ENVIRONMENT

PROJECT

ON

ENERGY
RESOURCES
EFFORTS BY-MOHIT BHANKHAR
BATCH-B13
ROLL NUMBER-1685
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that MOHIT BHANKHAR, a student of

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY(DTU)
has successfully completed his project on the topic ENERGY
RESOURCES under the
guidance of Dr. Sanak Ray (ENVIRONMENT Teacher) in the year
2017.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have
best owned upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this
time I am utilizing to thank all the people who have been concerned
with project.

Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project
with success. Then I would like to thank my Environment teacher,
whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me patch this
project and make it full proof success his suggestions and his
instructions has served as the major contributor towards the
completion of the project.

Then I would like to thank my parents. who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance has been helpful in various phases
of the completion of the project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have
helped me a lot.
 INDEX

1. INTRODUCTION
2. RENEWABLE RESOURCES
3. NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES
4. COAL AS A SOURCE OF ENERGYS
5. NUCLEAR POWER
6. WIND POWER
7. HYDRO POWER
8. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
9. TIDAL POWER
10.WAVE POWER
11. REFERENCES
INTRODUCTION

Renewable energy is generally defined as energy that comes

from energy resources which are naturally replenished on a
human timescale such as sunlight,wind,rain,tides,waves, and
geothermal heat.

Renewable energy resources and significant opportunities for

energy efficiency exist over wide geographical areas, in
contrast to other energy sources, which are concentrated in a
limited number of countries.

There are also non-renewable energy resources which are of

high calorific value and provide great amount of energy when
burnt but maximum of them produces pollution and release
gases which are harmful for human beings health.
 Renewable resources

A renewable resource is a natural resource which replenishes to overcome

resource depletion caused by usage and consumption, either through biological
reproduction or other naturally recurring processes in a finite amount of time in a
human time scale. Renewable resources are a part of Earth's natural environment
and the largest components of its ecosphere. F***k. A positive life cycle
assessment is a key indicator of a resource's sustainability
Definitions of renewable resources may also include agricultural production, as in
sustainable agriculture and to an extent water resources. In 1962 Paul Alfred
Weiss defined Renewable Resources as: "The total range of living organisms
providing man with food, fibers, drugs, etc.... Another type of renewable
resources is renewable energy resources. Common sources of renewable energy
include solar, geothermal and wind power, which are all categorized as renewable
resources.
Solar energy is one such resource because the sun shines all the time. Imagine
trying to harness all of the sun's energy before it ran out! Wind energy is another
renewable resource. You can't stop the wind from blowing any more than you can
stop the sun from shining, which makes it easy to 'renew.'
Any plants that are grown for use in food and manufactured products are also
renewable resources. Trees used for timber, cotton used for clothes, and food
crops, such as corn and wheat, can all be replanted and regrown after the harvest
is collected.
Liquid water can be used to generate hydroelectric power, which we get from
water flowing through dams. This is considered a renewable resource because we
don't actually take the water out of the system to get electricity. Like sunshine and
wind, we simply sit back and let the resource do all the work!
Water is also sometimes considered a renewable resource. You can't really 'use
up' water, but you also can't make more of it. There is a limited supply of water on
Earth, and it cycles through the planet in various forms - as a liquid (our oceans),
a solid (our polar ice caps and glaciers) and a gas (as clouds and water vapor).
 Non-Renewable Energy Resources

Non-renewable energy comes from sources that will run out or

will not be replenished for thousands or even millions of years.
Most sources of non-renewable energy are fossil fuels. Fossil
fuels were created as the remains of marine creatures decayed
millions of years ago, under huge amounts of pressure and heat.
Most fossil fuels are burned to create energy and electricity. Coal,
above, is a type of rock that is a fossil fuel.
 Advantages of Non-Renewable Energy sources
Fossil fuels are a valuable source of energy.
They are relatively inexpensive to extract.
They can also be stored, piped, or shipped anywhere in the world.
Disadvantages of Non-Renewable Energy Sources

Burning fossil fuels is harmful for the environment.

When coal and oil are burned, they release particles that can
pollute the air, water, and land.
Some of these particles are caught and set aside, but many of them
are released into the air.
Burning fossil fuels also upsets Earths carbon budget, which
balances the carbon in the ocean, earth, and air.
When fossil fuels are combusted (heated), they release carbon
dioxide into the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide is a gas that keeps heat in Earths atmosphere, a
process called the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect is
necessary to life on Earth, but relies on a balanced carbon budget.
 COAL AS A SOURCE OF ENERGY

Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary

rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal
beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can
be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to
elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily
of carbon, along with variable quantities of other elements,
chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. A fossil fuel, coal
forms when dead plant matter is converted into peat, which in turn
is converted into lignite, then sub-bituminous coal, after
that bituminous coal, and lastly anthracite. This involves biological
and geological processes that take place over time.
 Coal is primarily used as a solid fuel to produce electricity and heat
through combustion. According to the EIA, world coal
consumption is projected to increase from 2012 to 2040 at an
average rate of 0.6%/year, from 153 quadrillion Btu (1 Quad are
36,000,000 tonnes of coal) in 2012 to 169 quadrillion Btu in 2020,
and to 180 quadrillion Btu in 2040. Efforts around the world to
reduce the use of coal has led some regions to switch to natural
gas.

The United States Energy Information Administration estimates

coal reserves at 948109 short tons (860 Gt).One estimate
for resources is 18,000 Gt.

When coal is used for electricity generation, it is usually pulverized

and then burned in a furnace with a boiler. The furnace heat converts
boiler water to steam, which is then used to spin turbines which
turn generators and create electricity.
 NUCLEAR

Nuclear power, the use of sustained nuclear fission to generate heat

and electricity, contributes nearly 20 percent of the electricity
generated in America. The United States has used nuclear power for
more than 60 years to produce reliable, low-carbon energy and to
support national defense activities.

The Energy Department's Office of Nuclear Energys primary mission

is to advance nuclear power as a resource capable of making major
contributions in meeting our nations energy supply, environmental,
and energy security needs. By focusing on the development of
advanced nuclear technologies, NE supports the Administrations
goals of providing domestic sources of secure energy, reducing
greenhouse gases, and enhancing national security.
 ECONOMICS

The economics of new nuclear power stations is a controversial

subject, and multibillion-dollar investments ride on the choice of an
energy source. Nuclear power stations typically have high capital
costs, but low direct fuel costs, with the costs of fuel extraction,
processing, use and spent fuel storage internalized costs. Therefore,
comparison with other power generation methods is strongly
dependent on assumptions about construction timescales and capital
financing for nuclear stations. Cost estimates take into account station
decommissioning and nuclear waste storage or recycling costs in the
United States due to the Price Anderson Act. With the prospect that
all spent nuclear fuel/"nuclear waste" could potentially be recycled by
using future reactors, generation IV reactors are being designed to
completely close the nuclear fuel cycle. Presently, however there has
not yet been any actual bulk recycling of waste from a NPP, and on-
site temporary storage is still being used at almost all plant sites due to
waste repository construction problems. Only Finland has stable
repository plans, therefore from a worldwide perspective, long-term
waste storage costs are uncertain
WIND POWER
Wind power is the use of air flow through wind
turbines to mechanically power generators for electric power. Wind
power, as an alternative to burning fossil fuels, is plentiful, renewable,
widely distributed, clean, produces no greenhouse gas emissions
during operation, consumes no water, and uses little land. The
net effects on the environment are far less problematic than those
of nonrenewable power sources.
Wind farms consist of many individual wind turbines which are
connected to the electric power transmission network. Onshore wind
is an inexpensive source of electric power, competitive with or in
many places cheaper than coal or gas plants. Offshore wind is steadier
and stronger than on land, and offshore farms have less visual impact,
but construction and maintenance costs are considerably higher. Small
onshore wind farms can feed some energy into the grid or provide
electric power to isolated off-grid locations.
Wind power gives variable power which is very consistent from year
to year but which has significant variation over shorter time scales. It
is therefore used in conjunction with other electric power sources to
give a reliable supply. As the proportion of wind power in a region
increases, a need to upgrade the grid, and a lowered ability to supplant
conventional production can occur. Power management techniques
such as having excess capacity, geographically distributed
turbines, dispatchable backing sources, sufficient hydroelectric power,
exporting and importing power to neighboring areas, or reducing
demand when wind production is low, can in many cases overcome
these problems. In addition, weather forecasting permits the electric
power network to be readied for the predictable variations in
production that occur.
 HYDROPOWER
Hydropower is a renewable energy resource because it uses the Earth's
water cycle to generate electricity. Water evaporates from the Earth's
surface, forms clouds, precipitates back to earth, and flows toward the
ocean. The movement of water as it flows downstream creates kinetic
energy that can be converted into electricity. 2700 TWH is generated
every year. Hydropower supplies at least 50% of electricity
production in 66 countries and at least 90% in 24 countries. Out of
the total power generation installed capacity in India of 1,76,990 MW
(June, 2011), hydro power contributes about 21.5% i.e. 38,106 MW.
A capacity addition of 78,700 MW is envisaged from different
conventional sources during 2007-2012 (the 11th Plan), which
includes 15,627 MW from large hydro projects
 Technology

A hydroelectric power plant consists of a high dam that is built across

a large river to create a reservoir, and a station where the process of
energy conversion to electricity takes place. The first step in the
generation of energy in a hydropower plant is the collection of run-off
of seasonal rain and snow in lakes, streams and rivers, during the
hydrological cycle. The run-off flows to dams downstream. The water
falls through a dam, into the hydropower plant and turns a large wheel
called a turbine. The turbine converts the energy of falling water into
mechanical energy to drive the generator After this process has taken
place electricity is transferred to the communities through
transmission lines and the water is released back into the lakes,
streams or rivers. This is entirely not harmful, because no pollutants
are added to the water while it flows through the hydropower plant.
 Geothermal Energy

Geothermal energy is the heat from the Earth.

It's clean and sustainable

. Resources of geothermal energy range from the shallow
ground to hot water and hot rock found a few miles beneath the
Earth's surface, and down even deeper to the extremely high
temperatures of molten rock called magma
 Geothermal energy is heat energy generated and stored in the
Earth.

Thermal energy is the energy that determines the temperature of

matter.
The geothermal energy of the Earth's crust originates from the original
formation of the planet and from radioactive decay of materials (in
currently uncertain but possibly roughly equal proportions).

The geothermal gradient, which is the difference in temperature

between the core of the planet and its surface, drives a
continuous conduction of thermal energy in the form of heat from the
core to the surface.

The adjective geothermal originates from the Greek roots (ge),

meaning earth, and (thermos), meaning hot
 TIDAL POWER

Tidal power or tidal energy is a form of hydropower that converts the

energy obtained from tides into useful forms of power, mainly
electricity.

Although not yet widely used, tidal energy has potential for
future electricity generation. Tides are more predictable than the
wind and the sun. Among sources of renewable energy, tidal energy
has traditionally suffered from relatively high cost and limited
availability of sites with sufficiently high tidal ranges or flow
velocities, thus constricting its total availability.
 However, many recent [technological developments and
improvements, both in design (e.g. dynamic tidal power, tidal
lagoons) and turbine technology (e.g. new axial turbines, cross flow
turbines), indicate that the total availability of tidal power may be
much higher than previously assumed, and that economic and
environmental costs may be brought down to competitive levels.

Historically, tide mills have been used both in Europe and on the
Atlantic coast of North America. The incoming water was contained
in large storage ponds, and as the tide went out, it turned waterwheels
that used the mechanical power it produced to mill grain.
 WAVE POWER

Wave power is the transport of energy by wind waves, and the capture
of that energy to do useful work for example, electricity
generation, water desalination, or the pumping of water (into
reservoirs). A machine able to exploit wave power is generally known
as a wave energy converter (WEC).

Wave power is distinct from the diurnal flux of tidal power and the
steady gyre of ocean currents. Wave-power generation is not currently
a widely employed commercial technology, although there have been
attempts to use it since at least 1890.[1] In 2008, the first
experimental wave farm was opened in Portugal, at the Aguadoura
Wave Park.
Waves are generated by wind passing over the surface of the sea. As
long as the waves propagate slower than the wind speed just above the
waves, there is an energy transfer from the wind to the waves. Both
air pressure differences between the upwind and the lee side of a
wave crest, as well as friction on the water surface by the wind,
making the water to go into the shear stress causes the growth of the
waves.

The waves propagate on the ocean surface, and the wave energy is
also transported horizontally with the group velocity. The mean
transport rate of the wave energy through a vertical plane of unit
width, parallel to a wave crest, is called the wave energy flux.

In general, larger waves are more powerful but wave power is also
determined by wave speed, wavelength, and water density.
 REFERENCES: -

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page
http://www.google.co.in/renewableresources
http://investopedia.com/terms/r/renewable_resource.asp
THANK
YOU