NAME

MUHAMMAD ABUBAKR

ROLL#
B-19743
SUBJECT
Strength Of Material

TEACHER
MAAM Anila Arif
WHAT IS TORQUE?
Torque is a measure of how much a force acting on an object causes that object to
rotate. The object rotates about an axis, which we will call the pivot point, and will
label 'O'. We will call the force 'F'. The distance from the pivot point to the point
where the force acts is called the moment arm, and is denoted by 'r'. Note that this
distance, 'r', is also a vector, and points from the axis of rotation to the point where
the force acts.

Torque is defined as

= r x F = r F sin( ).
In other words, torque is the cross product between the distance vector (the
distance from the pivot point to the point where force is applied) and the force
vector, 'a' being the angle between rand F.
Using the right hand rule, we can find the direction of the torque vector. If we put
our fingers in the direction of r, and curl them to the direction of F, then the thumb
points in the direction of the torque vector.

Moment of Inertia
Moment of inertia is the name given to rotational inertia, the rotational analog
of mass for linear motion. It appears in the relationships for the dynamics of
rotational motion. The moment of inertia must be specified with respect to a
chosen axis of rotation. For a point mass the moment of inertia is just the mass
times the square of perpendicular distance to the rotation axis, I = mr2. That point
mass relationship becomes the basis for all other moments of inertia since any
object can be built up from a collection of point masses.
Moment of Inertia, General Form
Since the moment of inertia of an ordinary object involves a continuous
distribution of mass at a continually varying distance from any rotation axis, the
calculation of moments of inertia generally involves calculus, the discipline of
mathematics which can handle such continuous variables. Since the moment of
inertia of a point mass is defined by

then the moment of inertia contribution by an infinitesimal mass element dm has

the same form. This kind of mass element is called a differential element of mass
and its moment of inertia is given by

Note that the differential element of moment of inertia dI must always be defined
with respect to a specific rotation axis. The sum over all these mass elements is
called an integral over the mass.

Usually, the mass element dm will be expressed in terms of the geometry of the
object, so that the integration can be carried out over the object as a whole (for
example, over a long uniform rod).
Having called this a general form, it is probably appropriate to point out that it is a
general form only for axes which may be called "principal axes", a term which
includes all axes of symmetry of objects. The concept of moment of inertia for
general objects about arbitrary axes is a much more complicated subject. The
moment of inertia in such cases takes the form of a mathematical tensor quantity
which requires nine components to completely define it.
Moment of inertia is defined with respect to a specific rotation axis. The moment
of inertia of a point mass with respect to an axis is defined as the product of the
mass times the distance from the axis squared. The moment of inertia of any
extended object is built up from that basic definition. The general form of the
moment of inertia involves an integral.
What is Torsional Effect?
The seismic response of buildings subjected to ground motions may be
significantly modify due to the occurrence of torsional effects. As a result, the
floors of the building not only translate laterally but also rotate along a vertical
axis. This effect produces an uneven distribution of the lateral displacements at the
same level (with an increase of the displacement at some points of the perimeter of
the building), and a modification of the internal actions.
The main reasons for the occurrence of torsional effects are two. First, lack of
symmetry of the structural system due to a non-uniform distribution in plan of the
stiffness, mass or strength. This lack of symmetry may be evident or accidental
(unpredicted variation of the properties of the structural system). The asymmetric
configuration of the building results in a coupling of the translational and rotational
mode of vibration of the structures. Second, synchronic movement of the
foundation of the building due to characteristics of the seismic excitation.
As a result, torsional vibrations may also occur in symmetric buildings. This effect
depends on the type of foundation and on the dimensions of the building compared
to the length of the seismic wave. Damage of buildings observed in past
earthquakes indicated that one mayor cause may be the torsional vibration induced
by the ground motion. It is worth noting that the severe damage occurred during
the Michoacn Earthquake, Mexico, 1985, showed the importance of torsional
effects and pointed out the need to understand the problem and improve the design
requirements.

https://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/tutorials/torque/Q.torque.intro.html

http://www.iitk.ac.in/nicee/wcee/article/13_1111.pdf

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/mi.html