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ENGINEERING
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Code : MEC551
Course : THERMAL ENGINEERING
Contact Hrs: 3 (L) & 1 (T) / weeks
Course Status : Core
1. Introduction 3 hrs
2. Conduction 7 hrs
3. Convection 6 hrs
4. Heat Exchangers 6 hrs
5. Combustion 6 hrs
6. Refrigeration Cycles 7 hrs
7. Air- conditoning Processes 7 hrs.
Coursework 40%
Test 1 10%
Test 2 10%
Assignments / Quizzes 20%
Y.A. Cengel,
Heat and Mass Transfer: A Practical
Approach, McGraw-Hill, 3rd Edition, 2007.
http://eqps.ptar.uitm.edu.my:8080/eqps/
Heat Transfer
Heat
Form of energy that can be transferred from one system to another
as a result of a temperature difference.
2nd Law
Heat is transferred in the direction of
decreasing temperature.
How is heat
transferred??
15
Heat Transfer
ii) CONVECTION
iii) RADIATION
17
CONDUCTION
http://sheryltan789.blogspot.com
18
CONDUCTION IN SOLID
19
CONDUCTION IN SOLID
www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/learning
20
CONDUCTION IN SOLID
21
CONDUCTION IN LIQUID & GASES
22
HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM : CONDUCTION
Fourier's law
The law of heat conduction, also known as
Fourier's law, states that the time rate of heat
transfer through a material is proportional to the
negative gradient in the temperature and to the
area, at right angles to that gradient, through
which the heat is flowing.
Fourier's law
dT
Qcond kA (W)
dx
Q x ~ Rate of conduction in x direction W
dT C
~ Temperature gradient in the direction of heat flow
dx m
A ~ Cross sec tional area normal to the direction ofthe heat flow m2
W
k ~ Thermal conductivi ty of the material
m C
Good
conductor
Good
insulator
WHAT IS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, k ?
WHAT IS THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY, k ?
The variation of the thermal conductivity of various solids, liquids, and gases
with temperature.
PROBLEM SOLVING CONDUCTION EXAMPLE 1
= 2352 W
wide t
30
PROBLEM SOLVING CONDUCTION EXAMPLE 2
1.5 cm
HEAT TRANSFER HEAT TRANSFER
MECHANISM : CONVECTION
32
HEAT TRANSFER HEAT TRANSFER
MECHANISM : CONVECTION
http://sheryltan789.blogspot.com
In Boiling Water
www.sltechgroup.com/blog
CONVECTION
Forced
convection
Phase change
Free convection
Natural convection
Temperature
Area contacting fluids (m2) difference (oC)
Atmospheric air at a
T=10C
temperature of 10C flows
with a velocity 5 m/s across a AIR V = 5 m/s
tube with an outer diameter h = 85 W/(m2C)
(OD) of 1 cm and a length of 5
cm. The surface is maintained
at 110C.
Determine the rate of heat
flow from the tube surface to 1 cm
atmospheric air if h is 85 5m
W/(m2C).
Tw=110C
HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM : RADIATION
Radiation - Emission
Radiation - Emission
Eb E
Blackbody Greybody
~ emissivity 0 1.0
m K
T ~ absolute surface temperature K
Whenever radiant energy is incident upon any surface, part may be:
Absorbed (a)
Reflected () Reflected
Incident
Transmitted (t) radiation radiation
Absorption
Transmitted radiation
48
HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM : RADIATION
Absorptivity a;
49
HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM : RADIATION
50
HEAT TRANSFER MECHANISM : RADIATION
When a surface is completely enclosed by a much larger (or black)
surface at temperature Tsurr separated by a gas (such as air) that does
not intervene with radiation, the net rate of radiation heat transfer
between these two surfaces is given by
51
PROBLEM SOLVING RADIATION EXAMPLE 1
ball
vacuum
52
PROBLEM SOLVING RADIATION EXAMPLE 2
T1=50C
= 0.853
COMBINATION OF ALL MODES OF HEAT TRANSFER
In the real problem, the heat transfer involved more than one
mechanism
54
PROBLEM SOLVING : COMBINATION OF ALL MODES
OF HEAT TRANSFER
55