPmkx. _zuufl A
]Qa\ zxzvfl uu. 2,600 Bsk A. A B. Cu&^
PUS fl Ps Aa ]Qa\, \PU C. Czu D. I
P, G , zv P, iU A
2. J v PoP Psh Sv
]Qa\, A ]Qa\P C[P {h
. UP x {flP A. mh B. {k
x. 125US mh Aa ]Qa\ PP C. Psh D. EP
fl kzumk. , Eh T, P, Eh
CUPU TP, AqUP fl 3. \, u, u zvfl Aih
zxUTP B A UP kQflx.
uuS \flP E. 5,000 A. Pa\ mh B. u mh
BskPUS fl PkP {hi
C. \P mh D. CP mh
UP u x, Cv \
Pflu, {P[P | 4. Cvfl SUPP Kk ] Am\.
Pa\zu |. v A, A. PhPP B. PP
zvmh (1 I zuP x) Q.. 100
C. {kUPk D. x mh
Pskizu.
II. Pimh Ch[P |P
s Pfl Aih s
mh[P, uPfl Aih u 1. Cvfl Q __________ wP
mh[P, \P Aih \ Axx.
sh[P UPkQfl. u 2. __________ Am\ Cvfl SUPP KkQflx.
Aih sh[P E.
258 259
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3. Cv 8o4' h Am\zvx __________ h Am\

x.

4. |[P, fl mh[P __________

Ai h UPmk.

5. PhP Am\zvSz uQ Ax Sv
__________
III. fl zxP

1. h G && [PSh
2. ufl G && AUPh
3. QUS G && C
4. S G &&
Cv [Ph
Sz uha] P
IV. _UPP hUP

1. Cvfl Ah UQzxzu ?
2. Cvz xnUPsh Gfl Hfl
AUQfl?
3. Cvfl Am\wUP .
4. Cvfl A] P GxP?
V. h uP

1. Cv K J .

VI. \ ]P

1. Cv hzv |[P, u
{P[P SUP.

260
 www.kalvisolai.com

AS & II : |zu, iP
h 2
|zu iP
P {UP[P
1. n Cv Pnk wP,
wP SvP Gk C
|zu[P PUP.
2. n wP Cvfl fl z
uhP ux P.
3. n hP ux P.
4. n PhPa \fl C
P PU P.
5. n wP Cv Pnk
z uh \P
Pu.
6. n Cva \u wUTmh[P
ux P.
7. n wP, wP Cv
BPU Psh v zu.

EQ Pnk |zu[P
P, hP \P fl
Cv |zu[P E. hUQ
C, uQ uUPnh
Ch P[Pa \P PnU QhUQfl.
Cvfl |zu[P
PPmh[P E. G, AP
APU PsiUQfl.
Cv fl PP E. AP
261
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1. wP,
2. iP
3. E P Gfl. TgVm TuRXNm
Cvfl |zu[P Azv uUPn
hufl |zu[PU Psh
A BS. Pfl Ti h
E P ufl Pzv
E. Cvfl |zuzu A
E P Amhnfl Aih C
PP UP. A :
(i) wP Cv (Peninsular India)
(ii) wP Cv (Extra-Peninsular India)
wP Cv
|{kUPmiS hUP (8o . Am\P)
PhP Am\zvSz (23o ) uP E |Sv
wP Cv GkQflx. CSv
P u. C ufl
Pzv E . wP hfl
Ax P fl {
Ax Px A].
`hx x u
PUQ Sx CQ UPP
Ekzux Gfl Pzx Ex. A
PP CQ E Pzv Azx
|SvP J uSP g] (Pangea) Gfl
AUPx. g]a _ flu\
(Panthalaza) Gfl } Cux (h 2.1).

g] |Sv hzv (Tethys) Gfl u

Ph C PP UPmiux. hzv
TPm 2.1
PhPUS hUP A[P (Ankara) Gfl
262 263
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|Sv, uP Psk (Gondwana) Gfl

|Sv Cu. Psk | QUQ
Bvh Q BUPh
Cnvux. fl J PU Pmhzv Psh
{P (Continental Drift) Hmhx. Psh {P
Psk | Ehx A\P Hmk
Psk P uPUS
Emmh. A\ mh Psk
|Svfl J Sv wP CvP
Ex. Cvfl CP A
wP Sv AvP UQzxzu Qflx.
A\S Psk |
Bmkzumh x wP Cvfl hS
Sv P ufl, Pfl
"' Gfl US wP
h iux. PUQ CQ
wPP CSv uUPn i (Deccan
Trap) Ax h (Lava Plateau)
GflUPmhx.
C E h | A
[PUS Bmkzumhx.
GkzxU PmhP uu uu, P{v,
Pu zuUS SvPUS CnP
Hmh Pfl Ch PkP ux, A
PUQ |UP PP Ekzu.
u\ Cv |UP
mikUPkQflx.
wP h CP , A,
a ]u fl u [PUS
Bmkzumh u wP Cv ux
Pnk | A fl PPP
UP (h 2.2) :
1. P,
2. hP
TPm 2.2
3. PhPa \P.
264 265
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P : wP Cv fl zuhP Sz uha] Pfl uflSv

E : E ]P[P E. SP, }Q
(i) v & \z P umh mh, B Bi
Shz uUP. , PhUP ,
(ii) Sz uha] P S BQ Sz uha] Pa
(iii) QUSU SflP \u. Ph h[P EuPsh,
Sflfi, PzuQ, BQ Cz uh
v & \z P E.
v \z P {u {v QUSU SP
zuUQS CnP S & QUPPa C QUSU PhPa \ Jmi
\Qfl. v P {u zuUQfl Ax. uha] SflPP
UPa _P; A Es P A. E. J\ |zvx Bv |
CP n]US AQ ihQfl. QUSU PhP Jmia \Qfl. fl
v P {u zuUQfl UPa uflPPa \fl }Q Sz uha]
_P. Phfl CnQfl. Cv vv,
\z P {uUS uvUS Ch x , P, a\ BQ
PnkQfl. v PUSz uQ P UQ. HPk, HQ BQ
CP Pnk UQ _z
AS CnPa \Qfl. CPfl
u[PS.
P uUPn, h PPa
\u. C Pzv Hmh i hP
P BS. \z Gfl H iP Gfl wP h ] hPU
k. Pshx. hUQ h, uQ uUPn
h, Ch uv&{u
\z P P i P. zuUSP PnUQhUQfl.
h : Cx ] UPn izv
Sz uha] P Ex. hQ Bz uhP
C wP Cvfl Q S Ph Ax. Bz uhP JPzv
PUS CnP Ax. uv {vfl Pzx C h EP Cu. B Afl
zvx PflS hUS uPP PnP E Sx HUS 500 mh
Ax. Czuh fl PnP Ezu mk u\ Pshx.
E. hUQ uPm, Pm PnP, C[S Eu ]P A (Mount Abu) (S
uQ& UPmkU Pn E. P) GfluS.
CUPnPfl \ C uP uUPn h : uUPn h {u
(railway lines) UQ {P[P CnUQfl. zuUQS uQ Ax UPn
i hS. UPnzvfl APflSv
266 267
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v P, T Sv PflS Ca\ BP Psk mh

E. Chfl fl UP[P sh AvPP ixx. B PP[P,
P, Ph `mk. hUP hhUP CUPhPa \ Pn
\z, Q Sz uha]P, QUQ kQfl.
QUSU SflP BQ PnkQfl. fl
UP[P Ph `mk Ex. QUQ wP Cv
[PSh, Q AUPh uQ
Cv [Ph `x vPQflx. Ch PhPAm\zvS (23 ) hUP Ea \
o

QUS {UQa \hx. Gufl uUPnzvfl C EhUQ |Sv "

UQ BP QUP Ki [P Sh wP Cv' Gk. C|Sv, wP
PUQfl. ChUS hQUQ P[P |Sv fl | P Amhni
|u \h{P h Axx. \Pzv Ex. i P Bx.
Cv wPzu Csk CP SvPP
uUPn h fl UP[P P ` UP (h 2.3) :
mk, QUS {UQa \x PnkQflx.
1. C 2. P[Pa\
PhPa \P
C
wP Cvfl Q QUQ
PhPa \P PnkQfl. A : Cvfl hG Cz uhP
hQ Px hQUQ A
1. SU PhPa \ . | P Amhni
2. QUSU PhPa \ Cz uh HUS 200 fl
BskPUS flufl E iP G
SU PhPa \ P PxQfl. Gufl C "C
Ca\ Sz u P }sk i P' (Young Fold Mountains) GflUQfl.
PnkQflx. wP Cv P Hmh CPfl PkP \P Phi[P
x Sz uha] PUS Q hUS iu iP B.
uPP Hmh fl |Sv Ph C E u
Aux. A |Sv Auuufl
SU PhP Ex. Gufl SU fl izu A[Px, Psk
PhP {P, SPP PnkQflx. x BP u[P Azx u mP
B Cu hv Ph i zu. B J
QUSU PhPa \ ]u AU Po Gflx E[PUSz u.
QUSU PhPa \ P[PU PP PUQ hv Ph iP |mhx.
u PflS x. SU iP CQ iPP .
PhPa \h APx.
268 269
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Kmifl UPmk {P Psk

|Sv hUS {UQ {Pux, A A[P
| Sv {Px \flx. Csk |[P
Pzv {Pu. G, Csk
|SvPUS Ch Cu x i
P Azu mh.
Cx P ix iPP
Eu. C ""iP'' Gfl
CP AUPU Pn.
Kmifl UPmk {P ix Eu
i PU Psh CP "i
P' G AUQfl.
CP Cvfl As. CP
Eu ]P[P PnP, Ph
h[ P E. EQ P Eu
]P Gm { {mk G Ex.
Czuh Pg\fl\[P, uQ, {[Pu
fl ]P[P P, fl PnP
E. CP P zuUS
P AS ux. A[S h H, h[,
], \ fl Ph h[P _z
u[PS. AS |u BS.
CP Pz u
P _kP
A\ PUPP Afl Psk
ifli, {, Cv h
Pn EQ Eu, ]P Psh
CP Pz ufl Pfl x
Pmh S. CP Pn
Pfl v zx CP
TPm 2.3 ufl P Es 450 & 500

270 271
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fl h[PUS mh GflQfl. umhu CP Gu' Gflx

"uu CP AUS flu AP PzuS. "G[P Pzvfli Cu mku
(collision) \ _ 508 fl h[PUS fl
Au A ufl P
J ] zuh |Pux. , P
AiPU Psk Pmh G C
uu, P[P Eu u
{Qfl', Gfl TQ ] fl Cv {UQ |Pu', GflQ .
.
_ 450 fl h[PUS fl,
h[PP ] Ax Eu UPz uh[Qx, A
xn BP Pkh { |z u[P uu A uflk
P PoP Dkmk x. P AS uzvx mkfl,
APx AUP T Gkzxa AvP A iP EUQx.
\ ] , "G[P v u uhx, ufl P uuk
E {UPfl uP P US x, _ mkfl Ph mhzvSU R ux, Cv
450 & 500 fl h[ PUS fl Px |SvP A u.
CPfl P R{UQ P G, Cmh x Ph iPUSU
BzvS Azu ', GflQ. u R }shP u vx, fl 55 fl
sh P Azuzu hx EP, BskPUS fl |Pu uS B]hfl B
mku xP Ez uh[Q.
P[P AP E.
Cxufl { CP E z
C P P, uu, Azu x[Q. Ca\zvufl EPU P |
BQa \P | SU Psk Sz x[Qx. C P |Pu ]u
. Eu P P |PPfl Gvha \P
EUP, Afl A AUPvP shzvx P UPmk
iP Ezv \u. Czufl EP Su ux FUPz
iP Qhzu Tmk P, s ufl Cux. Au \zv, EQfl
P A\ PU PP A Px C\ h Ph{UQz
B \u. APx Bfl UQzu[P u iP Pn. Es
{zv Afln uh CuS. Cfl P|fl [P, Ph}fl
C\zv, CPfl P Hmh
CPfl x Es P uu, E, u P
R u Psk mh Pu EPU Pn GflQ .
BS. Azxhfl A ThS.
" uu, u A 450 & P[Pa \
500 fl h[PUS v |PuP CPUSz uP Ax P[Pa
{[P PxQ', GflQ . "A \ P[P B EUPmhx.
CvU Psh |Svfl R Ca\ S QUPP x xx.
272 273
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P[P B CP EQ, P
Azx, izv sh i
UQflx. Cs P \u s
P {flS Qfl. \u s
Cv C[Sufl UPhzv AvP.
P[Pa \US Q \m \,
QUQ zv Ba \ Cvfl
G[P Ax.
wP
Cva \u Csk wUTmh[P
QUQ Q Esk. A (h 2.4):
1. Aufl, |UP wP
2. Cm\z wP
Au wP
\flUSU QUP [P ShU Ph
hUS Sv Aufl w, uQ |UP
w Ax. Aufl wP ]x
xP Hzu 300 wPU Psk.
CzwP Iv mk UP ]UQfl.
|UP wPfl Sv UP
]UQfl. oP _ P
wPP C.
Cm\zwP, UP, Av wP
CzwP AUPh P Jmi A
x. CzwP E[PP, P
fl E. CP _z u[PS.
Cv BP
Cv BP Afl
iP fl Aih CPP TPm 2.4
UP (h 2.5):
274 275
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(i) wP Cv BP
(ii) wP Cv BP

wP Cv BP
wP Cvfl BP
Sz uha] P EQfl. Czuh
P uflS UP P
Qfl. BP ES Chzv
Cv UP[P mk } x,
P[P sk Qfl. G,
C BP GkQfl.
Sz uha] P ES BP
h Svx QUS {UQ x
[PUPh PUQfl. QUS {UQ
BP UQ P{v, Pu, Qn,
P GflS.
P B P{hP ShS
EQ u{mhU Phx [PUPh
PUQflx. u {mi va], ug\
mh[P \x Q.. hhUP
PP[P EUS Qflx. sh
\P { hzu P E.
Pu, Qn BP Bv
kzx Qfl. wP Cv BP Pu
P } B. P{v J\ |zv Qflx.
{u, uv BP uUPn hfl hS
Sv E E|[P EQ S
{UQ x AUPh PUQfl.

wP Cv BP
TPm 2.5 wP Cv BP fl
CP uflQfl. CP
276 277
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P EP Cu BP (Glaciers) umiUQfl [P h P
EQfl. wP Cv BP C SPz umk E. Es Cufl
BPx, U Pzv Pn vh, AUPP \mh
} Qfl. G, C Bsk x u \fl |zu. |hz
}mhzxhfl PnkQfl. Cu C uSv PkUPmk E | h[P
"u BP' GkQfl. \UPh (Dead Sea) \m H (Lake Chad) fl
wP Cv BP P UQ }|P P| z u, }\
B P[P B. C CPfl zx a] _[Q u GkzxU TQfl.
Gfl Chzv \ x AhQflx. Ezv Sx Qfl P,
CUP[Pfl xn BP : BUPfl P E hfl\fl
(i) ,
Qg\ Jfl. C 3 mhP Cx
5,892 mh EuP |Qflx. Bv]
(ii) uu
P E PhPU PukQfl
(iii) P]. |]vfl "SU' _ 10 mh Ezv
C Ph PUS fl hmhU Sx 3,754 mhhuP |Qflx. Cx 1991&
P EUSQflx. P[P hhfl Sv Hmh P a]fl
[P u\zv Ex. Q {vP Jfl PnP GflQx Cu | hzuSv.
U mk Cv Qflx. U A, uflUPfl Eu P
{vufl Cv P AvP A E{mk Jfl APflPS (Aconcaqua) HUS J
} USzx {hQflx. C{v mh ASU Sx Bsj P
PPzu x PzuU Phhfl CnUQflx. Ezv Sx Qfl GfluU
PmkQflx. APflP Sfl Cfl E
E[PUSz u? 6,959 mhPS.
P HP _[SQfl! Cv | hzuSv \UPhfl
EQfl PUQ US EPu | xzv GkzxU TQflx. H
hzuSvPU Puk hfl EP 1975&B h | hzuSv
| hzuSv' (Times Comprehensive Pmhmiuh _ 16 mh B
Atlas of the World) AUh 16& uv (2003) h
Sx Gz u mkx.
mhx. EQfl fl Psh[P CUQfl CPx ES H C
u PkP (Mountain peaks) BP ]x, zv Cv J
E[P Sxmh Gfl TQflx Cu ] Sv mk Qfl. ]x {vfl
| hzuSv. {flS hzvS Sv Qu, zvfl Sv
fl hmh |hz uSv vzv Qfl. ]xfl xn B \m
278 279
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mk Cvfl hQ Qflx. 3. umh mh Ax

C{vfl x B] P AnU A. B B. }Q
Pmh U& {[P Cv A\ Pmhmkx. C. D. S
Cn g\ | fl
Qflx. 4. P Bfl SUP Pmhmk An
zv {v CPfl hQUQ A. U{[P An B. Sm An
A USflP P CvS C. uu An D. hfl An
Qflx. fl [P u\zvS ~Qflx.
C{v AiUPi Hk zv A, 5. P[P AvPP Pnk Sv
P |[P x vUPkQfl. A. h B. \mh{U
P AhP C. UP D. Au SPP
1. nP Cv Pnk II. Pimh Ch[P |P
|z u[P z ux
PQfl. 1. zv PUS, PhP PUS Ch E
2. nP wP Cv Pnk Sv _________ .
|zu[P {flS Ax
PQfl. 2. P zuUQ E _________ H J ]u
_z uS.
3. nP wP Cv Pnk
\P, zuhP z u 3. {u zuUQS CnP Ax
Qfl. _________
4. nP Cva \x wU
Tmh[P {flS AQfl. 4. [PSh, Ph hUS uPP
Ax w P _________
5. nP Cv BP
AQfl. 5. {u uv BP _________ Ph
PUQfl
_vk
I. \ hz uukUP III. fl zxP

1. C E E ]P 1. uUPn h &-& uPm

A. umh mh B. Pg\fl [P 2. \z && P
C. Gm D. u Q 3. S uha] && h
2. wP Cvfl h S Sv
4. QUSU SflP && U
A. uUPn h B. S uha]
5. P[P && H
C. h D. \mh {U h
280 281
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iP
&& Qn
IV. _UPP hUP

1. Cvfl C |zu[P ?
2. uUPn h S P.
3. C ""C i '' Hfl?
4. Cv Pnk wP ?
5. C EzvS BP ?
V. h uP

1. Cvfl |zu G UPmk

Ex? Hu Jfl .
2. Cv BP J Pmk Gx.

VI. \ ]P

1. Cv hzv Aufl CP SvP

P.
2. Cv hzv Aufl BP wP
PmkP.

282
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AS & III : Cvfl P|

h &-- 3
P| } Ah
P {UP[P
1. n Cvfl P| G
C[SQflx Gfl PU P.
2. n Cv | P|fl
TP Ax P.
3. n Cv UP Guu
u[P |Qfl Gflu Ax
P.
4. n UPPfl PP ,
AUPP Ch[P
Ax P.
5. n } Ah A
.
J { { P vUS |Pa]
P Jfl P|. Cv \ P|
{ x. Cv s UPa
\u `umh GflUPkQx. uUPm]
\v P , P| Ax
P U SP ]UPkQfl.
Gflx J Chzv | J {
Ax SQ P |, Azu, P, P
mh, BQU SUQflx.
{ {mi P J Bsk
Bsk k hkQflx. Cx PhU
Pzv hkQx. PhU PzvS S
iiPU Sx i\, \
283
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u[P S BUS. Cxfl

hzv P|PP .
US P|US Hu k
Esh? Cu n, nP Px
hP & vUP.
`hx k Bsk
x J A uhu fl
] SvP P, ] SvP Sa]P
E. | Bsk x J
vP C ChzvS Ch, PzvSU P
kQflx. CuSU Pn P[P
uflu.

Ztm TYeLm
P[P H S izuu
C[S | P.
ux Aa] 23o \ _Qflx. J
Bsi `fl 23o h Am\ PhP Am\zvS,
23o ufl Am\ P Am\zvS hUQx
uPP, uQx hUPP {Px
P]x z ufl. `fl a, \h
u[P |{kUPmifl x {P
P]UQflx. Au PhP Am\zv fl
u, P Am\zv i\ u `fl
PvP \[SzuP Qfl.
a u \h `fl \[SzxU
PvP hAUPzv Qfl. C AvP
uUTi. G hAUPzv
Cu[P PhUP |Qflx.
h AUPzv PhUP | x,
`fl PvP ufl AUPzv \P
u A[S SP CUS. G
a u \h ufl AUPzv
SP | (h 3.1). TPm 3.1
284 285
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\h uzvS S, `fl |{kU

PmiS uP {Pu `fl PvP i\
uzv P Am\zv \[SzuP Qfl. fl
a uzv `fl |{kUPmh AhQflx.
G \h u a ufl
AUPzv PhUP, h AU
Pzv `fl PvP \P u
SP |Qfl.
h AUPzv a u \h
Ph PP, AUh u
S PP CUS.
u{k h AUPzv Axu
Cx fl P| |Qflx.
Cv |{kUPmiS hUQ 80 h Aa\
u 37o h Am\ x. G, h
AU Pzvfl P| CvS x.
P |U TPfl Aih Cvfl
P| fl PP UP.
1. PhUP
2. SP
3. UP

PhUP
Cv a uzv `fl |{kUPmi
x Ch x fl uzv PhP Am\zu
AhQflx. Cu[P `fl PvP Cv
\[SzuP . G a u \h
Cv PhUP |Qflx (h 3.2).

PhP Am\zvSz uP, |{kUPmiS

AQ wP Cv Axu a TPm 3.2
286 287
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uzvx AvPUQflx. G ufl SP

u{mi uzv Ea\ | \h uzvS S `fl
PnkQflx. |{kUPmi x uP Ch x
PhP Am\zv fl uzv `fl PvP ufl Am\ (23o) P Am\zvfl x i\
\[SzuP Qfl. Ax PhP Am\zvS uzv \[SzuP P]UQflx. G
hUP wP Cv a u fl \h u ufl AUPzv
Ph Ea\| AhQflx. PhUPP, h AUPzv SP
Cv Ph | a u fl P A. h AUPzv Ax
|Qflx. Cv \h u SP
Cvfl uQx hUS (h 3.3).
{UQ \a \ AvPUQflx. Cvfl h PhP Am\zvSz uP Ax wP
S SvP Ea\ | PnP Cvh hUP Ax wP
Azu SQflx. Cu AzuU S u
Azu Jfl EQflx. Ph Cvfl SP | \ AvPP
Cv Ch[P E CUS.
C PhP K[P SvP Cv SP | AUh u
\ uP CUS. PhP Jmi |Qflx.
| PhP ], zuz uoUQflx.
wP Cv |{kUPmiS AQ (8o)
wP Cvfl PhP Jmi Axu `fl PvP \[SzuP
SvPfl | E{mk |SvPfl
|U Pmi SP Ex. Qfl. G C[S SP uP CUS.
u{mifl QUSU Ph P Ax P wP Sv |{kUPmix
\fl PhU Pzv u Eu A[S `fl \
E{mi x, va] BQ Ch[P hU PvP Qfl. Cu C[S SP
SP Ex. Ph mhzvx E | P S.
SvP | AizuU Pmi
SP CUS. Gufl C, Sz SPzv Cvfl | uS
uha] P, QUSU SflP BQ SvP Svh hUQ PUSP vQ
Ph PU Su | x. Su AvP Azu Jfl
|Qflx. Sz uha] Fmi, C[S EQflx.
Sflfi, PhUP fl Ch[P, Cv PU SP SP
C h[, ], hlfl fl C PhP SvP \
Ch[P Ph h[PPz vPQfl.
AvPP CUS. H Ph SvP
Cv PhUP E PU
_ PhPfl | |fl Su
Pni PhP K[P
SvP ]x SP CUS. P ha \x SU
288 289
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SUQflx. G Cv SPzv,
CkV UZu TWYp PhP SvP AvPP CUQflx.
izvx E \a \
Su u{mi \fl, x
fl Ch[ Ph Fmi PhUP
PUSu | vQflx.
UP
Cv Ph S Pzv
ES Azu mi _ UPP
z uUQfl.
Cv fl u {
UP Qflx.

YeL[ Cv Csk P
RNm UP.
1. PhUP
2. SP
PhUP
a u \h CvS PhU
P. Cu[P Cvfl hS
SvP P hx, hx
{UQ GQflx. G C[S Su Azu
Jfl EQflx (h 3.4).
Su Azuzu Dk\U Px
Ezu Svx, Szu Sv
{UQ _. hS Cvfl Su
Azuzu Dk\ uQx _ CUP |
{kUPmhU Phx h AUPzv ~
x, fl _] PnPz v\,
uflQx _Qflx. Gufl, ufl
AUPzvx _ CUP ufl
TPm 3.3 S UP GkQflx.
290 291
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uS UP
uflS UP fl u Bzv
Cv {UQ \z uh[S. Cvfl
i PnP Cx Csk QPP
Qflx. A :
(i) AUPh Q (Arabian Sea branch)
(ii) [P Sh Q (Bay of Bengal branch)
PS.

AUPh Q
uflS UPfl JQ AU
PhU Phx Cvfl SU PhP
{UQ _Qflx. uflS UP SU
Pzv hUS& uPP Ax S
uha] P ukUPmk E GQflx.
E G Pfl } _[Q, Sz uha]
Pfl S SvP P Qflx.
C[S BskUS 250 \.mhUS
Qflx.

DuUP P u fl sh
PP Sz uha] Pfl Ea]U
Phx Aufl QUSa \ R[SQflx. sh
PS u uflfl Sz
uha] Pfl QUQ uUPn h
u\P Ex.

[P ShU Q
uflS UPfl Q
[P ShU PhU Phx Cvfl
hQUQ ~ Qflx. CUP C
TPm 3.4
ukUPmk x, Su Cfl
292 293
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hQUS SvP 300 \..US P

U PkUQflx. fl, CUP hPPz
v P[Pa \ A U
PkUQflx. uhx CUP |Sv
Ahx ux Duzv Cu A
SQflx. Cv hQ E u
Azu zu Ah x CUP
sk kQflx. G C[S \
CSv PU Pm]UQflx.
C[Sufl u Axx.
SP
AUh u a `fl ufl AU
Pzv P]UQflx. G C[S | Ph
zv Pfl Azu Sx u Azu
EQflx.
Au \zv h AUPzv SP
|, G wP Cvh wP
Sv `UPvP \P v
Sx Azu AvPzx E Azu Jfl
hS Cv EQflx. Czu
mh DkPmh h AUPzvx ufl
AUPzu {UQ P _. hUQx
_ CUP fl _] v\
hQUPP _Qflx. Cu hQUS
UP Gfl. CuS "flh UP'
(Retreating Monsoon) Gfl Esk. hQUS
UP Ezu Svx _u
sh PP Ex. CUP wP
CvS U Pk v. B Cx
[P ShU PhU PhUS x Duzu
wP Cvfl QUSU PhP {UQ
_Qflx (h 3.5). A[S USflP
ukUPmk PhP SvPUS U TPm 3.5
294 295
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PkUQflx. CUSflP C fl u[P mk u, flkzuUTi

EP C, uha]P C. G, }fl A 690 P Q.. |zui }x
CUP uflS UP CUPk }fl ha \\ A 432 P Q..
PU Pkv. \\P, _ 1,122 P Q.. }x
hQUS UP SPzv wP flmiS Ex; {x uP
Cvfl QUSU PhP SvUS mk zu mi C} xuS Gfl,
U PkUQflx. QUSU PhP CU } flkzxv a\P Esk;
P z u P Aux } Afl , P
Qflx. S Pzv [PUPh uhx zx, J ^P C.
P Gu J] u[PUS, SP {x {mifl 20 UQ BiPP 6
AUh u i\ , U PkUQfl. iP SvP US AvQfl.
Cu Ph[P US, E Cu, {x {mi } J a]z
a \u Qfl. ukUS P Qflx. }fl A
uUSz wUS snPz u]z
Ca\u[Px xP Eu
vmh[P (uk wa \ vmh[P)
| w Hu Esh Gfl BP.
wmh \hz x[Q.
usp a] H?
} Ah (\P)
{fl Q UP u P[P }a \Pzxz
zv \ flkzumk Qflx. uk x u \[P
{Pu, PflQm Pmih[P, vu EQx } Ah BS.
P Sz uh[Q. vu
Pufl |} v }fl usp umkk & H?
UP \ SvS. 1. y} [P AvPP EPkzumk
zux, }US AvPzux. G
Eu Gx { uspUS
UP |zui } { Pnzu Au P
umkk Hmkx.
AvP A QnP, SU QnP
GkUQfl. Cu |zui }mh Sx 2. PP x {Pu
QnP sk kQfl. CPP } \PUS SvP Sx
Qfl.
Cv } [P 3. zx ku \ `|
Cv ha \\ fl A 4,000 HkQflx.
P Q.. A BP }fl Kmh 4. fl A Sx ku |zui }a
1,869 P Q.. P[Pfl fl \x CUP si | HkQflx.
296 297
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5. AvPP |zui } EQUP si } G Ah \kQx?

Eu } mhzvfl A Sx CvPU
QnP kQfl. }x RUPsh CP \PUP
w kQflx.
1. y }US Bu } mk. 1. }z umiP \Pzx, xPzx {iP
2. uspz umkmhz wUPz u EQx.
A u.
2. E QnP \Pzx S EQx.
3. } Ahfl usp umk
mhz wUP. } Ah \ P
4. |zui } xPUP Azx }i
1. kPfl TP, _
P }z uUP sk.
h[P } E
5. } Ah (\P) Jflufl |uz (} umi ) \Px.
w BS.
} H \UP sk? 2. G[P[S vu / SU QnP E
A kP }z uUQ
1. |zui }fl A S xPUP
x.
}a \PUP sk.
2. } mhzvfl A S CUPa \PUP 3. vu } Gflfl
sk. P uUP Aufli \UP.
3. |zui }fl ufl Ezua \UP
sk. P AhP
4. PhP K[P Ph }fl Fkz ukUP 1. nP Cvfl P|a ]z
}a \UP sk. ux P v Qfl.
5. _P Hk \Pz ukUP }a 2. s Gflx UPfl ua
\UP sk.
`umh Gflu nP PQfl.
} Ah G G?
3. nP [Pfl TP
1. Cx {iP } \PUS J \k
P u Qfl.
BS.
2. }a \Pzx {iP EQUP 4. } Ah Hfl UQzx x
Ax |zui }iP \zx GfluU PQfl.
EQUP.

298 299
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4. Cvfl UP fl u __________
_vk
u BS.
I. \ hz uukUP
5. Sz uha] fl QUS Sv __________
1. \h u a Cv | BS.
A. sh B. Ph III. fl zxP
C. D. S 1. uflS UP && i\ u

2. PhP P ` J \[SzuP u 2. hQUS UP && u

A. B. 3. sh u\ && Ph
C. D. fl 4. u\ && SP
3. SPzv AvP Pzu E Sv 5. SP && \h u {
A. ufl S Sv B. ufl QUS Sv
C. hQUS Sv D. hS Sv IV._UPP hUP

4. wP Cv SP 1. Gfl Gfl?
A. x B. Sx 2. Cvfl P| P ?
C. ux D. PU Sx 3. uflS UPfl C QP ?
5. hQUS UP Sv 4. Cvfl Ph h[P ]U TP.
A. uUPn h B. SU PhP 5. wP Cv SP uP CUPU
C. QUSU PhP D. P Pn Gfl?

6. } Ah Gfl Gfl?
II. Pimh Ch[P |P
V. h uP
1. Cv AvP | E u
__________ 1. Cvfl PhUP, SP JkP.

2. Ph mhzvx E \a \ 2. ufl S UP & .

| __________
3. hQUS UP & .
3. PhUPzv AvP | vS Sv
4. } Ahfl UQzx .
__________
300 301
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VI. \ ]P
1. Cv hzv ufl S hQUS
UPfl v\PU SkP.
2. Cv hzv uflS hQUS
U P SvP
kzvU PmkP.

302
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AS & III : u s
h 4
CPz u sq
P {UP[P
1. n P u[P
Ax P.
2. n u[P xPUS P
Afl A]zu ux
P.
3. n s ufl P Szx,
sofl PP x P.
4. n s AU Pmkkzx
Ax P.

{a _ G[S zu , \i, PiP

x. AP B, A_, , _,
Pmka \iP, PiP fl Q[P
{flS vu { UQfl. A
h, uP zx u
A "CPz u[P' G AUPkQfl.
A Auu Sv um |, s,
US H uP zx .

CPa `| ufl Dkk

C u[P "CPz u[P'
Gk.

303
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u a]US BuP A :
CkV CVtLj RYWm
1. ` J
2.
3. s
Cfl Hu Jfl Su Ax u
a] vUS?
Cv Pnk |zu
um |UP CPz uzu 3
PP UP (h 4.1). A :
(i) zu[P (Hill Vegetation)
(ii) Cv u[P (Deciduous Vegetation)
(iii) z u[P (Desert Vegetation)

1. zu[P
Pfl Ai Ra\P
SvP CUS. G, C[S
u[P \zx . Cfl hQUS
SvP, Sz uha] fl Sa \P
BQfl Aizvx Hzu 1,000 mh
Ahu PkP. PiP
hvUS. u ] \iP vUS.
C Bsk x _PU Pnk.
G C "_u[P' (Evergreen Vegetation)
GflUPkQfl. Gfl, u u, \ (Rose
wood), P[P fl _ u[P.

_ 1,000 mh u 2,500 mh
Ezv , SP CUS.
A[S [P Ahx , _P CUPx.
K x, } u[Puu uzu TPm 4.1
[P, ua \iP, PiP Px
304 305
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Pnk. Cz u[PU Psh Sv PU 3. z u[P

PkP (Mixed Forest) GflUPk.
Bsk x AvP zu, J]
_ 2,500 mhUS E[P \[P mk Psk
P PU Sx |x Pnk. C[S Ch[P \zvUP, P fl
u[P S, u[SuS u[P z u[P (Desert Vegetation)
H F] fl CP . G, Gfl. wP Cvfl hS Sv
C[PU Psh PkP "F]U PkP' u zv CPz u[P
(Coniferous Forest) Gk.
PnkQfl.
_ 4,000 mhUS Ezv Ahu CPz u[Pz u Cv
iu C[S u[P uP Pnk Cfl ] Pz u \x |z
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Evzx mk x z ufl. CzuP |zu[P P{v, Pu, Qn {v
u[PU Psh PkP "Cv PkP' PP[P, Aufl & |UP wPfl
(Deciduous Forests) Gfl. Cv CUPkP PP[P PnkQfl.
"U PkP' Gfl AUPkQfl. CvU PkP PP
Cvfl uUPn h, Sz uha] INDIAN FORESTRY POLICY
Pfl QUSa \ Axu
P }sh PP PkP PP
uflS UP sh PP
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CSv Cv u[P |x. 1894 uP PkP PP Esk. Cx
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Cu C Aizvfl S PPfl UQ A\[P xP PkP
Sv Cv PkP E. ufl S zu BS. Cufl {UP[P :
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s Cx P uUS, C` \flmiz vU
\, \, \u, [Q fl Cv Pnu.
u[PP E. (2) CP zu xPzu.
306 307
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(3) s A, BP, HP uUP[

Pfl i SvP ]uP Pmk
kzxu.
(4) Cufl SvP uu
PhP SvP n kPfl S
Fkz ukzu.
Cxufl {' G
(5) Phzu \PU PkP vmh[Pfl w \x
UPkPfl AvPzu.
zu |zv
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mPfl u |zv \u, FP
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uP zv \u. J uh
(7) {mkz ua \vUS P PkPfl
Ezvz v AvPzu. P .
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flkzu FUSzu, zvS {fl Azu zufl.
Hh Pqu. G[P zu }[P
(9) PkPfl {UP[P | PP Gkzxa \ ix, h!
S UP, sP vmku A G[P Eh!
CflU PkPfl u
Azu[PU Szu. }[P J u
\u, u \u,
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PP P ] UP PkP E[P
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: UP uP Qmh CUPzv PkPU Cx Gfl C, uS;
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Cx G[P Afl Bz
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A AvPzxmhx. P[Pa \, Sz, Exx.
g\, ufl uflv SvP A G[P uu.
flu PkPfl _h Cv.
308 309
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[P mhmh sqUS CUS PmiP |[PU SzuPUS GkUS

CUS, ua\zx fl }UP mk | HP SuP Gfl. Aua
k. PkP Ax u Bsku 1.5 \iPUQh SuPUSz u
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GsoUPUS S [P {hsk zu | 17 UPmk SvP
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x PUP {x A_ \mh[P
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310 311
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s
CkV UiLs
fl Pnk Pa] z
xPP B h "s' Gk. so
uxmP, UQ u[P, UjUP
fl E.
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u[S \Uv S. n u a]US Hu. TPm 4.2
312 313
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n CUS SP CUS n {mP uUP zxU Pu, P\ s

ufl {flS . \US, v fl [P EzvUS Hx. zv, P, P,
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314 315
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Pmk P' Gfl. \|zv snz _vk

ukUP , \i, PiP UP sk.
[P mh xP u, Afl P I. \ hz uukUP
sn CP izxU P } sn 1. AvP E u\zv
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P AhP 1. _______ PkP 1,000 x 2,000 m E
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ukzx s[PU Pufl A]zu \z vS Hx C.
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316 317
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6. hSz uUPn h _______ s P

Pn kQflx.
III. fl zxP
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2. } Qfl Sv E CPz u[P

mikP.

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AS & V : Cv P
h 5
P, En xP
P {UP[P
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u[P A v zu.
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En Pfl PP Qfl. Pfl Ch[P Gv . v PP,

PPUP UPfl En UPUP[P PP, Gsn zxUP u
kQfl. sh `| UTi PS.
Cv fl |zu[PU Psh P x a\P, zv P\ s
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320 321
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hh SvP EhUQx. G CSv

{ \SiUS Hx.
QUSU PhPa \ u{k, Bv
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mh Ba] | AUPmhx. Bkx 27 TPm 5.1

322 323
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(ADT 27), 50 (ADT 50) fl { PP E[PUSz u?

C|zvfl Psk iPS. C { Pv
S, |zv \u sn |u Pa \Si
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324 325
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uUPn hfl Sv P{hP } P u[PUThx. Pa

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326 327
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P, uz u P \m \ Ax g\,
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330 331
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En BS. Cx {mifl En Ezv En mP E G. Cx KsiS

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332 333
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Ck [P (INPUT SUBSIDIES) PmiS \zxU Psk mP

] h[PP, En mPfl Es QhUP siUSU QhUP
P \Qfl. A U PmiSU
H UPfl [S vUS H |n \
R EUSU QhUP si \PP
kQflx. A\[P En u[Pfl zxU PQfl. Cu A\[Pzvfl
KSU Szx PmkmiS |vU S SUS {UPzuk, En
z xx. Aux s UPfl En mP [S \z uP
u[Pfl J SvU Pu \Qfl SuPP x UPUS [S fl
AQ \u SvP u[Pfl |n A A\[P Tmh six.
SP Ex G. Cua \UPmk xP, ua \ Gflx u[PU
P, APUS sz uh E, Pu \uS BS \ Su
}fl\Uv, } fl uPP P (MSP), En Pfl
[PkQflx. Cx Cu A Pu, USzx BQS
{Q ufl UQflx. BS \ flPS. ua \
TkuP CuS UQU Pn \PP
AvPi }a_u } u[S | Ezu Su P fl AvP
, AvPi Eku Ez ufl EnU PPzvfl v ]
Hkzxuk so \zx SUP \kPS. Cuufl, U
ku, iP sofl \zx Sx kQflx. PmiS UPfl [Sx (Issue
z uP AvPP [P mk Th A_ price), U PmiSU R E UPfl
uk QhUPuu sz uh U Pmi AvP Ex. Aux
uPa \a \ C s APfl (APL) [S vUS P Ex.
Ezv Sx Qflx. Cu x|P x
P \Qflx. x|P [P
[S (ISSUE RICE) [Pk mP ] \[P uUS
{mk UP u |fl Ai Eu, AP UP AqSQfl
h C P UP. Jfl U UPUS vv Cfl UP
PmiS R EP (Below Poverty Line - BPL) ux U PhP [Suz
fl U PmiS EP (Above uzx PhP, \uP [S uS
Poverty Line - APL). En mPfl |P flQfl. \unU PhP u
x Smh C US H |n mP QhUP uk PU Su
\kQflx. G, Cu AS, Tku AS Th
\fl TuS C Gfl, U [SuS Av Azxx.
Pmi Ak \a \huu, \uz u
Es U PmiSU RUS
kmk Qfl. Axmk, U x|P QhUP
PmiS US ] u U mP, U PmkUSU R E
334 335
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UPfl En mPfl u _ 25 \PU PUP [Pa \u

U Pmi mk zv \Qflx. U E\Pzxhfl flu sk. uP u
PmiS E PhPx mP ~mzvfl Pa ]P C[Q
SvP [Su uP AvPUQfl Gfl uzuh fl Eu s UP
T. Su Pu AU Pmi ux Ezv mP vvk
AvPP CUS m\zv Aufl P \ iQflx. "" Pmk '' (Crop
E | Ex. Czunzv H UP Insurance Scheme) Akzumh S s
vS EmkQfl. UP CPfl ^zvx PUS P
ES En [S vmh (Food-for-work A\[P APUS Pmk \u uP fl
scheme) Sv HU PQflx. CUPmkz
H UPfl [S v (Purchasing Power) vmhzu En u[P |[PUS
AvPUPa \ {UPk, EUS H Ch AuP uh, [P,
UPUS T En u[P Hv, |[PUS Ezu PhflP (Institutional
Credit), zuPU PhflP BQS Cu uhP
[PkQfl. Czvmh Gvzu A
Gfl T. zv A_ En G uzumh. Cu uh o
uzvS HP, |[P |vUS Ezv AS ~Pfl AS
HS G Gv UPmhx. B E mi \\uk, Pa\
|[Pfl |vUS PnPz uh[P mP EQv vU Pu,
Hmkx. |[P Czvmhzv \uPP E SvP Ezv \ Avzu
Cfl Akzu BUP Gfl T. flP {hkzu kQfl.
xP (Suggested Recommendation) PUS En (FOOD-FOR-EDUCATION)

C[Q En [S [P P |[P, SP, P

v \mi, Ph fl nPfl GsoUP AvPUPa
Rzu \P uzx AvPa \ \, Gz u Quzu
BP, u u[P [SuS \uQuP AvPUPa \ {UPzuk PUS
Ezvu AUS Ch[PUS [S Enz vmh \ kzumk Qflx.
[P u A]S. x[S (PDS) HPUS
APfl zvP En uP
[Pa \u uh oP AmhP (Food Coupon) [PkQfl.
(Futures Market and Free Trade)
{ A\[P Q P,
ux {h E
UPfl x {UPP |v Eu \Qflx.
Su P uUS Emh sk.
Aufli Q UP {huUS APfl
AiUPi Hk zvz ukUP, EP EnU TflPk n
vv Cx Cx ] PkUPkQflx.
336 337
 www.kalvisolai.com

s Ezv AvPUPa \u _vk

(Enhancing Agriculture Productivity)
I. \ hz uukUP
A\[Px, s uh \v
UP AvPUP, P UPUS 1. m]
Phu AUP, {z u~m[P
UP, | mh A En A. { B. P
Ezv ufl| a \uS |v Eu C. PP D. Px
AUQflx. UQ En P {
2. wP Cv { AvPP Ezv \
Px mkx \uP |P
|
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FUSzx Qflx. sUS A. Bv u\ B. P{hP
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flS, umh |vEu \ 3. ug\ mhzv E { Ba]
kQflx. Su A En Ezv \Qfl
uzv, u[Pfl uh oP A. SPn B. ug\
Qhu, Q[P C. Bkx D. {\
ux | Sx Qflx 4. P{hPzv P AvP Ezv \ |
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A. B. si
Ix BskP AP\ PTh PkUPkQx.
BP Cvx J Smh PPkS C. ` D. u
En xPz vmhzvfl J Eflu 5. \n AvPP |
| |a\P Ah Gflv ]x
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C. J\ D. S [P
P AhP
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x P v QP.
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kzvz ux PQfl. 3. u{mi Ll [m UX _________
3. s nP s
z ux PQfl. 4. Ut YeL[jp RX ALm NTf Nnm
T Bm.
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338 339
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III. fl zxP
1. P && Ezv u\
2. P && P{hP
3. Px && zv u\
4. B && Bv u\
5. PP && C\ u\
&& P
IV. _UPP hUP
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1. u{mi { \Si \ .
2. LUf NT \]m TPlTm
TYeL[m, TL[m Tt Y.
3. Cv P UPUS
P E Gflu .

VI. \ ]P

1. Cv | hzv J s
SUP (uzu | hzv
\x {x).

340
 www.kalvisolai.com

AS VI : uP[P
h 6
Cvz uP[P

P {UP[P
1. n { {mifl u flzv
u\Pfl [Q Au.
2. n {{mifl u\P
x P.
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ux P.
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flP Ax P.
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a]US EuQfl Gfluz ux
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B. ufl Cflu Aihz uP
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P \vP |uuP, _
x US UPuP, Bh UPuP
U PuS Aihz uPz u
uP \vP ukQfl. Au,

341
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vvP UP AhuS mh Cv QhUS mPfl Ai

\vP ukQfl. C G vmh h uP fl PPP UP.
u {hiUPP P kQfl. 1. ux mP \u uP[P
Ezvz u\P Gfl u 2. Pmk mP \u uP[P
{hiUP Pa\ mP (raw materials)
3. \ mP \u uP[P
P (finished product) \S. {P
u miS, uxfl uxmP \u uP
fl ux fl uP Ex.
Auufl EQ ] , a] Cv Pnk P mP
Ahu a] Ahx PsiUS fl PPP UP (h 6.1). A :
{kP Azx u[Pfl [P 1. EPU P[P (Metalic minerals)
kzvz u a]z xukzx Qfl.
2. EPuU P[P (Non-metalic minerals)
J mhzvfl ux {hiUPPUS
BuP Cx A[S CP [PS. 3. G [P (Fuel resources)
u\Pfl A[S [Pfl
zx AQflx. Cv EPU P[P
[P |u J {hS. C, Cv P EPU P[P
ux xP C. AuSU PnkQfl. A Czux, [P_,
Pn u\PUSz u u[P, u, , A BQ {x
mPfl ^ Pnku. u uzv x UQzx Qfl.
{hiUPPUSz uz ux mPfl Cz ux [P_ {mifl u a]US
Cv Smh SvP \x P Cflu. Cv P, J\,
Pnkx ShzuUP JflS. S [P BQ |[P EPuxUP
uP[P SvPU PnkQfl. SP, Cu
J {mih u {hiUPPUS |[P Cz ux, [P_ AvP
BuP Cx A{mi QhUP A QhUQfl P{hP |zv
[P. Khzvfl u flzvS A[S P u[P mi GkUP mhx. ux
QhUS Pa\mPfl Ezv x x QhUPuu u[Pa _[P[P
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s Pfl Ezv BQfl Umk u{mi AvP A QhUQflx.
^ J ] Smh Sv mk C, [P_ BQ uxUP P, J\
\x PnkQflx. G, u {hiUP S [Pzv, u[P P{hPzv
P Afl UP kQfl. A u{mi QhUQfl.
342 343
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EPuU P[P
P, _snUP, \ BQP
EP u uxUPS. P, _snUP
BQ u a]US x EuQfl.
Cfl EPu uxUP Bv,
Cufl, u{k zvu\ fl
|[P mi kUPkQfl.
G [P
|UP, m, CP BQ
UQ G [PS. J {mifl
u flzv G [P UQ
[S QU Qfl. u xfl xu a]US
m mP x EuQfl.
Csifl ufl GP [S
Cm A\, Pi BQ
|[P SvP Ezv \kQflx.
u {mi P hh Sv P m
PskiUP mkx. Cvfl \Uv [P
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u 67 UPk (Afl\Uv u
Emh) |UP zv \kQx.
Cvfl u a] |UPfl [S
P UQuS. P, J\, S [P
Bvu\ BQ |[P |UP
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fl J P |UP u {mi
{ mi kUPkQflx.
|UP P, J\, S [P, Bv
BQ |[P, m A\, Pi,
u{k u |[P SvPU
TPm 6.1
QhUQfl.
344 345
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xP, EPz uxUP, G

[P J[P QhUS SvP u
{hiUPP P ]x [SQfl.
GkzxUPmhP P, J\ S [P
Eh[Q ux UP mhzv PPz
u\P A .
PPz uP[P
PPz uP[P Jfl C GLSz
u\, {mifl u a] P
UQ JflS. C & GLS BP P,
J\ S [P |[P
|mk. C&GLS BP u
x xzx
|QUPkQfl (h 6.2).
P, xP, , P, m,
zvv, \, \Pmi, m BQ
Ch[P C&GLS uP[P E.
hmh C&GLS | (TISCO)

Cv 1907& m { hmh
Gfl C&GLSz uP P E
m |mhx. Cx uflu
u x |mh A
C&GLSz uPS. Cx Cv
C&GLSz uPzvS zyflx G
(h 6.3). C&GLSz u\US uk
UQ mP C, |UP BS.
C Csk P mP Gflu,
u\P CUS SvPUSU Psk \
USzxa \P AvPS. G Cuz
uuPP C&GLSz uP[P xP TPm 6.2
Czux mikUPk SvUS AQ
346 347
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Ax |UP mikUPk SvUS

AQ AUPkQfl.
C |UPz u [P_,
_snUP, hm fl ux mP
C&GLS EzvUSz ukQfl. hmh
C&GLSz uP m
xUPmhuS UQ PnP Cu :
1. Czux P J\ |[P
\

Cx QhUQflx.
2. |UP uu zuUS Sv QhU
Qflx.
3. [P_, P, hm J\
QhU Qfl.
4. {mifl SvPhfl m C
si u CnUPmkx.
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FvzvS uP HPU
QhUQfl.
6. uP[P uPUSz
u kP BQ PmkuS H
\|SvP C[S E.
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_nP (Subarnarekha) Bx
kQflx.
CzuP \uP `| m
C&GLSz uP |mk Ax fl
{flS a]hxx.
Cx C |UP QhUS
SvP C & GLSz uP[P xUPmk
a] . CPfl Ahzv
TPm 6.3 Cv hzvfl Euhfl ux P.

348 349
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Cv[P C&GLS mPU Psk 2. Sz uha] Sv C

uUPkQfl. B Cv[PU Psk [P SvP Qfl. Cu wP
u mP uUPkQfl. Cv C mP SvPU
P Pmku, BP [P u, Pnk Qfl.
P[P u, Aa ]Qa\U PP
u fl uS a]US 3. PkP [Px uUPk
PnP Ax C&GLSz uP[ U TU Psk PQu uUP
PS. kQflx. u{k, Pi, S
S [Pzv ]zug\fl Gflhzv [P, zv u\ BQ |[P
uUPk C Gg]flP u{mi PQuz uP[P SvP E. zv
Gflhzv uUPk C u\zv E { {P \vzu
miP EP . PQuz uP A xx.
Cv G [P |UP, 4. PkPx k AUS, S
m BQ AihPU Psk fl mP sm uuS
Gsn _zvP |[P, m & flkQfl. C u
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mP \u uP[P a] . kQfl. PkPx k J]
Cv Pa\ Gsn CUSv \mk mP Si\z uPfl a]US
_zvPUPmk Qflx. Gufl Gsn
BuP E.
_zv P |[P xP[PUS AQ
A x. _zvPUPmh Gsnx S \ mP \u uP[P
Pz uSvPUS AkQflx. uP[PUS si Pa\
PmkmP \u u\P mP s Px kQfl.
Cv CPz u[P x A ] U Ps.
k huP Ex. P PkP \UP BP
E. AP x k mP Ezvu\, u{k, Bvu\ BQ
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mP mk uP[Pfl a] hkQflx. Px \UP Ezv
UQzx Qfl Gflu UP. \ \UP BP {mi PU
1. PkPx QhUS [P PnkQfl. C Afl
Pmih[P Pmh uP[P Ezvu\, u{k BQ SvPU
Pmh, a\flP \uS fl PnkQflx.
kzukQfl.
zv {\P
350 351
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zv hk SvP zv zu E 1,551 uP PP 17 PP
{\P a] . SP, \hx uPU Pshmkx.
zv {\P \x Pn HUS 1,266 uP PP
kQfl. _UPmkmk \vP |.
u 130 uP PP \hu PnP
zv {\P
hmkmh.
zv {\P uflu ufl
AUPmh. fl fl|Sv (hinterland) zv _U Pmkmk , | _U
zv uS EPuuP Ex. zv Pmkmk [Phfl Px B]zx,
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Qhu, u a]USz u ] Pmkkzu u ] Gkzx Qflx. AP :
sP \uPP Axu, C[S (Sz), ][P (Ezvu\), P,
{\P AvP GsoU P a] Cm, {Ph (zv u\), iU (A\),
. C[S | Du UP P|, ua\ (J\), zv (P{hP), P (S
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Pzy ""u{mifl fl\h'' G
AUP kQflx.
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uP, \UP, E, J[Qnu C GLS Cz u P {\P mk
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uP, C\ E, a]UP BQP AuP \uP `|P |
xz uP, u uk uP, SvP A. ]
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EUSu, u EUSu A uP Cv a] .
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352 353
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E[PUSz u? UPUS | HkzvQfl. Au

UPfl UP GuQflx. APx U Pz
Cv ] u EsP 2002 & 03 u EQflx. ux flzvfl
* zu E{mk Ezv (Gross National Product) P USzx, E{mk o, \u\
5.7 UPk xx. o fl xP fl Hmk
* \ u]P (Cellular Phones) 1998& Ex. {P[Pfl GsoUP {US { Q
1.0 P Cx ux 17 xhfl {mifl u] Q
flPP Ex. Qflx. xP fl Hhz
uP[P x xnQfl.
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flPP Cx Cfl 51 flPP uP[P & SP a]
Ex. uP Ezv A (Index of Industrial
Production (IIP)) |U Ti 2000 &01
* mkU PhflP 1998& 186,000 fl
uP[P SP a] Pnmh.
PP Cx ux 810,000 fl
uhx 2001&02 AvPa \hfl
PP x.
SP a] Pnmhx. Ezv
* {x {mifl A|a \oa \ 90 mPfl Hv, Aih \vPUSz
fl hPP Ex B] u Ezv \ uP[P
flx \PU PukQflx. a] Quzv SPz v Psk.
* \h 2003& PPfl SP uP[Pfl a] 2001&02 (H & i\)
Ex 13 UPmk a]U 2.3 UPhPU Sxx. Cu PU
Pmix. Pmhzv v h uP[Pfl a]
* \fl h (2001 & 02) Buz x (Out 5.8 UPhP Cux ShzuUPx. C h
sourcing Sector) mk 160,000 v u 9 u[P Pshmh uP a]
o|P EUPmk. Phu 10 h[Pfl a] PU S
uS. zv, uk \v,
P E{mi, {mi uP AvP
{mifl u flzvS uP[ Cu Pn[P, uP[Pfl a]
P UQ Pn. PPz uP, {\z u Hmkx. uha] AvP mi
uP Cu uPfl a] Quzu, Aih \vPfl uhP,
E S. uP[Pfl a] | u US
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\k Gsn mP (Finished uP[Pfl SP a] Azx
Products) UPfl UP flkzumk UQ P PsPoUPmk Qflx.
354 355
 www.kalvisolai.com

H & i\ 2000& Ezv fl a] 6 3. P{hP u[PP E Sv

U PhP Cux. B 2001&, Au
A. ` B. P
PPmhzv a] 2.4 UPhPU Sxx.
fl\ Ezv H & i\ 2001& a] 2.7 C. [P D. si
UPhPU Sxx. Cu PPmhzv 2000& 4. SvP Um Ezv \ |
uP a] 4.8 UPhP Cux. P[P
mi Gkv 2001& (H & i\) Ezv A. Bv u\ B. P
a] 1.1 UPhPU Sux. B 2000& C. g\ D. u{k
(H & i\) Ezv a] 4.4 UPhP
5. B] P AUS BP E
Cux.
w
P AhP
A. Aufl w B. |P w
1. uP[Pfl Cfl
nP Ax PQfl. C. m\zw D. P w
2. uP[Pfl Ah sP II. Pimh Ch[P |P
nP ux PQflP.
1. u{mi |UP Ezv \
3. n, n P[Pfl Sv______
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PQfl. 2. m QhUS hCv |
___________
4. uPfl fl |P n
nP ux PQfl. 3. P, J\ S [P BQ
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1. ]zug\fl && zv {\
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A. uu zuUS B. zv zuUS 4. { {P && C mi B
C. {u zuUS, D. uv zuUS 5. && Aa_UPQu B
356 357
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IV._UPP hUP

1. Cv UQ fl P uP[P
?
2. Cv Pnk UQ uxmP
?
3. PPz uP[P Gu u a]US
EuQfl?
4. PkPx k UQ mP
?
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kQfl?
V. h uP

1. hmh C&GLS B Aa \uPP Cu

Pn[PU TP.
2. Pmk mP \u uP[P
P Gu.
VI. \ ]

Cvhzv uP[P PkzvU

SUP.

358
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AS VII : Pmk[P \P
h 7
Pmk[P \P
P {UP[P
1. n J {mifl UPzu E
\P Gu UQzx Qfl
Gfluz ux P.
2. n J {mifl a] USzx
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C |u {hP Cfl A{k
fl Ahx P Pi. J {mih
UPzu Euufl A{mifl
J. UPzu E sk {mifl
359
 www.kalvisolai.com

\v UP Psk. J {mih Cv USzv C USzx,

a], flzv A{mi \USzx, }USzx
\P [S QUQfl. J {mifl fl USzx BQ Aih
USzx \vP, P, { n[P BS.
mk\v BQ \P A{mifl a]
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J {mifl \P USzx, P, B] Cvufl C
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EP u {kPhfl u ~mz Cv C ux 9 sh[PP
x mik Cv UPfl UPz UPmk, x |QUPmk
u EuuP C. Cv _uv Qflx (h 7.1).
Ahx Izux BskPUS QTh
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EzxuS Cv A\[P ]P Cu sh u{P
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Qflx GU T PPx. 3. hUS C sh xh
4. hQUS C sh PU
USzx
5. hQUS G Sv sh Pfl
J {mih a], flzv
USzx xPP AQflx. 6. uflP C sh \fl
{mih USzvS, |zu 7. ufl zv C sh \Pvz
AS {[Q uh Ex. xP, 8. ufl QUS C sh PPzu
\ SvP USzx \v Ahzv
UPuP, h Pkh 9. S C sh &
SvP USzx a] u | \aPm
E. USzx Cn Afl a] Cv C USzx uflu 1833&
BUPmhx. uflu C USzx
UPfl AvP US PnQflx.
US uS Ch CUPmhx.
360 361
 www.kalvisolai.com

Cufl zu n y 34 Q.mh mk BS.

B u\ Cv C USzx
a] x. C ux fl
PP UPmkx.
1. APfl Cu (Broad gauge)
2. mh A Cu (Meter gauge)
3. SQ Cu (Narrow gauge)
ux mh A Cu, SQ
Cu APfl C uPP
mk Qfl. Azx C
uP 2004&B BsiSP APfl C
uPP \ vmhhmkx.
Cv fl UQ {P[PUS Ch AvP
CP hmk. AvP CP xu
CPfl PzvU Pmi AvP
PhuS. Cu CP CuS
H \vPk En, \vzu
\vP . u{mi CP
AvP CP SP \flUS PUS
Ch, \flUS `US Ch,
\flUS xhUS Ch h
mk. CP CP \uv AvP C
Gfl AUPkQfl. x hUS
US Ch \ AvP CP,
u KhUTi As C\u
C u] \v \uS A_ x
]zx Qflx.
Cv C \mh 1994 u AvP
C n \ oPUSU
Pmkzvmh APkzvx. Aufli,
CP, C |[P E KP,
TPm 7.1. shPU PP, flv \h[P BQ
362 363
 www.kalvisolai.com

Ch[P {h Pl flP, Ssk } USzx

i, BQ vUPk
oPUS Cu Pmkz vmh uP Cvfl flmk zuPzv }u
Ex. USzx P \uPP Ex. \USU
PPfl | {kPh Cv
\ USzx 15&x Chzv Qflx. Cv
C USzxhfl Jkx \ xP[P, ] xP[P zu 48
USzx Azx Si SvP E. xP[P Azx zv A]fl
CnU Qflx. \P, AP |Pzvfl R E (h 7.2).
flkzuk uflfl Aih Psm, , P, [P
PP UP AP : Pa] xP BQ SU PhP
1.{hu P Pzu, w \Pmin, \fl
2.siu yzxUSi BQ QUSU PhP
Ax.
3.Pmh \
4.ua\ USzx
5.APfl \ (100 Aia \). fl USzvfl a], u
{P[P UQ \P APfl y SvPUSU Su {zv \ iQflx.
\PP E. fl USzvfl a] EP P
{P[P Pnk Su USzx _[Qx. GkzxUPmhP, J o P
{\z uUS P [P, _[P En Cv, v En x, C
uP Pmhmk. mh u En C[Qv Esq AS
{P[P, mh \P, | u{P[P fl US zx xx. Cv
| {kg\P CnUPmk. fl USzx 1930& APkzumhx.
ux "H Cv' "Cvfl Hfl'
u] {kg\P zv A\, | BQ |[P fl USzv
{kg\P mh {kg\P
|QUQfl. H Cv | \u\ A,
BQ | A\ |QUPkQfl.
Cvfl Hfl | E {mkUS
\ nzv P o fl USzv CUQ Qfl.
PUP | A_ | USzxU PP Cvfl Hfl AQ {, C[P,
xP CUQ Qflx. Cu xP ][P fl {kPUS ux \
Azx {P[P Q[P CnU kzvx. ux xzx |[
Qfl. Pz u u |[P E{mkUS
364 365
 www.kalvisolai.com

fl USzv CUQ Qfl.

Cv E UQ {P[PUQh u
fl USzx CUPmk Qflx.
{{mi ], A |[P
E. flmk |[P J {zv
[P R C[SuS, kuS
H P \vP \mk. C[S
oPUP \vPhfl Ti K
AP Pmh.
\fl, , PPzu, h, vu
, [P, uz BQ {{mi
UQ flmk |[PS (h
7.3).
P
USzvS AkzuiP UQ \PU
Pukx PS. J {k G CP
[P P flu[Q
CUS A{k flhx Pi.
G P Gflx {mih flzvS
UPzu ES Aizu JflS.
Cv fl AvP UPmuP Psh
{kP AUS P Sx
Gflx P Pi JflS. Gufl, Cv
A_ P PPfl GsoUP
AvPUP ] \xQflx.
Cv A] A flzufl
Cvfl P EUPmkx. Cv
_uv fl P iiP AvP
fl Ahx Qflx. P a]UP
u] PU PPx 1968&B Bsk
AP kzumhx. Cufl P P
TPm 7.2 |[Pfl GsoUP AvPzux. Q[P
366 367
 www.kalvisolai.com

CkV AihU P \v Qx. {k x J

v, uU P [SuP
Tu]h U] XVeLs
Azx ]P GkUP mk. C
|v US Q UP BQ
P a]US uh AQfl.
1986&B Bsk Akzumh v PU
PPx, Pfl a]US UQ ysk
PP Aux. Pfl u, \ P
, SuP kzv P BQ
zu mh. v P
u] Jk BQ
UQ CUSPP zu mh. u\
zv | A\[P Cnx P
|P uha \vP UP Ch
QuUS , {hkzv x.
PP SUP AUPmk AP
Q mh A AUPmk P
a]US vmhku, \kzxu
\x Qfl.
A\[Px s PUP u
vmh[Pz uzxx. uzumh UPUS,
UPUS P u
P ]P P kQfl.
\U P [P Q[P
{P[P \ mk Qfl. u\
A[P SuPfl P AvP P
\zv Qfl. u ]P
Psk u P PS Azx
Cv UPUS QhUP Gfl T.
Tu]h U] C {x A\[P h 2000&
XVeLs AUS PPS QhUP
P \x.
AUS P QhUS P zv
A]fl u mk Aa\P, u] P
TPm 7.3 Ba] ]U S, | B] P
368 369
 www.kalvisolai.com

Ba] ] CUP, mh B] P Cv A\[P {P

] | BQP ] ]P Psk Qflx. zx
Pa \x Qfl. u]U PU P, uP[P, Ba _Pu |[P,
PPx 1992&B Bsk sk xn [P BQ ]Pa \
xUPmhx. Cufli, | P Qfl. J Bsk, {P \v
J v +2 P {k x AP UP Q Qfl. Phu Ix
BskP x zxz x Cv
kzumhuk J vz u P
] J a] x.
Akzumh.
mk \v
u] A, ] u APfl
u 1991& AUPmh S "Sum\ {mifl UPmuP Q uP
UPh u P AvPzx Qflx.
P' (minimum levels of learning) Gfl v P
u zv \ En ~P
APkzvx. S G mPfl Ezvx AvPUPmk
SuPUS u Azxz vflP Qflx. CuS vmh[P
sk Gflu CUPPfl \kzumk Qfl.
UQ {UPS. BU P uh Aihz uP Jfl
hha \uPP Czvmh Eh. vmh[Pfl A_
Pskmhx. UPUS Eu Qflx. GkzxUPmhP, u{k
{ A_, Si\ zvfl SiUP
Cv A] \mhzvfli P iu UPUS k Pmiz uQflx.
{ UQ Aih ES. J u{k mk \v x un
\P AP {US SUS n U Psk J
\P \ufl BUQ SUS H kPmiz uQflx.
\uv EUP i. {S Cx, zv A_ UPUS k
PmizuQflx.
Ah zxP Gzu kUP \v
Ex Gflu. P Q[P, {P[P A_z vmh[Pfl Pmhk kPz
UPUS G Si} u, u QhUPUTi mPU
Psk u[Pfl `|US H P
[PkQflx Gflxufl Gfl EPa _Pu kPU PmkQfl. xP, Pmhk kP
| TQflx. `| miP kQfl.
{S, uua _Pu, _a SvP kP PU Psk Pmh
_Pu P A]S. Ci kQfl. C[S kP Psni \flP
A_zu[P \x Au QPfl vS zukQfl. Pn SvP
UP BP {k. Cv Q AUS CUS zvU PuPP,
g\zxP, {Pm]P, m]P, {Pm]P a\zvPP Psni \flP zu
BQP _Puzu xPUS kQfl. u\ Su \ u Pmh
. k kPUS A\[P Euuk
370 371
 www.kalvisolai.com

[SQflx. C CP mk \vP 2. B] P Ahzv USzx

AUS QhUP Gfl T. \v {k
mk \v zu, {P[P A. ^ B. fl
US UP hPP
C. Cv D. ]
E. C[S \ K {h hP
US Ch[P Aih \vPTh 3. Cv uflu x[Pmh C
C Cfl UP x Qfl. siu
""GUS mk\v'' Gfl {UP {h A. & u B. &
Cfl | Gfl T. UPUS
C. & h D. & \fl
SiUS k Ax mh Cu \vP
P, { fl Azx Axk. 4. EP {kPh USzv
P v, { Pv {hzx Cv A]fl USzx
Dkh SUS. Ax \uu P |
Gflx, \uu Eh{ Pzu Gflx A. H Cv B. Cvfl Hfl
PP A.
C. m H D. u H
P AhP
5. ] u AP EUPmh v
1. USzvfl \ P a] |
nP ux PQfl. P
A. Sum\ P B. v PU PP
2. Pfl Cfl nP
ux PQfl. C. BU P D. E|UP
II. Pimh Ch[P |P
3. v PU PPfl CUSP
Ax PQfl. 1. J {mifl AP sk,
4. mk \v miP Pmk UPh _________ Esk.
vmh[P ux PQfl. 2. J {mi A \P UPfl
5. uua _Pu, _a _Pu { UPzu E mkfl, UPfl
S P A] Gflu nP _________US P.
ux PQfl. 3. u si GflUPk AvP
_ vk C si _________ |zv KkQflx.
I. \ hz uukUP 4. xP Cvfl G _________ CnU
1. USzx \vP \x Pnk Sv Qflx.
A. h B. \ 5. [P xP _________ PhP A
C. SflSv D. zuUS x.

372 373
 www.kalvisolai.com

III. fl zxP
1. zv Cv &&- PU
2. QUS Cv &-& \fl
3. hQUS && Uh
4. uS && PPzu
5. uS zv && Pfl
&& \Pvz
IV. _UPP hUP
1. Cv fl USzv |QUS
A_ |[P ?
2. Cvfl v u]U PU PPfl
SUPP ?
3. Guu A_ |[P AUS
BUP QhuS ] Gkzx
Qfl?
4. "Sum\ P' A Gfl Gfl?
5. {PP A\[P Psk
]P ?
V. h uP
1. Cvfl Huu \ .
2. mk\v AvPUPa \ Cv A\[P
Psk ]P .

VI. \ ]P
1. Cv hzv UQ USzxz uh[P
SUP.
2. Cvfl P flzvPP wmhmk
vmh[P [Pa \PUP.

374
 www.kalvisolai.com

AS VIII : Cvfl UP
h 8
u[P
P {UP[P
1. n u P UQ
Gflu G UPmuP
PnUQhkQflx Gfluz ux
Pu.
2. n UP Ahzv
Ax Pu.
3. n UPhzvfl Aih G
mh[P UPkQfl Gfluz ux
Pu.
4. n zvfl UQzxzu Enx
Pu.
5. n {mifl UP zv kzu
GkzxU P si P Ax
Pu.
{ Qfl EPx CP
[P PshuS. EQ E [P
u P UQ S. EQ
^S AkzuiP Cshx AvP
UPmuP {k CvS. u
{mifl P \zuP Cuv,
UPmuP P AvPP ( [Ph)
Ex {mifl a]U ShzuUP
A vUS.
^P uaua \zuPU Pv
APfl GsoUP AvPUSx
375
 www.kalvisolai.com

fl |USz ukP {mi u a], P, _Pu,

Gflu Enx, UPmuP UPzvU mk\v, Cu\vP a]
Pmkkzuz wP Dkmk. Av K u UPfl UPUSz u
UP GsoUPU Aihz uP zv \mk
Szx. Cv A_ UP uPU Qfl.
Pmkkzu ]P \x ShzuUP UPmuPU PnUPk
A x. {mifl UPmuP, a]fl Ai
{mifl vmh[P uPfl u h GvP UPmuPfl GsoUPU
|zv \x UP BUQPP PnUQh C. Cufl Aih vmh[P wmi
uSz vmhh kS. UPfl {, \kzxx GuP C Gflu {mifl
Ax uP |zv \kx Gfl UPm uP PnUPk Gflx (Census) {mifl
CP [Pa \x. u P a]US P Cflu JflS.
AvPP UTix. B UPmuPU PnUPk (Census) Gflx UPfl
CP [P wx PUTi. UPUSz GsoUP \P, u |Pfl
uk [Pfl u AvPUS x, [PS.
a]z vmh[P \kzxx A UPmuP [P zx
x PU PiS. SP, P h[PUS J PnUQhkQfl. EQ
PP x Cvfl a]US G {kP UPmuPU
uhP Ex. Cvfl P UP uP PnUPkUQfl. \fl 1991&B Bsifl
a]. G, GvP UPfl uU PnUPkfli Cvfl UPmuP 846.3
PnUQmk, zv \ {mifl [Pa fl. 2001&fl PnUPkfli 1,027
flPP Ex EQfl Cshx AvP
\P flkzv Au xPUP
UPm uP Psh {hP {x {k [SQflx.
UPmuP [P P
Azv]Qfl. UPmuP
Cv 3.28 fl \.Q.mh | Cv UPmuP fl Aih
fl mh[PP UP (h 8.1). AP :
EQfl Hx {hPz vPQflx.
UP uPfl Aih, Cx Cshx 1. AvP UP \u SvP
{hS. _uv Ahuvx \{Pa 2. u UP \u SvP
\uU PP fl {mifl a] 3. Su UPmuP E SvP
{US vmh[P FUSUQflx.
Czvmh[P {x P u |v
AvP UP \u Ch[P
Bu[Pfl flzv \Pa \ Cv s u AvP \ Sv
kzumk Qfl. Cu P, AvP UPmuP E SvP UP
376 377
 www.kalvisolai.com

{UP AvP PnkQflx. s u

CkV UdLhRL \ SvP UPhzv ufl
[SQfl. P[Pa \|[P, PhPa
\P UP {UP Ahx Pnk
Qflx. Cu fl wP Cv P,
Pu, Qn, P{v i| SvP UP
{UP Ahx PnkQflx. AvP
, sh sq Eu
PhPa \|[P s u {flS
{hQflx. G, QUSU PhPa
\P AvP UP \x.
P[Pa \P Ax Ezvu\,
P, S [P, h zvu\ BQ
|[ P UPm\ AvP PnkQflx.
QUSU PhPa \P Bv u\zv
AvP UP {UP PnkQflx.
u UP \x SvP
wP Cv E|[P |
YeL[ P sh P|, Su sq
s uU Sz uhP E.
CSvP m]z u[PU Ti u[P
\kQfl. P\ s E SvP
zv hku, zv z ukUS
uP a] CSv \
USQfl. Cu CSvP UP Ahx
PnkQfl. SP Pi, P{hP
P\ s SvP UP Ahzv \x.
P\ s SvPz u wP Cvfl
SvP u UP Ahzv PnkQflx.
u{mi u UP Ahzv Ex.
wP Cvfl ] SvP ux [P Cu
v, ux [P { ua
\P {h SvP UP Ahzv
TPm 8.1 uP Ex.
378 379
 www.kalvisolai.com

\mh {U h ux [P Qh Ph h[PP [Su K UP

u ux [P AihPU Psh \x PnkQfl.
uP a] . Ax AvP UP hQUS |[P An\u\,
Ahzv E SvUS AP Axx. o, A\, P, v, {Px BQ
G, UP Ahzv ux[Pfl uflfl SvP PU S UP PnkQfl.
Aih U PnkQflx. SvP A\ m u\fl PnP UP
UP ]uPU PnkQflx. {UP ]x AvP PnkQflx.
Su UP Ahzv E SvP Cx u ua` PnP UP uP
SvP Sfl SvP UP uP uQfl. P |
uS Ha ` Cu Pnzu UP SP, Ahu PkPP
Ahzv SP Ex. wP Cv Sz PhP SPP Eu UP ]UPUTi
uha] P, QUSz uha] Sv | ]uQflx. Cufl PnP, A[S
P, wP Cv CSv UP {UP Ahx PnkQflx.
UP Su GsoUP ]UQfl. hS Cv u UP
SvP Pnk P|, A[S Hu. Cufl ] SvP, Szvfl
CPz u[P, s A flP ua ] SvP, g\ J Sv BQ Cu
\PUSz uhP E. En zv Ah[S. J\fl Sv
u[P \ H ` Cu Ash S. CSvP UP
Pnzu \P Pnk s, {UP P SP Ex. Cvfl h
s A BQ s uUSz fl u\z v UP {UP uuP
uhPP Eu UP {UP SPU Ex. Cvfl UPmuP A[S
PnkQflx. B SvP Pnk | u A, P|, sP, s
zuUSP, SP C P |, u a], \P flfl
zuUQ, UP Ahx PnkQfl. Aih AQflx.
C P | AvP Qu
UP U Pskx.
2001&B Bsifl UPmuP PnUPkfl
u\[P | P|, CP i Cv 1,027 fl UP, AP
AQfl PnPa ]SvP _ u[PP 523.8 fl BsP, 488.6 fl sP
a] . wP Cv Sz E. 1901&B Bsi 1,000 BsPUS 977
uha] P E }Q, B, sPP Cu Qu Cfl 929 sPPU
PhUP, SflP, wP Sxmhx. Cvfl P mkufl
Cv C Ax h[, BsPh sP AvP. K
], hlfl fl _z u[PP, BsPUS 950 US AvP sPU Psh
380 381
 www.kalvisolai.com

|[P C\ u\, Bv u\, P, Jzx, Aih \vP

P{hP, o, J\, u{k, \siP. UPUS Azx UPfl UPz uzu
|[P PU Su Quzv sP Ezxxufl CUSPfl {UP. Cua
E. \mh Gu J | a]
Bs & s Qu Suz ukUP A_ Hhx. G[Qu Ax a]USz uh
P ] Gkzx Qflx. sPUSU GfluP Cv P {Qflx.
P, \E Axhfl Pfl \P uha] flmka \P, EP
zv P na] HkzxQflx. u flPfl G UPfl
Cv A_ Pk ] Psk UPzu E Gfl {UPfl
sofl vn u AvPx, Sk Aih IUQ {mka \ u[P
{zvmhzu x, xU P Aufl AUPhfl Ti { {hiUPP {{k
"] Sk' Gfl CUQ Ah Dkmkx. A IUQ {kP \fl
kkQflx. Czvmh[P zv, | A_Pfl
|[P A_P \h {hiUPP
Tmk ] \kzu kQfl.
Dkmk.
u miP FUSP Gmhx Iusk vmhzvfl (1992 & 97) UQ
1996&B Bsk 4 & 5 B uvP {UP u hS. Cv \P a]
h Ti ua\Pfl {mi 2000 ShzuUP P mkx. 1995 & 96 fl
BsiS Ah CUSP SUPmh. u] a] Qu 7.1 UPhP Ex. Au
1. Q, {P[P 100 \uQu _zu a] Qu |kzumkx.
Si} [Sx. uh o, EPu a]
2. Q, {P[P B zx FUSzx Gfluz u] a] Qu
\vP |v \uu EvkzxQflx.
x. Jflux Iuskz vmh 1997 & 2002
3. AUS BU P Ax. Cv _uv Ahu 50 & Bsk uh[P
mhx. Cv E vmh[P.
4. iu H UPUS kPmh |vu
Ax. 1. zuUS UQzx Azx Q
a] kzxx; x
5. v Enz vmhzu G Q, {P,
\ UPUS, flu[Q UPUS EUQ Jx.
kzxx. 2. P u a], |
], EnxP fl
6. G Q[P Cnx.
SP P flu[Q \PzvUS
7. U PmiS R E UPUS [Sx.
x|Pzu J[Skzxx.
382 383
 www.kalvisolai.com

3. _zuU Si}, B zx \v, 2. 1991& h PnUPkfli Cvfl

PmhU P, SiP, Q[P UPmuP
Cnzu Azx Smh PUPmhz A. 406.3 fl B. 846.3 fl
vS | hsk.
C. 1,000 fl D. 400 fl
4. UPmuP a]U Sx.
5. \P na]fl G UP 3. s u \ H Gu Sv
Dkkzv _a ` |kzxu. A. u\ B. h u\
6. sP |kzxu, flu[Q, C. \P D.
a \v, uzumh \P
u a]. 4. P, Pu, Qn, P{v i|[P
7. g\zx A_, Tmk, _ ] A. SU PhPSv B. QUSU PhPSv
UP Jflkzv a] FUSzu.
C. Cz uh D. z uUS
8. uflUP zu
Czvmh[P Cv KS fl II. Pimh Ch[P |P
Psk { | UPz u E kmhx 1. Cv AvP UPmuP E |
P u. _________
P AhP 2. _________ Sv UP uS H `
1. nP u UPmuP C.
PnUPk Ax PQfl. 3. Cfl _________ Sv [Si UP
2. nP UP , Ahzv, a] ( UP) mk ]UQfl.
BQ Ax PQfl.
4. _______________ |zvfl Sv |P
3. nP UTmk Ax Eu u UPmuPP Ex.
PQfl.
5. S PhP AvP GsoUP UP
4. nP Sk{zvmh, QuzuU
SUP siufl A] Ax Pnk SvP _________
PQfl. III. fl zxP
_ vk 1. A\ && C,
I. \ hz uukUP S & Su UP
2. P zuUS -&& u{P, flmk UP
1. UPmuP Gzu BskUS J
{P (Cosmopolitan)
PnUPkUPkQflx
3. h && hQUS |,
A. zx BskP B. Cx BskP
\v
C. x BskP D. J h
384 385
 www.kalvisolai.com

4. h u\ && QUSU PhP

5. Cufl && E|[P Sv &--
Su Ahzv
IV. _UPP hUP

1. UPmuPU PnUPk Gfl Gfl?

2. Gu |[P AvP UPmuPP E?
3. Qu ]S P.
4. P[Pa \ Hfl AvP UPmuP
Ex?
5. Sv Su UP ]UPU Pn
Gfl?
V. h uP

1. Cvfl UPmuP P
.
2. Cv a]US hmhz vmh[P
P .

VI. \ ]P

1. PkUPmk Cv hzv UPm

uP G P BoP (patterns)
P.

386
 www.kalvisolai.com

AS IX : x Cv
h 9
Ga] Cv

P {UP[P
1. n Cvfl mi z
ux Pu, Cvfl \uP,
uhP Ax P.
2. n Cv a]UPPz vmhmh
Iusk vmh[P, Aufl P,
\uP, uhP Ax Pu.
3. n vmh Cm][P, {UP[P,
UP, A_ \ si \P
Ax Pu.
4. n Cv |Px Ga]
\P ux Pu.

UPfl Aihz uP En, Eh,

Ch BQP zv \ six
J {mk A]fl u PhS.
Azxhfl UPfl Gsn[P, PP, PP,
USzx, P, _Pu, zx fl Cu
\vP kzv UPfl UPz
uzv Ezu sk.
Cfl Cv xP fl
Ahx Cux, UPfl
Aihz uP P zv\
i. Cvfl u{ P
387
 www.kalvisolai.com

S. Cx AUPfl u{ zv 60 _ 40 & 50 h[PUS fl {x

J [Sufl. AvP A UP U flP s
PmiSU R Qfl. Dkmiu. v A ~m xP
G, Cv A_ C|Pz vzu \ P UQ C Cu Pnzu
vmhmh ua \P, \P u[P va] AvP P GkzxU
a]z vmh[P Szx \kzxQflx. Psh. \Sifl A SP
P P UP uP AvP {x a] Cux. zu v P,
vUQflx. xP, \P E[P fl kzxx
1950&B Bsk u u] vmhUS fl Cu Pnzu En U
| Iuskz vmh[P wmi \kzv S |x. E Th En U
Qflx. Iuskz vmh[Pfl UQ {UP S H Cu.
UPfl uP zv \x UPz uzu 1960&B BsiS S s u
Ezxx, {mifl u, \P flz P Hmhx. { wa
vP PU Pshx {mh G \Si \mhx. _m] P AP
P fl u Azxa \x kzumk u uP, E[P, a]UP
S. xP, iUhP flkzumk Ezv
u Iuskz vmh 1951&56& wmhx. AvPUPz uh[Qx. Cfl Cv 200 fl
Cx Jflx Iusk vmh[P | hflP En u[P Ezv \Qflx.
mk. Cuz vmh[Pfl UQ {UP Px Ezv EQ ^, IUQ AUP
ua ^vzu, u k, u
S AkzuiP flx Chzv Cv
USu, xzx |[Pa ^x
Ex. flmk s Ba] |
uh o USx BQ
Cfl J ] BskP Cv AUP
PS.
h Px Ezv fl Cshx
Cv A\[P ShzuUP A {mifl
Chzu k Gfl TQfl AS
u a] fl Pskx.
flx.
SP 1991&x Hmh uz u
u Cv u |v | Cv Iuskz vmh[P K
fl Pn Eu. uP, 1. u Iuskz vmh (1951 & 1956) : Czvmh
s, En Ezv BQ ShzuUP
sUS fl Azx {mifl
P fl Ahx. {h
s, }\, fl Ezvz xP
Ezv mP {kP P, AvP
flzu Hkzvx.
S, zuP a]US
Pszxx. Iuskz vmh[P {k 2. Csh Iuskz vmh (1956 & 1961) : Cz
xP flx Gflv Gu vmh u a]US fl Azux.
I. Cufl PPz uP[P |mh.
388 389
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u PP uP Hkzv. 8. Hx Iuskz vmh (1985 & 1990) : En

Afl Eu AvP A Pmhx. u[Pfl Ezv USx
3. flx Iuskz vmh (1961 & 1966) : Cufl AvPx UQU SUPS.
{UP {k ufl xufl. B u] B xzx |[P Gvzu A
zu flkzxv Hmh ]UP \hu Pnzu Czvmh
ua \ P Afl umha .
\x Cuu Gvzu 9. Gmhx Iuskz vmh (1992 & 1997): 1990&91,
. 1991&92, BQ fl BskPUS Bskz
4. Bskz vmh[P (1966 & 67 & 68, 68 & 69) : vmh[P wmhmh. 1992 Iuskz vmh
flx Iuskz vmh u Su wmhmhx. Cufl UQ {UP u
{UPi \UP Bskz vmh[P k, u u, xzx |[
hmh. uha] P fl BskP, PU Szu, ua ^ \u
Bskz vmh[P mk vmhmk BQS. Cx K vmh
\kzumh. BS. u _uv xP Ex.
5. {flPx Iuskz vmh (1969 & 1974) : Cufl 10. Jflux Iuskzvmh (1997 & 2002) :
{UP P u a], u k, uu, u
\Pzv Hz uPU Px, UPz xUS U Pkzu BQS AvP
uzu Ezxx BS. Czvmhzv flu[Q UQzx AUP mhx. ^
SvPUS fl AUPmhx. |,
uhmhx. EPufl PnP
ufl Ahu uzu , Au
{mk ukP Cv uk
kzxxufl Cufl SUP. B n
\mk uP[P BUPmh. Cv
UP, mh[P, \Pzv Hmh
UPmuP Ezv mP P {
S[P, uhP Gvzu z
u. \u Gflu |zux.
6. Iux Iuskz vmh (1974 & 1979) : 2001 \h 9/11 Hmh ]x ua]US S
H }USx, }shP Aih 1974 & Cv uP u ~mzv (IT) fl
75&x 1985 & 86 hmhx. fl Qflx.
Bskz vmh[PP mhx. _ vmh[P 11. zux Iuskz vmh[P (2002 & 2007) :
EUQ fl Au ui En u[P, PP, Gsn
\xmh. zxUP BQP Ezv AvPUS Gfl
7. Bx Iuskz vmh (1980 & 1985) : GvUPkQx. AvP UP uP
x a] Cufl SUPS. Iusk UPzv ShzuUP A U Pm
vmh[P Hmhx Gflx Cu iSUR EPfl GsoUP S Gfl
Iuskz vmhzv Cxufl uux. Gv Ex.
390 391
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Iuskz vmh[Pfl u PP uP[P uk \x TmhP Ezv

ux. sim { Cvz PQfl. Cvz uPU Psk P
uPfl a] Iuskz vmh[P uP[P | BUPmk. P
uh[Q zu. mk siP, C \UP Fvz uP AvP Hmkx.
P[P, v siP, xP, C Cvfl hmh P |, fl fl
miP, [ Pfl Ezv Qx. |zxhfl Cnx P uU Qfl. u
xzx, u x fl Hmk ~m Sv Cv P a]
PPz uP[P, fluP[P Gmix. s Ba] Cv ux
|mh. , ] uP[Pfl a] AUP IUQ {mkhfl mikQflx.
PUPmhx. u mhP EUP Cvfl { sP IRS IC x Cvz
mh. u~mzu, Cv uUPmhuS.
Cvfl P a]fl P Cx ux[P vh P EuP Ex.
xP Cfl Cv flo Ex. , Cv |mk \Uv u ~mP
Aq\Uv, s Ba], \PUP \vUS P (Sensor), un mP
Ezv, Au s Au, zuP v a] EuQflx. sP
Po, fl Ezv fl Su Ba] mk A |, xP,
P Pmk u fl UQ Ch
a]hxx. uz v Cv
APfl [P x.
EQ flx Chzu Qflx.
s ShzuUP a] Cv
Phu flskPP Cvfl Hv x (h 9.1).
AvPzxx. flmk u[P CvU PPz
Cv s Ba] |zvfl |
u\P, u FUSzu.
{kUPmk sP Hu (Equatorial Rocket Launching
Cv A_, u, A]fl umkU PP Station) vu AQ x
^P Hkzvx. Cvfl {UP |mk Ex. C| 1968& IUQ
Cv u\Pfl Ezv mP {kP \UPP Huzu Aozux.
flmka \u izx u Afl
Cv s Ba] (ISRO) Cv
\o Dmku BS. u
s Ba]US P xx.
mP, BhP, uUPmh BhP
Ezv P \zx Qflx. a] uUP
Hkzv H mku Cvz xP Cv a] x.
vmh[Pfl UQU SUPS. SP P, zx BQ Su
a] x. 1947& Cv _uv
EQfl flo E P[P, P
Ahux Cvfl \\ UP 27
Ev P[Pfl Ezv |[P Cv
h[PS. ux Ax 67 BP Exx.
392 393
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P zu, _uv
Ahux 10 UPhP Cux. Cfl 61
UPhP Exx. s P P
|Pxx. BU PnUP }zuUP[P
Pmhmk. { P fl
Pskx. Cx { {k Cfl a]
sk.
a]fl {k \P ua ]UPP
E. B H {P uzxx.
uU PPPz uzx,
v PPP Cv flz uh[Qx.
EPu Cv
EPu Cv Csk
|PP \kQflx. Cv UPfl
G | P Cufl uUP uxx.
C uzvfl Fk
izu, CUS uzu
Azx. Cu Cv EQ ux
Chzvz vhkzv, hx Ash
{kPhfl { uh zxU P i.
Cvfl P Pa\ UP, uU
Pm], \vzuP fl Pm] fl
Azv [P HmkU Psh Cv
Cx uQflx. zx BskPUS fl
Cuuh Cv Cfl
Ex.
A]p u XVm Cv EPufl uUPzv
u u XVm
CUP P HP. Cv
A u XVm {hP {kP Cv UPfl
AQ/oTN] hPeLs P EPu AvPzxU
PsiUQflx. Cvfl CUQ, PP,
vh[P, u[P, EnP, EhP,
TPm 9.1
{[P C\ BQP Pzv
394 395
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{kPfl J[Qnu SvPP Cfl E. P AhP

Cvfl zxP, uP u~m 1. Cvfl a] Ax nP
P, P P AvP A u Pshx.
Pzv {kP ShzuUP A uUPzu 2. nP Cvfl vmhmh \
Hkzv. CP u[Ph Pi E P, Iuskz vmh[P
vP fl CUQfl. AxPshx.
CP zu CvPfl u 3. Csk Iuskz vmh[Pz u
AvPzxx. vmh[P Gvzu .
AuS Pn[P nPAx
a \v Pshx.
4. Cfl Cvfl s, Aq\Uv
Gfl a]U Psk zu.
v{mP
_ vk
ukv \mhfl.
H I. \ hz uukUP
UPfl Azu, 1. USzx, P, {, mk\v BQ
uflP, CP GU PukQfl.
J a \vzu. A. \P B. |A
Cu {
C. Pa\ D. uP
\i,
{ UPUS 2. Cvfl flzvPP 1950& Cv
{ Susk. A\[Pzu Cx EUPmhx.
B A. u]z vmhUS B. Iuskz vmh[P
GUS o x & C. _ m] D. \PU PP
Es Efl x &
3. AUP IUQ {kPfl Ezv Cv J
{UP.
] BskP uU Ti s Ezv
Gfl,

IP,
Auz ukv A. { B. Px
{fl C. u[P D. umhP
Gfl UP 4. Cvfl UQ Hv
niUQflfl.
A. En mP B. xo {
{fl Cfl
CP
Ca`umhzvufl
P PUQflfl. C. uP mPD. [P

396 397
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5. Cv s Ba] | (ISRO) 1968&

IUQ {kP \UPP Aozu Hu
Ax Ch
A. x B. \fl
C. h D.
II. Pimh Ch[P |P
1. Cv Cx __________ Ix Bsk
vmh[P |mk.
2. 1991& {x {mi __________ ^vzu AP
kzumhx.
3. 10&x Iuskz vmhzvfl x __________
Ezv Cv Cshx Chzu QUS.
4. __________ { sP Cv u ~mzu
x Cv uUPkQx.
5. | {kUPmk sP Hu Ax Ch
______
III. _UPP hUP
1. J {mifl PhP ?
2. UPfl UPz uzuG Ezu
sk?
3. zux Iuskz vmhzvfl CUS Gfl?
4. sim { uh[Q uP
a]zvmh G uP Ex?
5. Cv u a]fl uUP G
Ex?
IV. h uP
1. Cv Ga]h CvP EUS
vmh[P J Pmk Gx.
V. \ ]
1. "Ga] Cv' Gfl uS H
{x {mifl a]U Pmk \vP,
h[P uPPa \PUP.

398
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AS X : | h[P UPh[P
h -10
|h[P
UPh[P

P {UP[P
1. n [Pfl UQzxzv
Au.
2. n mh [P
A u.
3. n P Gu AS
[P flkzxQfl Gflu
Ax P.
4. n \u [P
G hP x Gflx Szx
Ax P.
5. n h[P uP
P ux Pu.
|h[P (MAPS)
J PU Pmhzv,
uP P P AxP iQflx.
| h[P Gkx, J Chzu
, J mhzu , u A
Ax u Ak uhh
Cfl fl uPP uUPUTi
JflS. | hzv J mhzvfl
Es v Gfl T. UPh
(Diagram) Gflx uPPz x
399
 www.kalvisolai.com

[Pfl Aihk ukzx flP UQ P BS.

diagrams)
J S. Cfl [P hPU
| h[P, UP h[P BQ PsUS x & Aufl k Jzu
Csh P hP ufl BQz uP A iQflx.
(Graphicacy) Gfl P \zx. h Smh UP h[P \
Gkx uPP Gzxi T [P flkQfl. UP uP
| h[P, UP h[P flfl a] Pmk h , mh
P uuS. UP h[P, h PsUP i. hzu zu UP
| h[Pz u, P h, a] GP x P.
mP (artefacts) BQP uPP [P \Pzu (DATA COLLECTION)
Av UQ [S QUQfl.
{ mh mk u
{Ph (flow maps) Gflx J P mh [P {USz u Qfl.
uP k BS. Ch[PUS A ] { v {flS vxkQfl.
Ch E {P Cufl Ax P [ P { B]P
iQflx. GkzxUPmhP, u{mi C P, , uU Pm], \vzu
|[PUS Ch CUPk CPfl flP AiQfl. ] \[P
GsoUP {Ph[Pfl P[PUS \fl ux P Qfl.
x, C US zv {h UP C {US si [P { \PUP
mPfl {P A iQflx. six. [PU Pzx Au
xP, {Ph P C \ (observation), PPU Pmhu P (listening),
USzvfl Ahzv A iQflx. { \u ] (Our own efforts)
| hzvfl uPP {flS Ax Qfl. C k uPPz
P AS zuP (words) A ufl [P (Data) Gfl TQfl.
iv Gfl T. [P Es vUPU TiuS.
UP h[P (DIAGRAMS) Au gbzu Jzux G.
BP \PUPkQfl [P a \P Gflx J gb
Pmkh (Graphs) , UP h[P Jfl Gfl T. \PUPkQfl
PmhkQfl. UP h[P [P \h
[Pfl uflz xP GkzxU [PS.
PmkQfl. u h[Pfl \h [P (SPATIAL DATA)
[P PsUPkQfl. C[P Ahzvfl Aih
AP Pmk h[P (Graph), mh \PUPkQfl. C[P Am\, wUP
h[P (Bar diagrams), mh S h[P (Pie Aih \PUPkQfl. GkzxUPmhP
400 401
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Cvfl Am\ 8o 4' hUS u 37o6' hUS x ""u J gb''

, wUP 68o 7' QUS u 97o2' QUS Gfl (Science of approximation) T.
E. [P \PUPh [P APfl UQzxzv
si Svfl Am\, wUPzxUS Emmh C\ fl Gfl AP {flS GkzxU
Svfl | A, P|, CPz u, T. Ax Ti "" \u Gu
s fl uPP \PUPkQfl. Cu J TUS A Gflx P Cflu
\h uPP GflQfl. uS''. (Geographical thought involves measurement') Cvx
\ [P (NON-SPATIAL DATA) iS [Pfl UQzx
C[P u \uzxhfl Gflu {flS A iQflx.
uhh PS. Cu 3 PP u P,
UP. P fl P, [P
(1) \P \u [P (Social), x EQUQfl. Au [P
hzvSz u h[P, |
(2) u [P (Economic Data),
h[P, Pmk h[P,
(3) Pa\ [P (Cultural Data) Gfl h[P BQP uSz u
uS. Bu[P Gfl T. mh
xPU T, umhP, [P \P, u, Pa\, P|
Skzv, Q {P UP \u uhh. [Pfl uflUP
[P \ [P Pa P (Methods) flkzumk UP
\. UPmuP \u [P (Census h[P Ax | h[P kQfl.
Data) \P [P GUT. J P zvSU Th,
GkzxUPmhP, 2001& Bsi UPmuP Pfl P UP h[P
PnUPkfli UPfl GsoUP 1,027 . G, P,
flP BS. UPfl u {h P flkzv uUP
iUPP uh [P, \ [P UP h[PP, | h[
\u u\Pfl Ezvz PP ufl ]ha
uh [P u \x Gfl T.
[PUS GkzxUPmhPU T. xP [P UP h[PPU
C u [P Pmkv Csk P E :
x flkzukQfl. A Gu, 1. umh UP h[P (Representation is made
Guu Pfl \PUPkQfl without a map)
Gflu Au A]S. CP P UQz
2. P \u A\[Pfl
x u [P Po
UPsUP k UP
kx Gfl T Ax PPx. h[P.
402 403
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UP h[P (DIAGRAMS) GkzxUPmk :

[P, uukUPk AUS RUPsh zvS J u mh h
zu h[P u UP hS. (Simple bar) P (h 10.1).
UP h[PU RUPsh P
mhh
kzu.
1. J n h[P (GkzxUPmk : mh
uxmPfl Ezv & Cv
h[P (Bars) Pmk h[P (Line Graphs). 2000 & 2001 to 2001 & 2002
2. Csk n h[P (mhh[P, \ ux mP Ezv A
\Ph[P \xh[P Gs (100 hflP)
u). 1 Um 7,993
3. n h[P (Pa\x[P, P
2 Sm 1,972
h[P u).
]zvU SP [P 3 u[P 712
h[PPU PmhkQfl. AuS ]zvU 4 [P_ 1,595
Smk h[P (Pictorial diagrams) Gfl .
5 _snUP 3,078
mh h[P (BAR DIAGRAMS)
[PU Psk mh h[P 6 \ E 2,644
x P G JflS. Cv
kQfl mhPfl AP J AP,
Pmkh (GRAPH)
E PkUPmk zvP [P, Pmk h
k. mhPa \[SzuP Ax kzu. Cv QhUPmi (X Aa]) P
QhP . J ufl Ch , \[SzxU Pmi (Y Aa])
zuU PmkuS umh h (Simple Bar), [P, zu Ai
JflUS mh zvU PmkuS SzxU Psk fl Csh uh
Tmk mh h (Compound Bar) . kzv, (Co-ordinates) P SUPh sk.
, mh h[P QhP (Horizontal bar), CP fl Cnzx Pk u
\[SzuP (Vertical bar) h. Tmk sk. CUPmifl HuU Psh
mh hzv mh zvP zvfl ufl GuP xP
mhP PP zxU Pmhk.
i.
404 405
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GkzxUPmk : PkUPmh zvS J

Pmk h (Graph) P (h 10.2).

Cv Czux Hv
\ BskP Hv
Gs (fl hflP)

1 1980 & 81 22.4

2 1990 & 91 32.5
3 1995 & 96 31.7
4 1997 & 98 29.5
5 1999 & 2000 16.1

| h[P (DISTRIBUTION MAPS)

h[Pfl & EP[P {US{
G x AvP A flkzumk
u & UQzx AvPzx Qflx.
uh Eh | h[P
h[P P UQ [Q QUQfl.
Ch[P v P Pzu
P x CfluPP E.
] Smh P [P hzv
UQfl x P BoP
(pattern of distribution) Pmh miUS. Cx UQP
P, P{hP (Livestock), UP BQfl
P Sk Ax sn Psk Pmh
kQfl.
xP, A\[Pfl h[P
TPm 10.1. mh P PkQfl.
A :
406 407
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1. (Dot Method): Cu x xP
UP uP, P{hP, P, uxmP,
u\Pfl Ezv mP BQ
fl U PsUP flkzukQflx.
UPm uP fl U
PsUP C J A P
PsUP kQfl. UPm U Pmk
| h[P J J Smh
A UPfl GsoUPU PsiUS.
2. sn wmk (Shading Method) :
C U PsuS mh
sn[P, Ax P
Csih (Black and White) Phfl Ti
sn EQUPkQflx.
3. mh Sh (Pie graph) : C S
h uS mhx AUS H
PP UPkQflx. fl P
sn[P kzv PsUPkQfl.
4. mh UP h (Bar Graph) : Cu
Phx SP zuP mPfl
[PU PsUP x flkzu
kQflx. Cx A Jmk uS P
flkzu kQflx. GkzxUPmhP, UPmuP
BsiS Bsk G kQx Gflu,
J UPmuP PnU Pk Bsi
(Census year) UPmuPfl GsoUP G
kQx Gflu PsUP flkQfl.
GkzxUPmk : u{mifl 2001 Bsifl
UPmuP zvS
TPm 10.2.
flkzv | h P (h 10.3).
408 409
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(DOT METHOD)
u{mi UPuP 2001 (ux)
.Gs mh[P UPm uP
1. v 2,738,866
2. \fl 4,216,268
3. Pg] 2,869,920
4. 3,482,970
5. u 2,833,252
6. vsn 2,181,853
7. 2,943,917
8. \ 2,992,754
9. {UP 1,495,661
10. Dk 2,574,067
11. }Q 764,826
12. Pzy 4,224,107
13. vskUP 1,918,960
14. P 933,791
15. va] 2,388,831
16. RtT J 486,971
17. }
A UYhPm 694,058
18. Ph 2,280,530
19. {Pmi 1,487,055
20. v 1,165,213
21. ug\ 2,205,375
22. xUPmh 1,452,269
23. ]P[P 1,150,753
24. x 2.562,279
25. u 1.094,724
26. x{P 1,751,548
27. C{u 1,183,321
28. yzxUSi 1,565,743
29. v{ 2,801,194
30. PflS 1,669,763 TPm 10.3.
410 411
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mh S h (PIE DIAGRAM)
mh ih[P \UP hfl, mh
S hfl AUP kQfl. Cu
uS [Pfl zu A
mhPU Psk (360 iQ), fl zvfl
J S Pn AP Psk izx,
mhzuU Pn AP zx kzvU
Pszu sk. Chx | flk,
uP fl PsUP P
zuuS.
GkzxUPmk: R PkUPmk |
flmk zvS J mh S
h (Pie Diagram) P (h 10.4).
mh Sh uS u
Cvfl zu U Pmh J mh
x P sk. fl J P |
EPzvS P AP RUPsh
Pshx Au mhzv zxU Pmh sk.
fl J P | flmk
sn[PU Psk kzvU
PsUP sk.
mh S h (PIE DIAGRAM)
Cv | mk h (1995 & 1996)
.Gs | EP
B Uh
1 PkP 40.48
2 s Au
flmi E | 48.52
3 s
\hu | 49.45
4 u_ | 28.12
5 |P s | 132.89
TPm 10.4.
zu 397.46
412 413
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mh S hzvP Pn APU _vk

Pskizu
I. \ hz uukUP
1. PkPfl zu 40.48
P A = 40.48 x 360/397.46 1. umhP, SkzvP, Q {P
2. s Au UP uhh [P
flmi | 48.52 A. u \u [P
P A = 48.52 x 360/397.46 B. u [P
3. s \hu | 49.45
C. Pa\ [P
P A = 49.45 x 360/397.46
D. \P [P
4. P A = 28.12 x 360/397.46
u_ | 28.12 2. J SvUSa \fl uk [P
5. |P hmk | 132.89 \PuS
P A = 132.89 x 360 / 397.46 A. Po B. mi
C PskiUPmh Pn C. Pmk h D. Csh |
APUP, mhzv zxU P
3. J {UPn \uS EPkx
sk. fl J | EPzv
sn[P kzvU PsUP sk. A. x B. mi
P AhP C. h[P D. Po
1. [Pfl 4. [P {iP, Ax {Pn
UQzxzv nP Ax P \PuS
PQfl.
A. v B. mi
2. [Pfl Bu[P
nP Ax PQfl. C. {Ph D. u|
[P
3. P [P UP
h[PPU Pmk P Ax 5. J ChzvS, ChzvS Ch
PQfl. E {P (Flow) PsUS
4. Gzxi E zuU Pmi |hzvS
h[P PsUPk x A. Pmi B. Pmkh
PzxUP {flS kzu i Gfl
Es nP {flS Ax C. {Ph D. v
PQfl. II. Pimh Ch[P |P
5. h P nP 1. \u zva \PUP BuP
Ax PQfl. Ex _________.
414 415
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2. PnUPk \PUPk
zvS _________Gfl .
3. Bo uPP
kzx | hzvS _________ Gfl
.
4. J Ah Ch[P CnUS
PmiS _________ Gfl .
5. mhS Ax \UPhzv, mhx
_________ BP UPkQflx.
III. fl zxP
1. \u && {Ph
2. \P [P && UP h[P
Pszu
3. mi && Cvfl CP
A
4. mhh && {UPn
5. UP Ch && PnUPk
IV. _UPP hUP
1. \u (Spatial data) Gfl Gfl?
2. (Dot Map) | hzv USP?
3. J n h[P ?
4. Pmk hzu (Line Graph) _UPP
GxP.
5. Hu J | hzv (distri-
bution Map) _UPP GxP.
V. h uP
1. [P \Pzu UPP GxP.
2. \PUPmh [P h[PPU
PsUS P GxP.
3. \u [Pa \PuP
Bu[P UP uP.
4. uSu GkzxUPmkhfl mhS h (Pie dia-
gram) .
416
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AS XI : Po
h 11
Po : Pzx, US
(FIELD WORK : CONCEPT AND PRACTICE)

P {UP[P
1. n Poz uhU Pzv,
UQ Ax P.
2. n {UPnUP zuS
uzu Ax P.
3. n u vP (human samples) G
u ukx Gfluz ux P.
4. n v (area sample) uukzx,
Po \uS flPa \si
uPmh o (pilot survey) z ux
P.
5. n \P uh ]
u vP (Key informants) u \u
Ax P.
PUS,
Ax PuS, \ kP (areal
differences) AihU PzuS. Cufl Aih
ufl C u BQ
Csi {flS Ax P iQflx.
fl E [P Ax
PuS, BS Po
P Cflu JflS. Pofl Cfl
Cu hzv ux
P.
417
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Ax PuS, Po \ Chzv, |hzxhfl

Ba]US u| [P uhkzvU Po \ x P
(Primary data) UQ JflS. BS o P xPa \ i.
Bn[P, AUPP BQPk,
Csh | [P Cflu Ahzv |nUP EP
BS. PUS |Sv UQ Ah Psh P (Global Positioning Systems -
Bfl BuP [SQflx. |Sv GPS) flkzu.
QP Ax {PP Cu, EP Ah Pshu (GPS)
AuP Ezu [P \PUPk. CUP Px P \uP Eu, Gkzxa
ox US P uhh, \x Gx. B Ax AvP v
Cflu JflS.
Ehx Gflu v |zu sk.
Po \u Gflx J ] \.
Cx xP \hUTix (quite accurate).
Po \uS RUPsh ] [Pz
ux Pu A]S. v Bhzuz u \ (Sample location),
1. Su B, Psh v Po uP uSv
zu. (Geographical Information System) fl kzu.

Po \ , zuv 4. vzu (Be consistent) : Po

Su B (must keep their eyes open) Psi Gflx [Pa \PzuS.
zu. [P GxP C (GkzxU
2. u, u, uPPU PmhP, s, u, u[P) AvP
Skzu (notes). zvU Pnuu zxufl
[P xuP CUS.
Po, Pzva _zx (Sight
seeing) fl uPPa \PUPz x[Su. [P \Pxhfl mk Po
3. ]u |h[Pfl Euhfl, iv. \PUPmhz uPP
PoU P Ahzv |nv kzu , Pou P
P \zxu. zx B \hsk. fl zu
E{USu (Observation) A h[P UPh[P x UP
hzuk uh kzx xufl Aufl zu sk.
v TkuQfl. Po (FIELD WORK IN GEOGRAPHY)
PzvS |h[P Gkzxa \u
xP Po u| [
sk.
Pa (Primary data) \PUPUTi J \ Gfl
418 419
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T. Ca\, |h v 5. Po \ si Sv
h[P uzu, E{USu (Observations), UPh, J {nUPzv (rapport)
A J ]S AhflTi u HkzvU Pu.
(Measurement), umhh {hzuk Po DkkUS, u
{UPn (Interview) Gfl Ah[S. Csh A A QhUP Ex. Auufl
| [P (Secondary data) xuP Po _ UTh' (Classroom without
CUSx Pofl A] S. walls) Gfl SUS JmkU TQfl.
P, Po fl J
Po uha \P fl PP
] P PxQfl Gfl, 1950&B
UP.
Bsk u 1960&B BsiS Chmh
Pzv Csh | [Pzufl 1. Poz vmhku
flkzv x. ] 2. Po {hzxu
AxTh u | a \Pzu 3. Po \Pzuz uPP
Buzuuk Au zuUS, BS kzxu.
Cflu J PU Pv. Cu
Pofl UQzx {US { AvPzx Poa \Pa \xiUP, RUPsh
ux. Cfl, Po B i i PU Pu sk.
Gflx C. \P uz uhh 1. Po {UPzvP \
BSz u UPfl Aflh si oP miku sk.
{hiUPP A Po UQ JflP 2. Po \uS fl vmhku
flkzu kQflx. Po, BPfl sk.
UP zx, {UPzv zx
AQflx. 3. Po \S ChzvSa
\uS A[S u[SuS
Gu PoUS RUPsh
zu flkP \u A]. flkP \u A].
PoU P flmk {hiUPPUSz 4. PoUSz u mP,
uP : P P u | zu
1. Pofl {UP ufl. A].
2. Po [PPfl { 5. \PUP Qfl u|
{ . [P B \uS zu
3. Po zu AP[P Pz u \u sk.
\umhPUS fl Tmi 6. Po \ Sv Ahu,
u kzxu. Poz uh[Q {hzxu.
4. Po P Chzu xPzu uh ]P RUPsh
(Conservation) P UQPS :
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1. E{USu (Observation) Cn Ex Gfl Psk A. Cu

2. {UPn (Interview) PnUPkflx, Au Sv
3. [P (Participation) uPP u. Cu U Pufl
4. [P Szuu (Data Processing) Ba]P Cx Pkzu
5. Szuu zu (Interpretation) hu uP (Undocumented) | h[P
uUP SUS.
C Po, {iPU Pmh
{UPn J Aih S. Cufl Cu |h[P x hu
k [P Cv uk | Cu Th, C P S
AUP GxuS P EuP CUS. BS Cx J uiP A.
Gu Po u AUP n \fl v uukzu (Reconnaissance
Gxu (Interpretation / Explanation) ufl ia Sampling) : J Sv K uPP
\S. Po Dkmh Gu J \PUP mk, uPP \PUPh
n Psh v, AUP Gx si fl, n \fl v uukzu
Ax P iQflx. xP, PhiUP. Cu SQ
Poz uha \P E {USu Pzv, Su \ Pmk, fl
(Observation), AUP Gxu (Report Writing)
x uukzu U Pmi iu
UQ \PS.
A Tkuz uPP \PUP
\ vPfl PP (Types of flkQflx. 1920&B Bsk UP {mifl
Spatial Sampling) : flx v uukzu
hS mhzv u Ba]
( Exploratory Sampling) : J Sv Gx
UQzx u Ch[Pz u \uPP,
u Cu, Ax x uPP
Czx EUQ hm i. sm (Donald D.
u Cu, Au Sv ux
Brand) AP Ah Pmi P K.
PuS u flx v uukzu
(Exploratory Sampling) Phizu sk. \ (Carl O. Sauer) AP Cu U
Cx J u ]P Ax, xz Pshx J ]u GkzxUPmhP [SQflx.
uPP {USU QhUP EuP CUS. CPUS fl Ba] \uP u
GkzxUPmhP, FP a] Jfl Ba] Ch[P ] CUQfl Gflu mk
o J J Smh Qzv Gzu flx u ukzu AuP.
kP miS E usp S Cn sk, \ P \x ]
Ex Gfl PnUPkUSi ozxuP \ P uhx |flk. Ai |S
zxUP. Cuo \ fl
u, AQ Hu Sfl Cu \
x v uukzu
A[S \fl Ba] {hzx. P x
RUPsh flkzu. Azx SvUS
\fl AP E kP mk UPmk, Pfl Cv C[P Bzuhfl
zx A Gzu kP Em S Aufl \zu Pmk PUSz v . H,
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Aa\[P AUS P P v uukzu (AREA SAMPLING)

Cu. Ax Ba]Pfl Qhzu P xmh Sv [P
[Pfl ufl, P uhuu \ A, J ] |Svz uukzx
Gx Jmk zx Q. [P \PUPkuS v
uukzu (Area Sampling) Gfl . Cx Csk
B v uukzu (Extensive
Pk. Jfl |x (Fixed), fl
Sampling) : uflhx (variable). uv, vUS GkzxU
C [P, Psh Svfl A i
|uS. CSv HU S, Smh
x \PUPkQfl. GkzxUPmhP, mh
Bzv EUPmh mh izv Ax
A Pnk P CvU
J Smh A EUP mh J
PkP BQ Ai. \xzv fl CUS. v uukzu
w B v uukzu |Svfl Ax (Sample Areas) BP
(INTENSIVE SAMPLING)
GkzxU Pmkvfl Ahzv ,
ufl zu AQflx. GkzxU PmhP
C Su Sv Ahzv B uz u[P
[P \PUPkQfl. GkzxUPmhP, u BSz (low and dense vegetation) uukzu |
Sv vP GkzxU P x, Svfl A ]uP (_ 1 \xmh
J Sv E u mi ), PkP uhS P
Cfl Ax P iQflx A |SvP GkzxU
PkQflx.
(GkzxUPmk : P |u PkP).
v uukzu |Svfl Az
B v ASP (SAMPLING UNITS) wUP RUPsh TP &
v uukzu (POINT SAMPLING) (Phenomena - Area curve) PkQflx. Aux
| Sv 'X' Aa] (X-axis) BS GkzxU
C , Smh SvP uPP P mhu "Y' Aa], (Y-axis) uhkzv
\PUPkQfl. fl Au [P Ai h k Qflx. Cv UPmi
hPU Psk Au Chzv Gu J US S UPk QhP
uPP KS FQzxU TiQflx. Eu, Au Smh ufl v
GkzxUPmhP, J Sv Pnk sn uukzu SvUS (Sampling Area) zu
A sk , Au Svfl AS (Ideal size).
Ch[P vP Gkzx fl J }v uukzu (LINEAR SAMPLING)
v s E Sv s mi
Cv |SvUS {k, SUPP }UQ
GkzxU T.
(Transect) Pk hmk, Aufl Aih,
424 425
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AuS AQ vP uukUP kQfl. Pa \kQflx. GkzxUPmhP, J

Cu PzvSa \ |h Po {P[P \vUS Ch[P Ax
Ax fl PhzvU Psh \P \vUS Ch[P PnUQhUQfl
v uukUP si Svz u \x Ax Cu TP Gkzx vk \.
fl PzvSa \fl Po \. Cu AkUPzx Smh Auv
v uukzu |Sv } Pk fl uukzu (Stratified Random Sampling) : _UPPU
T, Cx Smhu v mk
}sh mh fl [Pfl uflUP
uukzu (random samping), { v
u \kQflx.
uukzu (systematic Sampling) BQ Csk
Ahu v uukzu \u J \\ Gfl T. C KS
(PLOTLESS SAMPLING) \a^ u Sv
Cx {flPx vS (Sampling Unit). Cx \PS HxuS.
P ]UPx, AvP { GkzxU iPU T v uukzuUP
PUTixS. G, Cx J EPu v umh Pi vP Cfl
A Gfl T. Gu J \h T. xP, EP [P
BS , Ax }v Ah[Q JflS. A GUQ
uukzu (Linear Method) BQ [P UPUSU QhUPa \x Po
Hu Jfl flkzukQflx. Gfl T. G, u G
\ v izu (Spatial Sampling HU PUTi P P
Design): Psh vPzu Po \ flkzv [P Au A]S.
RUPsh v P fl Qfl. Gu , uk, `|
i| v uukzu (Hierarchical Sampling). AhzvS Hzufl flP A.
C mh , {P, |, {k fl z uS uzuUS flh
J Cx [P \PUP si P (Designing Schedule of Questions or
kQfl. Questionnaire)
Smhu v uukzu (Random UPz uSzuxu Gflx J
Sampling) : [P \PS C fl Pi \ Gfl T. AuS
kzukQflx. Cv Sk Gfl P E. A P UQx
mh[P uS [P A G P :
iv. C Smhu ~so SP & izu
v mk u \k. (Micro Issues - Item Design)
{ v uukzu (Systematic Sampling) : 1. x vP (General Rules)
Cv vP u J Smh Ch 2. Aa_zuu UP (Non-threatening questions)
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3. Aa_zuUTi UP (Threatening questions) 3. u PzvP P \uP

4. Aa \ UP (Knowledge questions) Czu sk.

II. UPUS zu Azu fl V. Aa_zx UPU Pmh Gkx

si vP (General Rules for wording) 1. uP.
1. G {h Czu sk. 2. vmhhhuP Czu.
2. UP ]uP Czu sk. 3. hT AvP { iUPUTi UP
3. uUS P UPz uzu
sk (Avoid double - barrelled questions). 4. P (AkUPP) Czu.

4. GvUS v u UP VI. \Pzv UTi P E

uzu sk (Avoid leading questions). UP (asking socially desirable questions).
5. P, P \UTi UPz 1. {h AqShfl Tix.
uzu (Avoid implicit questions).
2. Pnzxhfl Ti UP.
6. S \h flkzx
x PP Czu sk. 3. hT AvP { iUPu UP.

III. Aa_zuUTi Aa_zuu UP (Threaten- 4. AUS AvPP PkzvU Tu

ing vs Non-threatening Questions) UP.

1. Aa_zuUTi Gfl Gfl? VII. A UP (asking knowledge

2. Aa_zu Gflx Csk P : questions)

(i) \uzv k UP. A UPU PmuPU

Pn Gfl?
(ii) \uzv zuPu UP.
1. GkzxUPmk & mU 1977&B
3. Aa_zuu UP HhUTi
Bsk {hzumh \.
a\P bP \Uv zux.
IV. Aa_zuu UPU Pmh Gkx 2. UP AP A
sk :
1. | |PUTi UP flkzu
sk. (i) nhfl Czu
2. UPU Smh Gv{UQ v u (ii) u hPx \ h
P, EUP sk. S H uukzu.

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(iii) UPP Czu. 3. z uS Psk [Pa

\Pzu (schedule or questionnaire based data)
(iv) x A \vzu.
z uS uzu J UQ
a \P (DATA COLLECTION) \S. z uS Csk Pk.
zu a \P
1. {UPn {hzx, {UPn {hzx
Gflx P UQ JflS. PzvSa (field)
uSU Pk UP.
\fl uUP UP P [P
\PUPk. A \PUPk x 3 2. {UPn {hzx uUPmh z
G P PhiUPkQfl. uSx, {UPn [PPUS
PkUPmk UPUP h
1. E {USu [P (Observed data)
|mh fl v kQfl
2. {UPn P k [P z uS.
(Interview data)
v uukzu (Sampling)
3. z uS P k [P
[Pa \Pzu Gflx P Ai
(schedule or questionnaire based data)
h Jfl. \P, u B UP
1. E {USu QhUS [P A {UPn [P \Px
(Observed data) Gflx Gu. G, AP ] mk
\u [P zu zvzv uukzx UPUS hPq US
Pshx Gflx A Gu. B \ v uukzu (sample selection) Gfl . {
si, Afl ufl, flk \PUQfl [P, Csk PPP
BQ zxzufl C [P UP Gflu fl zu. A :
\PUP ku sk. Cv UQ, 1. u | [P
x, Azu [P
2. Csh | [P
\PUPkQfl.
1. u| [P (Primary data)
2. {UPn \PUPk
[P (Interview data) Cu P [P vP
(samples) uukzu fl [P \PUP
C uk [P {UPn
kQfl. Aux, UP uUPmk
\PUPkQfl. CuS PmPkQfl A uukUP mk u U
P Pz uzx zxU Psk fl PUS hP kQfl. C[P fl
[P \PUPkQfl. C B \mk (analysed) P AUP
UP Efl PU Pzx AuP \ (Interpretation) uUPkQflx.
v Azu P A].
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2. Csh | [P (Secondary data) 2. uhUTi, J Smh P

[P
CP [Px zuP[P,
A. kP B. umhh
Bn[P, AUPP flx \PUP
kQfl. CP UPmuP PnUPk C. vfl D. {sPh
(Census Tract) kQfl [P 3. { B \h Chzv
Ah[S. U PUP v, \PUPmk RUPsh
[P A.
P AhP
A. Pshu B. {UPn
1. J Smh {UPzvPP, vmhhmk (Observation) (Interview)
{hzu k Po nP C. z uS D. Eh (Dialogue)
ux PQfl. (Schedule)
2. {UPnUP z uS (Interview 4. J Smh UP mk uukzx AP
Schedule) u \ uzv nP [P \PuS
Ax PQfl. A. v {P B. PshP
3. B \uSz u C. P D. PmP
[PUPP v uukzu (Sample) II. Pimh Ch[P |P
P UTi uzv nP 1. UP Ah[Q J _______
Ax PQfl. \PuS Poflx flkzu
4. BP Chzv G u \x kQfl.
Gflu nP Ax PQfl. 2. [P \PuS _______ Gflx J
5. UQ [P A uuPa UQa \S.
\k PnUPk (Pilot Survey) 3. [P \Pv Po J ________
iPa \k PnUPk (Survey), S.
{UPn BQ 4. Po \x____________Gflx UQ
nP Ax PQfl. \P JflS.
III. fl zxP
_ vk
1. {UPn && zu UP J Smh
I. \ hz uukUP GsoUPh {P
1. Cfl | UP \u Po uh mk uukzu
hx 2. u| BPU PP
A. {hiUP B. |h uzu [P && u \u
C. vh D. Pu Tu 3. v uukzu kzumh
(Sampling) && [P

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4. zuS && , v
[P \Pzu
5. uP && umhPa \vzx
uP \Pzu
IV. _UPP hUP
1. Po \z u fl \PU
TP.
2. Po Gflfl P fl
kQfl?
3. PoUSz u fl UQ fl
a\UP {hiUPPU TP.
4. Po \uS si B |P
(Steps) Hu Jfl GxP.
5. a \P USP.
V. h uP
1. Po, uh [P
UQ GxP.
2. Poz uh fla\UPP ?
3. Gu PnzvPP, G Po
\kQflx Gflu USP.
4. Po Guu ]P (practices) P
kQfl?
5. v uukzu (sampling) Gfl Gfl?
vP G uukUPkQfl?
VI. \ ] (Practical Exercise)
1. J G z uSz u \x,
\P, u uh [P
\PUS Po AP E
Sv \.

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AS XII : [P vk
h 12

AvP [P vk
P {UP[P
1. n [P P GflUPk
\ PU P a_u.
2. n AvP [P vkP
SP CP [P s \x
] P Pz uu.
Cfl BP FP mia
\x UQUS vk P Csk
{[Q AqSP flkzu
kQfl. AP :
1. AvP FP vk (Rapid Rural Appraisal -
RRA): Cx 1980&B Bsk ufl P x.
Cv FP mi vhz u
uPP Emhzv { P \PUP
kQfl. \PUPmhz uPPfl Aih
FP[Pfl uP vh kQfl.
2. [P FP vk (Participatory Rural
Appraisal): Cx 1990&B Bsk ufl
AvPP x. Cv E UP [P
Au PzxUP \x Psk
vk \Qfl.
[P u[Px Qzvfl
` mk | B \x u[Pfl
435
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A, A BQ Qx Psk \P kzu i. Cu P
Qzu kzuz vmh[P wmh, \ P v u uP {Pzufl
kzu, PsPoUP, vh AUQ PshuP CuP Pfl
UP SUQfl. [P fl Ai \flP EvkzxQfl.
hx Q UPfl Aflha \Pfl Cu h u mh, P zuUQ
UQ uflx. E ]zxmi Gfl Qzv {hzu
[P FP vk fl {UP[P AvP [P Bfl Aih
AihPU Psk \kQflx. A uSUPmkx. Cu B {mi
: J usp |P, _Pu
1. BvUP \zu Eu \ {fl { {hzu x. Cu hzv
PkUPmk E G GkzxUPmkP Cu
fl {hzu.
Bfl Ai h GumhS.
2. AqS P Pzvx
[P (PxP) zx Ax
hP, u{x SP,
Gzx P Cvx {hPU [P zx Ax Gflx Po
Bfl J Smh iS. Cv B
Psx P, Akvx
u {hzv B |PPfl K {PP
Jku Ahxx.
[PQ. iU Phu (unstructured) Po
3. Tmkhfl uPP, A[ QhUS [P CP \PU
P, En ]P E PoPfl s x P
UPh {h A AQh Ax uh Ax
PUS Ch Qx Pu. P EuP CUQfl. uspUS
[P vk fl {UP[PU _Pu PoPUS Ch \kPUS,
Pshx. AP: \Pa \mhvmh[P UQ PnS. S
1. J u Bx Ba] zx Av E S[P
APkzu. [P zxAv
Px.
FP UPfl \P& Pa\ {flS x
2. E]PUS, {PUS J[ P C.
Qnu ] Ax.
zx Ax, QQUS usp
3. vmk Bx, vmhmk |P _ _Pu \vP mk
\kzv, PsPozx vha \ Cfl {US Gv B Eu Au
v, \Uv [Su. [P A. Ba] Ba] i Q
P CP [P s UPx UPhfl Jfl APfl A[
\xhfl, sP, HP, s, P, Aflh vP ux h
{ EnxP fl v \Qfl. Au hUSP Bfl
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_ n AvPUPa \xhfl {h h BsP, sP SuP

, Ba]fl | vU (6 x 30 P ) [PPP
Qfl. Cm \fl (Robert Chambers) Pzxi flkzu. [PP Ba]h,
{iP zx Ax huP CUS. Euh Pu]zx GP, \P,
[P zx Ax BU PP kP, Pmih[P, P} \UPhP, P
kzvU P, B Pz h[P, PP |k SvP, } Bu[P,
ukzvU P Eu . {, P \vP PP
|hzv SUQfl. xP, CP
\u | h[P u |h[P fl]fl Euk \m (Chart)
[P Bz uh[P \u | u P kQfl. Cu |
h[P J { B. Hfl Cx [S h[P SUS{h nz vS, \ {U
Ba]h EhUS PnUS, v& iUPmh zuSS
SUS. |h[P \P | UP EUS uS EuP CUS.
USU Psk. [P FP vmhz SUS {hn (Transect Walk) : Cx E
wUP [P |h ukQflx. UPhx ] Smh SvP Afl
|h[P uUSx, fl Hk [P, SP, |P Ax P
u[P, EhP Q UPfl UP EuQflx. GuSvUS Gflfl EuP
| , UQ [P U Pn. AvP ukQfl Gflx U
| h[P u Pxh Q UPh {h EuQflx.
Smh vmhzvfl R E usp, _Pu {flS kzu mh usp _Pua
\vP (P ]z \P G \Pzv E Gflu \P
vmh[P P), A A G H, |h[Pfl [Pa \zxU
{kzu nUP UPzvS Gu ASU P SUS{h n flkQx G
QhUQfl Gflx Ax P Eu. A uP TQP. Cx
\P _Puzvfl |P,
\u |h[P (Social mapping) Qzvfl
\Pzvfl Sv G E Gfl
uUP, PP Bfl {UP[PUSU uP uQflx. Tx P
Qhzu uPPfl Aih uUP P, G {[P v Gv UP,
kQfl. \u |h[P uUS Ena]P x PUTi, A
x umh UPh Ek mhPP Cfl P AvP uP
HkQflx. Cufl P E } |P C.
x P iQflx. _Pua `|
\P |hzv Pmhmh uUP
Q UPh Pxk
PP AihPU Pshxufl
HkQflx. kzumh uzu
SUS {hn BS. Cu
mh P Ax vP |
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P E uUPfl Pa ^Pa \ [P Qzu , Aufl usp, _Pu

x \Pzv EPz u \x \vP {flS x P Euxhfl
APhfl Px h. Cu {hx AUQ UPhfl BPUS uh
hzv mk u[P PU kzu EuQfl. Cu [P FP
P \UP EuP CUQflx. vk Aufl P kzu
CP Pxh {hzu kQfl.
Tku uP ux P flkQfl. ChU Pu (Story with a Gap) : Cx Azxz
Aux usp |P, _Pu \vP, usp u {P Px Psk u[Ph
\PUS P, PP, SuP {, PzxUP GkzxU T UQflx. h[P,
P[Pfl {, _a`, AP, } K[P UPfl Gsn[P kzu
u[Su BQ uPP A Eu G PPS. h[PUS Chh
iQflx. Qzv E CP \P Tk PzxUP A Px P
AP , _a _Pua `| SUS. Cx Pxh u[Pfl Po
Th {flS A C flkQflx. A[P BP Qx P
\ {UPn (Informal Interviews) : flk. Chh Tk h[P \u
umhPh Ax SUPh {h PuP BsP sPfl
EhP, Ax ufl Pxh a]Pfl Pn[P Ax P,
Px BPP GkzxU Puzufl En, usp, _PuzvS Ch E
\ {UPn P GflQ. CP uh x P HxS.
{UPnP {Qz uflhfl uha]P ]zxmi Qzv h[P flkzu
{h sk. UP x mh. Jfl _Pu Q, fl _Pua
BP AUPku sk. _ zuk Ti Q. Cu
\ EhP, ^UPhu Ps \v, mh v, BsP
PoP UPfl UP, UP sPh Pkzx PzxUP A
UP[P Ba] uP xP mh. AuS J Pu T fl, Csk
C. BskPUS P Cfl _Pu
\ {UPnP P umh Qhzu Pmi Q UPfl PzvU
\vP, BsP, sP Su PuP TU Pmhx, BsP A
Ph B xP {hu sk. u[Pfl \u AzuU PuPU T.
A {h {UPn [P B sP PmkUPuPU T. AP
xP v \h sk. Ax ] Pn[PUPPz u[Px \u A[PU
fl Px hP v \h T .
sk. G {UPn P v \h viUPmh {UPn (Semi-Structured
si A]. C v \k Interviews) : Cv uUPmh UP \P
{UPn, PxhP QhUS \U QP PmPh sk. Smh
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UP Q usp |P _Pu v&iUPmh {UPn :

a]P Szx, Su GsoUP UPmh Ev [PU Q
UPh PmPkQfl. UP UPh \Pzu.
[P zx Aux, \ {UPn,
ChU Pu : BsP, sP Pzxi
\P |h SUS {h n
Qhzu uPPfl Aih uUP _Pu, { Bs, s E
mh. ]zxmi Cu {U Pn x Pu.
fl Qz u, uu Qz u v&iUPmh zu : A \u
usp Ex |zv E u \u, ]UP, [Pa
fl\ \ (Electricians) BQ Ph \Pzu.
{hzumhx. CP {U PnP Qhzu
uPP Q UPh Cx vmhmh v&iUPmh zu
uPP B PUS flkzu (SEMI-STRUCTURED QUESTIONNAIRE)
Eu Gfl PPx. zu UPP, [P
Ba] AqSP P AUTiuP, AhU TiuP
[P zx Ax UPfl Gsn[P vuP CUP
sk. zu ] PmkkP
\P, Pa\ SvP x Pu :
Q UPfl UPhfl Jfl, u E. \P & Pa\ \u \vP AvP
[P \PUPh sk. Pku Cx uhuP CUS.
v&iUPmh zuP [P
\u |h[P : umh UPhfl zx Ax, \P |h[P, SUS
uh HkzxQfl. SUPh {hn, ChU Pu T ,
u[P, Q UPfl usp, _Pu
\ {UPn uUPh sk.
a]P, \Pzvfl A, [Pfl uh
BQP A SUS {hn Cx , \ (Biased) PPz uUS.
US AizuP AQfl. [Pa \PuS ]u UvP
CUS.
SUS {hn : \P
|h[Pfl [P \UPkQfl. zu v uukzu
Q UPh E uh kzx AihPU Psk CUS.
Qflx. v&iUPmh {UPn z uP v uukzu PP J
u uUP flkQflx. zux mi GkUSi A. CvP,
v uukzu 3.5 UPk (1,614 kPUS 57
\ {UPn : Q UPhfl E
uh AvPkzxQflx. Q UPh kP mk Gfl A) Q kPx
Pxh FUSUQflx. Ba] mhuP A. Skz uP, Bs,
P kzu UP flk s BQPh uzu {UPn
Qflx. {h.
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Skz uP GflP vn 2. GP |hzv P

Sk EP, AuU Skzvfl { \xP.
S QP CUP
sk. kzumh v uukzu A. BP B. EuP
Qzvfl Sv Cx mh C. [PP D. P
uS. zu fl \vzx Amk, CUS
SP }UQ Cv zu Azx P 3. {UPn CuP AQflx
UPhfl hh sk.
A. a]P B. flP
Cu hzvfl AvP [P
vk J \Uvu B Pfl uSP C. xP D. C fl
APkzumhx. [P Pa
\PUPku Cx AvPx BS. Gfl 4. h[P h[P BQ FUSUS
Azx uPP xuPa \PUP sk _U PP flkx.
Gflx Pmh C. Cx J [P , A. k (Expression) B. uh (Communication)
Hfl Azx P vUPkQfl.
UPfl [P, Px Px UQz C. \ D. vh
uS. [P Eu [P
5. vk \uS uzvSa \ x
PnhuP, JzxU TiuP E.
UQPz ukx.
[P FP vk Gflx Gx Q
vmh mk Tx A. {P[P A. ChU Pu B. {UPn
Th flk.
P AhP C. SUS {h (Transect) D. \ {UPn
1. B AvP [P fl II. Pimh Ch[P |P
flk A nP
1. _______ UP EP, [P
Qfl.
E{UP (Participant Observation) P EuP
2. AvP [P fl P
Ex.
nP {flS Ax PQfl.
_ vk 2. \P h[P _______ Ba] P
{ J uhUPS.
I. \ hz uukUP
1. {Qz uflhfl Ti, ii uhu 3. a\PUS (Problem situations) fl,
izu fl Tk PuP _______
A. A\ux B. u \ux
4. \ {UPn _______ Gkx
(Quantitative) (Qualitative)
ufla\ UPS.
C. AvPx D. [PPUTix
(Rapid) (Participatory)
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III. fl zxP
1. [P E{UP &&- UP EUP
2. \P | h[P && Q UPhfl uh P
3. SUS {h && zuh
xPu
4. \ {UPn && \PU Pa\ v
5. ChU Pu && SUS {hUS Aizu
IV. _UPP hUP
1.
AvPU Pzx T "AvP' Gfl Gfl?
2.
\P |h[P Gfl Gfl?
3.
SUS {hnzvfl {UP Gfl?
4.
v&iUPmh {UPnfl \uP
{flP ?
5. Hfl miP Ba]US flkzu
kQfl.
V. h uP
1. [P vh flk {UPnUP
UPz uukUS EzvP ?
2. UPfl Aih {h \UP
Skzu Gflufl Azu Gfl?
3. Q [PU PzxUT Gflx Tmh
P & Pnzxhfl .
4. [P [P \P SUS {h
G UQzx Qflx?
5. ChU Pu & Cx a
\P USP.
VI. \ ]P
1. AP E Qzv, |
[PU PzxUTUS C[S vUPmh
Hu Csk Pz uukUP.
2. AP E Qzvfl _Pu |
[P AuP Pz
uS i AUP B]P
nPUS EuP Cx.

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