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A E R O D Y N A M I C S OF B U I L D I N G S A N D T O W E R S

Author: H.J. N i e m a n n

C.W. KNISELY: Was your data for cooling towers with or without internal
flow?
Response: Openings on the base of the models were provided, corresponding
approximately to the net open area of the air inlet and taking into account the
restraint on the flow of column, framework and water distribution. Insofar, the
internal flow was included, but this parameter was not investigated system-
atically in these tests. From other tests we concluded this parameter has only
a moderate effect on the internal pressure, but it may have some influence on
the external pressure, as indicated by the results obtained by Blessmann.

J.D. HOLMES: I found the results you have presented very interesting, par-
ticularly those on pressures on low aspect ratio circular cylinders and the peak
stresses and bending moments in shells and arches. I have been involved in
similar and related studies with similar conclusions. Do you intend to inves-
tigate the effect of aspect ratio on mean and fluctuating pressures on short
circular cylinders?
Response: The aspect ratio is one of the important parameters - besides per-
haps Taylor's number and mean wind profile - in a current research project,
which is aimed at the structure of the mean flow and the pressure correlation
structure and will be finished by about the end of 1989. Results obtained up to
now indicate a dominant influence of aspect ratio in the range of about 1 to 2
or 3.

Author: H. R u s c h e w e y h

M. ITO: The response due to vortex excitation is usually affected by the

turbulence of the approaching flow. In your proposed expression, how is this
taken into account?
Response: The proposed curve for the exciting coefficient C~atincludes the
effects of turbulence, roughness, etc., and is the upper limit of available mea-
sured values coming from different sources, model tests and full scale mea-
surements. In special cases, if more precise values are available, these coeffi-
cients should be applied to the model.

B.J. VICKERY: In the small amplitude range, the response is random and
proportional to (damping)- 1/2 rather than (damping)- 1. At very low values
of Sc (e.g., vibrations in water), the amplitude is self-limiting and eqn. (1) will
severely overpredict. Could you comment on the limitations of eqn. (1) ?
Response: The vortex resonance model has been developed for slender, low
damped structures, i.e., for steel stacks. It has been verified for Scruton num-
 447

bers between approximately 1 and 25. For structures with low slenderness, i.e.,
small h/d < 12, the effective correlation length ratio has to be reduced corre-
spondingly depending on the aerodynamic behavior of the cylinder (i.e., the
conical part reduces the correlation length, and the tip effect can be signifi-
cant). At high critical wind speeds, the stationary resonance vibration nor-
mally is not established because of the transient character of the vibration.
This effect can be taken into account by reducing the exciting coefficient C~at.

Author: J . D . H o l m e s

H.J. NIEMANN: Could your method be utilized to identify equivalent static

loads for a given response under consideration?
Response: Yes, it is possible to combine linearly components from the two or
three lowest modes to derive approximate equivalent static load distributions,
but these may vary quite a lot from one type of response to another. The "root-
sum-of-squares" rule for combination of peak fluctuation components from
the significant modes, as used in the paper, is perhaps, the most effective way
of achieving the same result, but, unfortunately, requires education of struc-
tural engineers for practical use.

Author: Y. T a m u r a

J. KANDA: Could you explain why the second mode does not appear in some
cases of the power spectral densities of the acceleration in Fig. 7 while in Case
(C) we can clearly see its existence?
Response: I am not sure, but I think it is because of the following. The power
spectra shown in the figure are normalized by the variances. Therefore, the
peaks of the second mode can be lost in the figure depending on the value of
the variants. I will check the original spectra.

H.J. NIEMANN: You used roughening of the model surface to simulate high
Reynolds numbers. The roughness elements had a height/spacing ratio of 0.42.
They are pretty close to each other and their effective height is thereby re-
duced. Did you try larger ratios?
Response: We adopted the best fit roughness according to wind tunnel tests
with various types of roughness. In these tests, Cr, S, Cd and the circumfer-
ential pressure distributions were compared with the full-scale chimney. We
did not, however, try larger ratios. T h a n k you for your suggestion.
448

Author: H. Hayashida

M. ITO: Concerning Fig. 2.4 in the paper, I wonder if Davenport's spectrum

is applicable to an approaching wind at an altitude of 600 m?
Response: The measured spectrum in Fig. 2.4, which is compared with Dav-
enport's spectrum, is only for wind tunnel flow conditions. The application of
Davenport's spectrum for the response analysis of actual super high-rise build-
ing is not considered in the present paper.

P. PRENNINGER: In your experiments, a rigid, tall building model was

mounted on a six-component balance. Which Strouhal numbers are related to
the eigenfrequencies of the experimental setup and where are these nondimen-
sional frequencies located in the generalized spectra shown in Fig 3.3 in the
paper?
Response: The resonant frequencies of the measuring system range are from
50 to 70 Hz. Therefore, the nondimensional resonant frequencies ranged from
0.25 to 0.35 (D=0.08 m; V~ 16 m / s ) . These frequencies were removed from
the time series wave forms, using the numerical filter proposed by Kawai (1987),
before the frequency domain analysis was carried out.

T. MATSUMOTO: The buildings that you talked about are so high that the
vortex-excited oscillations, associated with motion-induced forces, may occur.
However, you totally neglected these forces. Would you explain why?
Response: In general, I agree with you that we need to consider motion-in-
duced forces. The main purpose of the present study, however, was to compare
the fundamental aerodynamics for various plan shapes of tall buildings. There-
fore, we used rigid and fixed models in this study. I think we should examine
motion-induced forces with dynamic models in the next stage of this study.

J.D. HOLMES (Comment): The data will be very useful for tall buildings
of the future. It would be even more useful if mathematical functions were
fitted to the cross-wind generalized force spectra in Fig. 3.3, so that they could
be used in preliminary design calculation methods in codes and standards, e.g.
New Australian Standard, to be published shortly.
B.J. VICKERY (Comment): While motion-induced forces cannot be ig-
nored, the aerodynamic damping at speeds below the critical speed is usually
small and positive. Figure 3.5 suggests that for a design speed of, say 50 m/s,
all but the circular shape are well below the critical speed.
 449

Author: J. Kanda

H.J. NIEMANN: In addition to drag, have torsional loads been deduced

from the full-scale measurements?
Response: I did not find any in the literature examined for this review.

Author: K. Fujii

M.M. ZDRAVKOVICH: Have you fixed your water barrels to the floor of
the tower?
Response: The containers were just placed on the floor.

Author: V.J. Modi

Y. FUJINO: Will you please tell us why torus containers are better than
containers of other shapes?
Response: At the outset we must recognize that the fundamental mechanism
of energy dissipation is through wave action. The geometry of the damper does
not basically change this basic character. The ring damper appears to have two
basic advantages: (1) it provides an addition control variable d/D which can
be exploited advantageously by designers and (ii) it leads to colliding waves
(twice in a cycle), thus promoting dissipation of energy. Note that, in a tank-
type damper, a considerable amount of energy is reflected.

BRIDGE AERODYNAMICS

Author: H. Tanaka

K. TAKEDA: When you want to know about the aerodynamic stability of a

relatively short span including the turbulence effect on the response amplitude
of vortex-induced vibration, for example, it is reasonable to conduct a sectional
model test in a grid-generated turbulent flow as an approximate means to es-
timate the turbulence effect as well?
Response: There has been a positive indication regarding the use of 2-D bridge
models with homogeneous turbulence. The idea is to forget about the scale
effect, which hopefully is not significant, and provide approximately the same