FIRST EDITION

NOTES

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

ONE-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS
VECTORS
MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
LAW OF MOTION
WORK POWER AND ENERGY
ROTATION
 Units and Dimensions

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS

PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
All quantities that can be measured are called _____________. E.g. Time, length mass, force, work done, etc.
MEASUREMENT
Measurement is the comparison of a quantity with a standard of the ____________ physical quantity.
UNITS
All physical quantities are measured w.r.t. standard magnitude of the same physical quantity and these standards are called
__________. E.g. Second, meter, kilogram, etc.
Four basic properties of units are:-
1. They must be well defined.
2. They should be easily available and reproducible.
3. They should be invariable e.g. step as a unit of length is not invariable.
4. They should be accepted to all.
SET OF FUNDAMENTAL QUANTITIES
A set of physical quantities which are completely independent of each other and all other physical quantities can be
expressed in terms of these physical quantities is called ____________________
Physical Quantity Units() Units() Notations
Mass _______________
Length _______________
Time _______________
Temperature _______________
Current _______________ or
Luminous intensity _______________
Amount of substance _______________

Physical Quantity ( Unit) Definition

Length ()
Mass ()
Time ()
Electric Current()
Thermodynamic Temperature ()
Luminous Intensity ()
Amount of substance (mole)
Two supplementary units are:
1. Plane angle (radian)
angle=arc/radius or, =
1
The distance travelled by light in vacuum in second is called _________.
299.792,458
The mass of a cylinder made of _____________ kept at International Bureau of Weights
and Measures is defined as _________________
The second is the duration of 9, 192, 631, 770 periods of the radiation
corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine levels of the ground
state of the ______________.
If equal currents are maintained in the two parallel infinitely long wires of
negligible cross-section, so that the force between them is _____________newton per
metre of the wires, the current in any of the wires is called ______________.
The fraction _____________ of the thermodynamic temperature of triple point of
water is called ______________
1
________________ is the luminous intensity of a blackbody of surface area 2
600,000
placed at the temperature of freezing platinum and at a pressure of 101, 325 /
2 , in the direction perpendicular to its surface.
The ___________ is the amount of a substance that contains as many elementary
entities as there are number of atoms in _____________.

2. Solid Angle (steradian)

2
 Units and Dimensions
DERIVED PHYSICAL QUANTITIES
The physical quantities those can be expressed in terms of fundamental physical quantities are called ____________. E.g. Speed
= distance/time
DIMENSION
The power (exponent) of base quantity that enters into the expression of a physical quantity, is called the _______________.
Consider the physical quantity force.
Force=massacceleration
/
=

= mass length ()2
So the dimensions of force are 1 in mass, 1 in length and 2 in time. Thus
[] = 2
Similarly, energy has dimensional formula given by
[] = 2 2
i.e. energy has dimensions, 1 in mass, 2 in length and 2 in time.
Such an expression for a physical quantity in terms of base quantities is called ______________.
DIMENSIONAL EQUATION
Whenever the dimension of a physical quantity is equated with its dimensional formula, we get a ___________.
PRINCIPLE OF HOMOGENEITY
According to this principle, we can multiply physical quantities with same or different dimensional formulae at our
convenience, however no such rule applies to addition and substraction, where only like physical quantities can only be
added or subtracted.
E.g. IF + & both represent same physical quantity.
Illustration:
1
Calculate the dimensional formula of energy from the equation = 2 .
2
Sol. Dimensionally, = ()2 .
1
Since is a number and has no dimension.
2
2
Or, [] = ( ) = 2 2 .

USES OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

(I) TO CONVERT UNITS OF A PHYSICAL QUANTITY FROM ONE SYSTEM OF UNITS TO ANOTHER:
It is based on the fact that,
Numerical value unit = constant
So on changing unit, numerical value will also gets changed. If 1 and 2 are the numerical values of a given physical
quantity and 1 and 2 be the units respectively in two different systems of units, then
1 1 1
2 = 1 [ ] [ ] [ ]
2 2 2

Illustration:
A calorie is a unit of heat or energy and it equals about 4.2 , where 1 = 1 2 / 2 . Suppose we employ a system of
units in which the unit of mass equals , the unit of length equals metre, the unit of time is second. Show that a
calorie has a magnitude 4.2 1 2 2 in terms of the new units.
Sol. 1 = 4.2 2 2
New system
1 = 4.2 2 =?
1 = 1 2 =
1 = 1 2 =
1 = 1 2 =
Dimensional formula of energy is [2 2 ]
Comparing with [ ], we find that = 1, = 2, = 2

Now, 2 = 1 [ 1] [ 1] [ 1]
2 2 2
1 1 1 2 1 2
= 4.2 [ ] [ ] [ ] = 4.2 1 2 2

3
 Units and Dimensions
(II) TO CHECK THE DIMENSIONAL CORRECTNESS OF A GIVEN PHYSICAL RELATION:
It is based on principle of homogeneity, which states that a given physical relation is dimensionally correct if the
dimensions of the various terms on either side of the relation are the same.
(i) Powers are dimensionless
(ii) sin , , cos , log gives dimensionless value and in above expression is dimensionless
(iii) We can add or subtract quantity having same dimensions.
Illustration:
Let us check the dimensional correctness of the relation = + .
Here represents the initial velocity, represent the final velocity, the uniform acceleration and the time.
Dimensional formula of is [0 1 ]
Dimensional formula is [0 1 ]
Dimensional formula is [0 2 ][] = [0 1 ]
Here dimensions of every term in the given physical relation are the same, hence the given physical relation is
dimensionally correct.
(III) TO ESTABLISH A RELATION BETWEEN DIFFERENT PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:
If we know the various factors on which a physical quantity depends, then we can find a relation among different factors
by using principle of homogeneity.
Illustration:
Let us find an expression for the time period of a simple pendulum. The time period may depend upon
(i) mass of the bob of the pendulum,
(ii) length of pendulum,
(iii) acceleration due to gravity at the place where the pendulum is suspended.
Sol. Let
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
Combining all the three factors, we get
where is a dimensionless constant of proportionality.
Writing down the dimensions on either side of equation (), we get
[] = [ ][ ][ 2 ] = [ + 2 ]
Comparing dimensions, = 0, + = 0, 2 = 1
1 1
= 0, = , =
2 2
1/2
From equation (i) = 0 1/2 1/2 or = ( ) =

UNITS AND DIMENSIONS OF SOME PHYSICAL QUANTITIES

Quantity Unit Dimensional Formula
Density /3 ________
Force Newton () ________
Work Joule ()(= -) ________
Energy Joule () ________
Power Watt ()(= /) ________
Momentum -/ ________
Gravitational constant -2 /2 ________
Angular velocity radian/ ________
Angular acceleration radian/ 2 ________
Angular momentum -2 / ________
Moment of inertia -2 ________
Torque - ________
Angular frequency radian/ ________
Frequency Hertz () ________
Period ________
Surface Tension / ________
Coefficient of viscosity -/2 ________

4
 Units and Dimensions

Wavelength ________
Intensity of wave /2 ________
Temperature kelvin () ________
Specific heat capacity /(-) ________
Stefans constant /(2 4 ) ________
Heat ________
Thermal conductivity /(-) ________
Current density /2 ________

Electrical conductivity 1/- (= ) ________

Electric dipole moment - ________

Electric field / (= ) ________


Potential (voltage) volt () (= ) ________

Electric flux - ________
Capacitance farad () ________
Electromotive force Volt () ________
Resistance () ________

Permittivity of space 2 /-2 (= ) ________

Permeability of space /2 ________

Magnetic field Tesla () = (= ) ________
2
Magnetic flux Weber () ________
Magnetic dipole moment -/ ________
Inductance Henry () ________

LIMITATIONS OF DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS

(i) Dimension _____________ on the magnitude. Due to this reason the equation = + 2 is also dimensionally correct.
Thus, a dimensionally correct equation need not be actually correct.
(ii) The numerical constants having no dimensions cannot be deduced by the method of ______________.
(iii) This method is applicable only of relation is of product type. It fails in the case of ________________.
Prefixes: Standard prefixes for certain power of 10. Table shows these prefixes:
Power of 10 Prefix Symbol
12 ________
9 ________
6 ________
3 ________
2 ________
1 ________
1 ________
2 ________
3 ________
6 ________
9 ________
12 ________
15 ________

ORDER-OF MAGNITUDE CALCULATIONS

If value of physical quantity satisfy
0.5 10
where, 5 10
is an integer
is called __________

5
 Units and Dimensions
Illustration:
The diameter of the sun is expressed as 13.9 109 . Find the order of magnitude of the diameter?
Sol. Diameter 13.9 109
Diameter 1.39 1010
order of magnitude is 10.
SYMBOLS AND THERE USUAL MEANINGS
The scientific group in Greece used following symbols.
________ ________
________ ________
________ ________
________ ________
________ ________
________ ________
________ ________
________ ________
, ________ ________
________ ________
, ________

Significant Figures
In the measured value of a physical quantity, the number of digits about the correctness of which we are sure plus the next
doubtful digit, are called the __________________.
Rules for Finding Significant Figures
1. All non-zeros digits are significant figures, e.g., 4362 has _________significant figures.
2. All zeros occurring between non-zero digits are significant figures, e.g., 1005 has _______ significant figures.
3. All zeros to the right of the last non-zero digit are not significant, e.g., 6250 has only ________ significant figures.
4. In a digit less than one, all zeros to the right of the decimal point and to the left of a non-zero digit are not significant,
e.g., 0.00325 has only_______ significant figures.
5. All zeros to the right of a non-zero digit in the decimal part are significant, e.g., 1.4750 has _______ significant digures.
Significant Figures in Algebraic Operations
(i) In Addition or Subtraction -: In addition or subtraction of the numerical values the final result should retain the least
decimal place as in the various numerical values.
E.g.,
If 11 = 4.326 and 12 = 1.50
Then, 11 + 12 = (4.326 + 1.50) = 8.826
As 12 has measured upto two decimal places, therefore
11 + 12 = ______
(ii) In Multiplication or Division :- In multiplication or division of the numerical values, the final result should retain the
least significant figures as the various numerical values. .
E.g.,
If length 1 = 12.5 and breadth = 4.125 .
The, area = 1 = 12.5 4.125 = 51.5625 2
As 1 has only 3 significant figures, therefore
= ______ 2
Rules of Rounding off Significant Figures
1. If the digit to be dropped is less than 5, then the preceding digit is left unchanged. E.g., 1.54 is rounded of to ________.
2. If the digit to be dropped is greater than 5, then the preceding digit is raised by one. E.g., 2.48 is rounded off to
_________.
3. If the digit to be dropped is 5 followed by digit other than zero, then the preceding digit is raised by one. E.g., 3.55 is
rounded of to _________.
4. If the digit to be dropped is 5 or 5 followed by zeros, then the preceding digit is raised by one, if it is odd and left
unchanged if it is even. E.g., 3.750 is rounded off to __________ and 4.650 is rounded off to _______ .

6
 One-Dimensional Kinematics

ONE-DIMENSIONAL KINEMATICS

Kinematics is the mathematical description of ________________.

Motion
If an object changes its ________________ with time with respect to a ________________ in a reference frame, the body is said to be in
motion.
Rest
If an object ________________ its position with time with respect to the given reference point in a given reference frame, the
body is said to be at rest.
Rest and motion are ________________ states. An object might be at rest in one frame of reference and can be in motion in another
frame of reference at the same time.
In kinematical calculations, an object is mostly considered to be a point mass object, when the distance travelled by it in
motion is very large in comparison to its ________________.
Distance
The length of the ________________ traversed by an object is called the distance.
It is a scalar quantity and ________________ have zero or negative value when the object is in motion.
Displacement
The ________________ between the initial and final positions of any object during the motion is called displacement. The
displacement of an object in a given time can be positive, zero or negative.
It is a vector quantity.
Speed
The time ________________ of position of the object in any direction is called as speed of the object.

Speed =

Speed is a ________________ quantity.

Uniform speed
If an object covers equal distances in ________________ intervals of time, then its speed is uniform.
Non-uniform or Variable speed
If an object covers unequal distances in ________________ intervals of time, then its speed is non-uniform or variable.
Average speed
The ratio of the total distance travelled by the object to the total time taken is called the average speed of the object.

Average speed =

If a particle travels distances 1 , 2 , 3 , with speeds 1 , 2 , 3 , , then

Average speed = ______________
If a particle travels with speeds 1 , 2 , 3 , .. during time intervals 1 , 2 , 3 , , then
Average speed= ______________
Instantaneous speed
When an object is travelling with variable speed, then its speed at a given instant of time is called its instantaneous speed.

= lim = _______
0

Velocity
The rate of change of displacement of an object in a particular direction is called its velocity.

7
 One-Dimensional Kinematics

Velocity=

It is a vector quantity and has both magnitude and direction. The velocity of an object can be ________________, ________________ or
negative.
Uniform velocity
If an object undergoes ________________ displacement in equal intervals of time, then it is said to be moving with a uniform
velocity.
Non-uniform or Variable velocity
If an object undergoes ________________ displacements in defined equal intervals of time, then it is said to be moving with a non-
uniform ot variable velocity.
Relative velocity
Relative velocity of one object with respect to another object is the time rate of change of relative ________________ of one object
with respect to another object.
Relative velocity of object A with respect to object B,
= __________
When two objects are moving in the same direction, then,

When two objects are moving in opposite direction, then,

Average velocity
The ratio of ________________ is called average velocity.

Average velocity=

Acceleration
The time rate of change of ________________ is called acceleration.
= ________
It is a vector quantity.
Acceleration can be positive, zero or negative. Positive acceleration means velocity is ________________ with time, zero
acceleration means velocity is ________________ while negative acceleration (retardation) means velocity is ________________ with
time.
Graphs of motion
Displacement-time graph

Condition Graph

Stationary object
_____________________________

Body moving with a constant velocity

8
 One-Dimensional Kinematics

Body moving with a constant acceleration

_____________________________

Velocity-time graph

Condition Graph

Stationary object

Body moving with a constant velocity

______________________________

Body moving with a constant acceleration

Equations of Uniformly accelerated motion

Consider a body which starts with velocity and after time , its velocity changes to . The ________________ acceleration is
and the distance travelled in time is .
The following relations define the motion of the object,
= +
= _____________
2 = 2 + 2
Distance travelled in nth second is given by, = __________
For a freely falling object under gravity, then equations of motion can be represented as,
= +
1
= + 2
2
2 = 2 + 2
For an object thrown upwards, is replaced by .
From the equations, it follows that,

a) Time taken to reach maximum height, = = _________

2
b) Maximum height reached by the body, =
2

9
 Vectors

VECTORS

Those physical quantities which require ____________________ as well as ____________________ for their complete representation and
follows ____________________ are called vectors.
Vector can be divided into two types:
1. Polar Vectors
These are those vectors which have a ____________________ or ____________________ as a displacement force etc.
2. Axial vectors
These are those vectors which represent ____________________ and act along the axis of rotation in accordance with right
hand screw rule as angular velocity, torque, angular momentum etc.
Scalars
Those physical quantities which require only ____________________ but no ____________________ of their complete representation are
called scalars.
Distance, speed, work, mass, density, etc are the examples of scalars. Scalars can be added, subtracted, multiplied of divided
by simple algebraic laws.
Tensors
Tensors are those physical quantities which have ____________________ values in ____________________ directions at the
____________________ point.
Moment of inertia, radius of gyration, modulus of elasticity, pressure, stress, conductivity, resistivity, refractive index, wave
velocity and density, etc are the examples of tensors. Magnitude of tensor is not unique.
Different types of Vectors
i) Equal Vectors : ____________________ are called equal vectors.

ii) Negative Vectors : ____________________ are called negative vectors.

The negative vector of A is represented as ____________________.

iii) Zero Vector or Null Vector : ____________________known as a zero or null vector. Its direction is ____________________ It is
denoted by ____________________.
Velocity of a stationary object, acceleration of an object moving with uniform velocity and resultant of two equal and
opposite vectors are the examples of null vector.
iv) Unit Vector : ____________________ is called a unit vector.
A unit vector in the direction of vector A is given by
A
=
A

A unit vector is unitless and ____________________ vector and represents ____________________ only.
v) Orthogonal Unit Vectors : The unit vectors along the direction of orthogonal axis, i.e. axis, -axis and -axis are
called orthogonal unit vectors. They are represented by , and .

10
 Vectors
vi) Co-initial Vectors : ____________________ are called co-initial vectors.

vii) Collinear Vectors : ____________________ are called collinear vectors.

viii) Coplanar Vectors : ____________________ are called coplanar vectors.

ix) Localised Vector : ____________________ is called a localized vector.
x) Non-localised or free Vector : ____________________ is called a non-localised or a free vector.
xi) Position Vector : ____________________ is called position vector. It is represented by a symbol r.

xii) Displacement Vector : ____________________ is called displacement vector.

Displacement vector is the straight line joining the initial and final positions and does not depend on the actual path
undertaken by the object between the two positions.

The displacement vector for is

= 2 1
Addition of Vectors
1. Triangle Law of Vectors Addition

If two vectors acting at a point are represented in magnitude and direction by the two sides of a triangle taken in one
order, then their resultant is represented by the third side of the triangle taken in the opposite order.
If two vectors and acting at a point are inclined at an angle , the, their resultant
__________________________
If the resultant vector subtends an angle with vector , then
_________________________

11
 Vectors
2. Parallelogram Law of Vectors Addition

If two vectors acting at a point are represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram
draw from a point, then their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the diagonal of the parallelogram
draw from the same point.
Resultant of vectors and is given by

= 2 + 2 + 2 cos
If the resultant vector subtends and angles with vector , then
sin
tan =
+ cos

3. Polygon Law of Vectors Addition

It stated that if number of vectors acting on a particle at a time are represented in magnitude and direction by the
various sides of an open polygon taken in same order, their resultant vector is represented in magnitude and direction
by the closing side of polygon taken in opposite order. In face, polygon law of vectors is the outcome of triangle law of
vectors.
=++++
___________________________
Properties of Vector Addition
i) Vector addition is commutative, i.e.____________________
ii) Vector addition is associative, i.e.
_________________________________________________
iii) Vector addition is distributive, i.e._________________________
iv) + 0 = _______
Rotation of a Vector
i) If a vector is rotated through an angle , which in not an integral multiple of 2, the vector changes.
ii) If the frame of reference is rotated or translated, the given vectors does not change. The components of the vector may,
however, change.
Resolution of Vectors into Two Components
If two component vectors of are and in the direction of and , respectively.
Suppose = and = , where and are two real numbers.

The resultant vector , _______________

12
 Vectors
Resolution of a Vector into Rectangular Components
If any vector subtends and angle with -axis , then its Horizontal component = cos
Vertical component = sin

Magnitude of vector = 2 + 2

tan =


Angle = tan1 ( )

Direction Cosines of a Vector

If any vector subtend angles , and with -axis, -axis and -axis respectively and its components along these axes are
, and , then

cos = , cos = ,cos =

And ___________________________
Subtraction of Vectors
Subtraction of a vector from a vector is defined as the addition of vector- (negative of vector ) to vector .
Thus, _______________________
Multiplication of a Vector
1. By a Real Number
When a vector is multiplied by a real number , then its magnitude becomes ____________________ ____ but direction and
unit remains ____________________.
2. By a Scalar
When a vector is multiplied by a scalar , then its magnitude becomes times, and unit is the product of units of
and but direction remains same as that of vector .
Scalar or Dot Product of Two Vectors

The scalar product of two vectors is equal to the product of their magnitudes and the cosine of the smaller angle between
them. It is denoted by .(dot).
__________________
The scalar or dot product of two vectors is a scalar.

13
 Vectors
Properties of Scalar Product
i) Scalar product is ____________________,
i.e., . = .
ii) Scalar product is ____________________,
i.e., . ( + ) = . + .
iii) Scalar product of two perpendicular vectors is zero
. = cos 90 = 0
iv) Scalar product of two parallel vectors or anti-parallel vectors is equal to the product of their magnitude, i.e.
. = cos 0 = ____________________ (for parallel)
. . = cos 180 = __________________ (for anti-parallel)
v) Scalar product of a vector with itself is equal to the square of its magnitude, i.e. . = cos 0 = 2
vi) Scalar product of orthogonal unit vectors
. = . = . = 1
. = . = . = 0
vii) Scalar product in Cartesian coordinated
. = ( + + 2 ). ( + + )
= + +

Vector or Cross Product of Two Vectors

The vector product of two vectors is equal to the product of their magnitudes and the sine of the smaller angle between
them. It is denoted by (cross).
_______________________________

The direction of unit vector can be obtained from right hand thumb rule. If fingers of right hand are curled from to
through smaller angle between them, then thumb will represent the direction of vector ( ).
The vector or cross product of two vectors is also a ____________________.

Properties of Vector Product

i) Vector product is____________________, i.e.
[ ( ) = ( )]
ii) Vector product is ____________________, i.e.
( + ) = +
iii) Vector product of two parallel vectors is ____________________, i.e.,
= sin 0 = 0
iv) Vector product of any vector with itself is ____________________.
= sin 0 = 0

14
 Vectors
v) Vector product of orthogonal unit vectors

= = = 0
And = , = , =
vi) Vector product in Cartesian coordinates
= ( + + ) ( + + )

= | |

= ( ) ( ) + ( )
Direction of Vector Cross Product
When = , the direction of is at right. Angles to the plane containing the vectors and . The direction is
determined by the right hand screw rule and right hand thumb rule.

i) Right Hand Screw Rule : Rotate a right handed screw from first vector (A) towards second vector (B). The direction in
which the right screw moves gives the direction of vector (C).
ii) Right Hand Thumb Rule : Curl the fingers of your right hand from to . Then, the direction of the erect thumb will
point in the direction of .

15
 Motion in Two Dimensions

MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS

1. Addition of vectors in rectangular coordinates: If = + + and = + + .

= ( + + ) + ( + + ) = ( + ) + ( + ) + ( + )
Then, +

The motion of an object is called two dimensional, if two out of the three coordinates are required to specify the
position of the object in space changes w.r.t time.
In such a motion, the object moves in a plane. For example, a billiard ball moving over the billiard table, an insect
crawling over the floor of a room, earth revolving around the sun etc.
Two special cases of motion in two dimensions are
1. Projectile motion 2. Circular motion

PROJECTILE MOTION
Assumptions of Projectile Motion
1. There is no resistance due to air
2. The effect due to curvature of earth is negligible
3. The effect due to rotation of earth is negligible
4. For all points of the trajectory, the acceleration due to gravity is constant in magnitude and direction
Principles of Physical Independence of Motions
1. The motion of a projectile is a two dimensional motion. So, it can be discussed in two parts. Horizontal motion
and vertical motion. These two motions take place independent of each other. This is called the principle of physical
independence of motions
2. The velocity of the particle can be resolved into two mutually perpendicular components. Horizontal component
and vertical component
3. The horizontal component remains unchanged throughout the flight. The force of gravity continuously affects the
vertical component
4. The horizontal motion is a uniform motion and the vertical motion is a uniformly accelerated retarded motion
Types of Projectile Motion
1. Oblique projectile motion
2. Horizontal projectile motion
3. Projectile motion on an inclined
Displacement of projectile (
):
Let the particle acquires a position having the coordinates (, ) just after time
from the instant projection. The corresponding position vector of the particle at time
is as shown in the figure
= + (i)
The horizontal distance covered during time is given as
= _______ = _______ (ii)
The vertical velocity of the particle at time is given as
= _______ , (iii)
Now the vertical displacement is given as
= ____________________ (iv)
Putting the values of and from equation (ii) and equation (iv) in equation (i) we obtain the position vector at any
time as
2
1 1
= ( cos ) + (( sin ) 2 ) = ( cos )2 + (( sin ) 2 )
2 2

2
2 sin sin 2 sin
= 1 + ( ) and = tan1 ( ) = tan1 ( 2
) or = tan1 ( )
2 cos 2 cos

Note: The angle of elevation of the highest point of the projectile and the angle of projection are related to each
other as tan = _______
16
 Motion in Two Dimensions

Instantaneous velocity :
In projectile motion, vertical component of velocity changes but horizontal component of velocity always remains
constant.
Example: When a man jumps over the hurdle leaving behind its skateboard then vertical component of his velocity is
changing, but not the horizontal component, which matches with the skateboard velocity.
As a result, the skateboard stays underneath him, allowing him to land on it.
Let be the instantaneous velocity of projectile at time direction of this velocity is along the tangent to the trajectory
at point
= + = 2 + 2 = 2 cos 2 + ( sin )2
= 2 + 2 2 2 sin
sin
Direction of instantaneous velocity tan = = or = tan1 [tan sec ]
cos

Time of flight:

The total time taken by the projectile to go up and come down to the same level from which it was projected is called
time of flight.
For vertical upward motion, 0 = _______ = _______
Now as time taken to go up is equal to the time taken to come down so
Time of flight = _______ = _______
I. Time of flight can also be expressed as: = _______ (where is the vertical component of initial velocity)
II. For complementary angles of projection and 90
1
A) Ratio of time of flight = = _______ = _______
2
B) Multiplication of time of flight = 1 2 = _______ 1 2 = _______
III. If 1 is the time taken by projectile to rise upto point and 2 is the time taken in falling
from point to ground level then 1 + 2 = _______ = time of flight
or sin = _______
And height of the point is given by = _______
1
= _______1 12
2
by solving = _______
IV. If and are at the same level on trajectory and the time difference between these two
points is 1 , similarly and are also at the same level and the time difference
between these two positions is 2 then 22 12 = _______

Horizontal range:

It is the horizontal distance travelled by a body during the time of flight. So by using
second equation of motion
= cos _______ = cos _______ = _______
I. Range of projectile can also be expressed as:
= cos _______ = cos _______ = _______
2
= (where and are the horizontal and vertical component of initial

velocity)
II. If angle of projection is changed from to = (90 ) then range remains unchanged
So a projectile has same range at angles of projection and (90 ), though time of flight, maximum height and
trajectories are different
17
 Motion in Two Dimensions
These angles and 90 are called complementary angles of projection and for complementary angles of
1
projection ratio of range = _______ = _______
2
III. For angle of projection 1 = (45 ) and 2 = (45 + ), range will be same and equal to 2 cos 2// 1 and 2
are also the complementary angles

IV. Maximum range: For range to be maximum

2 sin 2
=0 [ ]=0

cos 2 = 0 i.e. 2_______ and = _______
i.e., a projectile will have maximum range when it is projected at an angle of _______ to the horizontal and the
maximum range will be _______
when the range is maximum, the height reached by the projectile
= _______
i.e., if a person can throw a projectile to a maximum distance , The maximum height to which it will rise is
_______
V. Relation between horizontal range and maximum height : = _______ and = _______

= _______

VI. If in case of projectile motion range is times the maximum height
2 sin 2 2 sin2 4 4
i.e. = = tan = [ ] or = tan1 [ ]

1 4
The angle of projection is given by = tan [ ]

Note:
If = then = tan1 (4) or = 76
If = 4 then = tan1 (1) or = 45
Maximum height:

It is the maximum height from the point of projection, a projectile can reach
So, by using 2 = 2 + 2
0 = ( sin )2 2
= _______

I. Maximum height can also be expressed as

= _______ (where is the vertical component of initial velocity)
II. = _______ (when sin2 = = 1 . . , = 90)
i.e., for maximum height body should be projected vertically upward. So it falls back to the point of projection
after reaching the maximum height
III. For complementary angles of projection and 90
1
Ratio of maximum height = = _______ = _______ = _______
2
1
= _______
2

18
 Motion in Two Dimensions
Horizontal Projectile

A body be projected horizontally from a certain height vertically above the ground with initial velocity . If friction
is considered to be absent, then there is no other horizontal force which can affect the horizontal motion. The horizontal
velocity therefore remains constant and so the object covers equal distance in horizontal direction in equal intervals of
time
I. Trajectory of horizontal projectile: The horizontal displacement is governed by the equation
= = _______ (i)
The vertical displacement is governed by = _______ (ii)
(since initial vertical velocity is zero)

By substituting the value of in equation (ii) = _______

Circular motion

Circular motion is another example of motion in two dimensions. To create circular motion in
a body it must be given some initial velocity and a force must then act on the body which is
always directed at right angles to instantaneous velocity
Since this force is always at right angles to the displacement due to the initial velocity therefore
no work is done by the force on the particle. Hence, its kinetic energy and thus speed is
unaffected. But due to simultaneous action of the force and the velocity the particle follows
resultant path, which in this case is a circle. Circular motion can be classified into two types
Uniform circular motion and non uniform circular motion

Variables of circular motion

1. Displacement and distance: When particle moves in a circular path describing an angle during time (as shown
in the figure) from the position to the position , we see that the magnitude of the position vector (that is equal
to the radius of the circle) remains constant .i.e. |1 | = |2 | = and the direction of the position vector changes
from time to time
I. Displacement: The change of position vector or the displacement of the particle from position to the
position is given by referring the figure. = 2 1
= || = |2 1 | = 12 + 22 21 2 cos
Putting 1 = 2 = we obtain
= 2 + 2 2. cos

= 2 2 (1 cos ) = 2 2 (2 sin2 )
2

= 2 sin
2
II. Distance: The distanced covered by the particle during the time is given as = length of the arc =

III. Ratio of distance and displacement: = = cosec ( )
2 sin /2 2 2

2. Angular displacement (): The angle turned by a body moving on a circle from some reference line is called
angular displacement
I. Dimension = _______(as = arc/radius)
II. Units = _______. It is some times also specified in terms of fraction or multiple of revolution
III. 2 = _______ = _______ Revolution
IV. Angular displacement is a axial vector quantity
Its direction depends upon the sense of rotation of the object and can be given by Right Hand Rule; which states
that if the curvature of the fingers of right hand represents the sense of rotation of the object, then the thumb,
held perpendicular to the curvature of the fingers, represents the direction of angular displacement vector

19
 Motion in Two Dimensions
V. Relation between linear displacement and angular displacement = _______ or = _______

3. Angular velocity (): Angular velocity of an object in circular motion is defined as the time rate of change of its
angular displacement
I. Angular velocity = _______
= _______
II. Dimension :_______
III. Units: _______
IV. Angular velocity is an _______ vector
V. Relation between angular velocity and linear velocity = _______
Its direction is the same as that of . For anticlockwise rotation of the point object on the circular path, the
direction of , according to Right hand rule is along the axis of circular path directed upwards. For clockwise
rotation of the point object on the circular path, the direction of is along the axis of circular path directed
downwards
Note:
It is important to note that nothing actually moves in the direction of the angular velocity vector . The
direction of simply represents that the rotational motion is taking place in a plane perpendicular to it
VI. For uniform circular motion remains constant where as for non uniform motion varies with respect to
time
4. Change in velocity: We want to know the magnitude and direction of the change in velocity of the particle which is
performing uniform circular motion as it moves from to during time as shown in figure. The change in
velocity vector is given as

= 2 1
Or || = |2 1 | = 12 + 22 21 2 cos
For uniform circular motion 1 = 2 =

So = 2 2 (1 cos ) = 2 sin
2
The direction of is shown in figure that can be given as
180
= = (90 )
2 2
Note: Relation between linear velocity and angular velocity. In vector form =

5. Time period (): In circular motion, the time period is defined as the time taken by the object to complete one
revolution on its circular path
I. Units : _______
II. Dimension: _______
III. Time period of seconds hand of watch = 60 second
IV. Time period of hours hand of watch = 12 hour
6. Frequency (): In circular motion, the frequency is defined as the number of revolutions completed by the object
on its circular path in a unit time
I. Units: _______ or _______
II. Dimension: _______

20
 Motion in Two Dimensions
Note:
Relation between time period and frequency : If is the frequency of revolution of an object in circular motion,
then the object completes revolutions in 1 second. Therefore, the object will complete one revolution in
_______ second
= _______
Relation between angular velocity, frequency and time period: Consider a point object describing a uniform
circular motion with frequency and time period . When the object completes one revolution, the angle
traced at its axis of circular motion is 2 radians. It means, when time = , = 2 radians. Hence, angular
velocity = _______ = _______ = _______ ( = _______)
If two particles are moving on same circle or different coplanar concentric circles in same direction with
different uniform angular speeds and respectively, the angular velocity of relative to will be rel =

So the time taken by one to complete one revolution around with respect to the other (i.e., time in which
completes one more or less revolution around than )
2
= = _______ [as = _______]
rel
Special case: If = , rel = 0 and so = ., particles will maintain their position relative to each other.
This is what actually happens in case of geostationary satellite (1 = 2 = constant)
7. Angular acceleration (): Angular acceleration of an object in circular motion is defined as the time rate of change
of its angular velocity
I. If be the change in angular velocity of the object in time interval and + ,
while moving on a circular path, then angular acceleration of the object will be

= Lt = _______ = _______
0
II. Units : _______
III. Dimension : _______
IV. Relation between linear acceleration and angular acceleration = _______
V. For uniform circular motion since is constant so = _______ = 0
VI. For nonuniform circular motion 0

Centripetal Acceleration:
I. Acceleration acting on the object undergoing uniform circular motion is called centripetal acceleration
II. It always acts on the object along _______ of the circular path

4_______
III. Magnitude of centripetal acceleration = _______ = _______ = 4_______ = _______
_______

21
 Laws of Motion

LAWS OF MOTION
1. A force is required to put a stationary body in _______________ or _______________ a moving body, and some _______________ is
needed to provide this force. The _______________ may or may not be in contact with the body.
2. Newtons first law
If the _______________ force on a body is zero, its acceleration is zero. Acceleration can be non-zero only if there is a
_______________ force on the body.
It can be understood better as:
A body continues to be in its state of _______________ or of _______________ in a straight line unless compelled by some external
force to act otherwise.
Inherent property of all the bodies by virtue of which they cannot change their state of rest or uniform motion along a
straight line by their own is called _______________. It depends on mass of the body.
For example,
A spaceship out in interstellar space, far from all other objects and with all its rockets turned off, has no net external
force acting on it. Its acceleration, according to the first law, must be _______________. If it is in motion, it must continue
to move with a _______________.
Consider a book at rest on a horizontal surface. It is subject to two external forces: the force due to gravity (i.e. its
weight W) acting _______________ and the ______________ force on the book by the table, the normal force . is a self-
adjusting force. Therefore, we conclude:
Since the book is observed to be at rest, the _______________ on it must be zero, according to the first law. This implies that
the normal force must be equal and _______________ to the weight .
3. A frame in which an observer is situated and makes his observations is known as his Frame of reference.
a) Inertial frame of reference:
A frame of reference which is at rest or which is moving with a uniform velocity along a straight line is called an
inertial frame of reference. In inertial frame of reference, Newtons laws of motion holds good. These are also
_______________ frame of reference.
Example: The lift at rest or a lift moving (up or down) with _______________; car moving with constant velocity on a
straight road.
b) Non-inertial frame of reference:
_______________ frame of references are called non-inertial frame of reference. Newtons laws of motion are
(applicable/not applicable) in non-inertial frame of reference.
4. Momentum of a body is defined to be the product of its mass and velocity , and is denoted
by = _______________ .
Momentum is basic to the effect of force on motion. The same force for the same time causes the (same/different)
change in momentum for (similar/different) bodies.
5. Newtons second law
The rate of change of momentum of a body is (directly/inversely) proportional to the applied force and takes place
(in/opposite to) the direction in which the force acts.




= = _______________

Any internal forces in the system are (to be/not to be) included in .

6. When a large force works on a body for very _______________ time interval, it is called impulsive force.
An impulsive force does not remain constant, but changes first from _______________ and then from _______________. In such
a case we measure the total effect of force.
Impulse of a force is a measure of total effect of force.

= 2
1

= change in _______________

22
 Laws of Motion
7. Newtons third law
According to Newtonian mechanics, force never occurs singly in nature. Force is the mutual _______________ between two
bodies. Forces always occur in pairs.
As per the law, to every action, there is always an (equal/unequal) and opposite reaction, i.e.,
Force on a body A by B is equal and opposite to the force on the body B by A,
= _______________
Example:
i. Swimming is possible due to third law of motion.
ii. When a gun is fired, the bullet moves (forward/backwards) as (action/reaction) and simultaneously the gun recoils
(forward/backwards) as (action/reaction).
iii. While walking a person presses the ground in the backward direction (action) by his feet. The ground pushes the
person in forward direction with an equal force (reaction). The component of reaction in _______________ direction
makes the person move forward.
8. If no external force acts on a system (called _______________ system) of constant mass, the total momentum of the system
remains constant with time.

= = 0

= constant
i.e., = 1 + 2 + 3 +. .. = constant
or _______ + ________ + 3
3 +. = constant
This equation shows that in absence of external force for a closed system the linear momentum of individual particles
(may/may not) change but their sum remains unchanged with time.
Law of conservation of linear momentum is (independent/dependent) of frame of reference though linear momentum
depends on frame of reference.

9. Equilibrium of a particle in mechanics refers to the situation when the net external force on the particle is _______________.
Equilibrium under three concurrent forces (acting on the same point) 1 , 2 3 require that the _______________ sum
of the three forces is zero.
1 + 2 + 3 = 0
Three concurrent forces will be in equilibrium, if they can be represented completely by three sides
of a triangle taken in order.

10. Common forces in mechanics:

Weight: Weight of an object is the force with which earth attracts it. It is also called the force of _______________ or the
_______________ on the body due to earth.
Reaction or Normal force: When a body is placed on a rigid surface, the body experiences a force which is _______________
to the surfaces in contact. Then force is called Normal force or Reaction.

Tension: The force exerted by the end of a (taut/loose) string, rope or chain against pulling (applied) force is called the
tension. The direction of tension is so as to (push/pull) the body.

23
 Laws of Motion
Spring force: Every spring _______________ any attempt to change its length. This (resistive/supportive) force increases
with change in length. Spring force is given by = ; where is the change in length and is the spring constant
(unit /).

11. If we slide or try to slide a body over a surface the motion is resisted by a bonding between the body and the surface.
This resistance is represented by a single force called friction.
It acts (parallel/perpendicular) to the surface and (along/opposite to) the direction of intended motion.
i) Static friction: The opposing force that comes into play when one body tends to move over the surface of another,
when the actual motion has (just started/yet not started) is called static friction.

If applied force is and the body remains at rest then static friction, = .
Static friction is a _______________ force because it changes itself in accordance with the applied force and increases
upto a certain maximum limit.
ii) The (maximum/minimum) value of static friction upto which body does not move is called limiting friction.
The magnitude of limiting friction between any two bodies in contact is directly proportional to the _______________
between them.
or =
Direction of the force of limiting friction is always opposite to the direction in which one body is at the verge of
moving over the other.
iii) If the applied force is increased further and sets the body in motion, the friction opposing the motion is called
kinetic friction.
Kinetic friction depends upon the _______________,
or = where is called the coefficient of kinetic friction
Kinetic friction is always (lesser/greater) than limiting friction
< <
Co-efficient of kinetic friction is always (less than/greater than) co-efficient of static friction. Thus, we require
more force to start a motion than to maintain it against friction. This is because once the motion starts, _______________
of rest has been overcome.
iv) When objects such as a wheel (disc or ring), sphere or a cylinder rolls over a surface, the force of friction coming
into play is called rolling friction.
Rolling friction is (directly/inversely) proportional to the normal reaction () and (directly/inversely)
proportional to the radius () of the rolling cylinder or wheel.
= ________
Rolling friction is often quite small as compared to the sliding friction. That is why heavy loads are transported by
placing them on carts with wheels.

24
 Laws of Motion
12. The acceleration of a particle moving in a circle is given by:
= __________ + __________
2
= 2 = , =

For a particle undergoing uniform circular motion, speed is uniform,

= _________

= 2
For a non-uniform circular motion, = 2 + 2 = _______________

13. For constant speed of the particle around the circle, resultant force directed towards the centre of the circle, i.e.,

centripetal force = = .

a) For a vehicle going around the circular turning,
External forces acting on the vehicle are:
i) weight
ii) Normal contact force
iii) _______________
For safe turning,
2


= _______________
b) Roads are banked to provide safety for high speeds and sharp turns,
sin + cos = _______________ _______________ =
+ tan
=
1 tan

14. Examples:
a) A pull is acting at an angle:
+ sin =
= sin
And cos = ____________
= ____________
b) When an inclined plane is given a horizontal acceleration towards left:
As the body lies in an accelerating frame, an inertial force/pseudo force
() acts on it in the opposite direction.
= _____________ cos + __________ sin
= ___________ ___________
= sin cos
The condition for the body to be at rest relative to the inclined plane:
= sin cos = ___________
= tan

25
 Laws of Motion
c) Complete the diagrams and the equations.

Tension and
Condition Free body diagram Equation
acceleration

1 sin
= 1

= _______________

2
= 2 sin

=
= /
= mass of string

= Tension in string at a =( )
= ___________
distance from the end where
the force is applied

1 sin
1 sin =
1 + 2
= 1
= _______________

21 [2 + 3 ]
1 =
1 + 2 + 3
2 = _______________
1 = 1 1
41 [2 + 3 ]
3 =
1 + 2 + 3
= ______________

2
= 2 + 2 1

3 = 3 1

3 = 21

26
 Laws of Motion
d) Spring balance: Upper end of a spring balance is fixed with a rigid support and body of mass is
hung from its lower end. As the spring is stretched, the weight of the body can be measured by
the reading of spring balance:
= =
Effect of frame of reference: In (inertial/non-inertial) frame of reference the reading of spring
balance shows the actual weight of the body but in (inertial/non-inertial) frame of reference
reading of spring balance increases or decreases in accordance with the direction of acceleration.

27
 Work Power and Energy

WORK POWER AND ENERGY

1. When a force acts on an object and the object moves in the direction of force, then the ________ is said to done by the
___________.
If under a constant force F, the object is displaced through a distance s, the work done by the force
= ______ = ______
where is the smaller angle between and .
Work is a ___________ (scalar/vector) quantity.
Work done by a force is zero, if
(a) body is _______ displaced actually, i.e., = __________
(b) body is displaced _________________ to the direction of force, i.e., = ________
Work done by a force is positive if angle between F and s is ____________.
Work done by a force is negative if angle between F and s is _________________ or direction of force and displacement is
______________ each other.
Work done by a constant force depends only on the ____________________ positions of the object and not on the
__________________ followed between them.

2. The rate of work done by a body is called its __________,

= Rate of doing work =

time taken

If under a constant force a body is displaced through a distance in time , the power = _____ =

= _______ = _____ cos

1 horse power = ___________
1 ______ = 3.6 106 J
3. Energy of a body is its capacity of doing ____________.There are several types of energies which can be possessed by a
system, such as mechanical energy (kinetic energy and potential energy), chemical energy, light energy, heat energy,
sound energy, nuclear energy, electric energy etc.
Mechanical Energy
a) Kinetic Energy
The energy possessed by an object by virtue of its _____________ is called its kinetic energy and is given by, =
1
2 = _________, = = momentum of the object.
2

b) Potential Energy
The energy possessed by an object by virtue of its ___________ or
______________ is called its potential energy.
Gravitational Potential Energy: If a body of mass is raised
through a height against gravity, then its gravitational
potential energy = ___________.
Elastic Potential Energy: For a spring of spring constant
stretched through a distance , then elastic potential energy of
the spring = ___________.
Potential energy is defined only for ___________ forces. It does not exist for ___________ forces. Potential energy depends
upon frame of ___________.
The sum of kinetic and potential energies at any point remains constant throughout the motion. It does not depend
upon time. This is known as law of ___________________.

28
 Work Power and Energy
4. Various Forms of Energy
a) Heat Energy
A body possess heat energy due to the ___________ motion of its molecules. Heat energy is also related to the ___________
energy of the body.
b) Chemical Energy
A stable chemical compound has lesser energy than its constituent atoms, the difference being in __________________
and ___________ of the electron in the compound. This difference is called chemical energy.
If the total energy of the reactant is more than the product of the reaction, then heat is ___________ and the reaction
is said to be an exothermic reaction. If the reverse is true, then heat is ___________ and the reaction is endothermic.
c) Electrical Energy
It is the energy which is associated with the flow of ____________________ or with charging or discharging of a body.
d) Nuclear Energy
It is the ___________ energy of the nucleus of an atom. It is used in nuclear reactors, nuclear fission etc.

5. As per the mass energy equivalence, the mass can be transformed into ____________ and vice-versa.
When mass disappears, then produced energy, = ____________, where is the speed of light in vacuum.

6. Work done by a force in displacing a body is equal to change in its ____________.

2
1 1
= ____________ = 22 12
1 2 2

If is positive then, > or kinetic energy will increase and vice-versa. This is referred to as ____________ theorem.

7. Work done in different conditions:

a) Work done by a variable force is given by
= .
It is equal to the ____________ under the force-displacement graph.
b) Work done in displacing a body under the action of number of forces is equal to the work done by the ____________.
c) In equilibrium (static or dynamic), the resultant force is ____________, therefore resultant work done is ____________.
d) If work done by a force during a round trip of a system is zero, then the force is ____________, otherwise it is called as
a ____________.
Gravitational force, electrostatic force, magnetic force, are examples of conservative forces.
Frictional force, viscous force are examples of non-conservative forces.
e) Work done by the force of gravity on a particle of mass is given by = ____________.
where is acceleration due to gravity and is the height through which particle gets displaced downwards.
f) Work done in compressing or stretching a spring is given by, = ____________,
where is spring constant and is extension/compression of the spring from its ____________.
When one end of a spring is attached to a fixed vertical support and a block attached to the free end moves on a
horizontal table from = 1 to = 2 then = ____________Work done by the couple for an angular displacement
is given by = ____________, where is the ____________.

29
 Work Power and Energy
8. Collision between two or more particles is the interaction of colliding bodies for a ____________ interval of time in which
they apply relatively ____________ forces on each other.
Elastic Collision Inelastic Collision
both the momentum and the kinetic energy of the the ____________ remains conserved but ____________
system remains ____________ does not remain conserved
Forces involved can be conservative or non-
all the involved forces are ____________ forces
conservative
Total energy remains ____________ ____________ remains conserved

If after the collision two bodies stick to each other, then the collision is said to be ____________ inelastic.

9. The ratio of relative velocity of separation after collision to the relative velocity of approach before collision is called
coefficient of ____________ or resilience. It depends upon the ____________of the colliding bodies.
2 1 = (2 1 )
For a perfectly elastic collision, = ____________
For a perfectly inelastic collision, = 0
For all other collisions, 0 < < 1

If the initial and final velocities of colliding bodies lie ____________, then the collision is called one dimensional or
____________ collision.
Elastic One-Dimensional Collision:
2 1 = ____________ ( = 1)
Velocities after collision
(1 2 )1 +22 2
1 =
(1 +2 )

(2 1 )2 +21 1
and 2 =
(1 +2 )

When masses of two colliding bodies are equal, then after the collision, the bodies ____________ their velocities.
1 = 2 and 2 = ____________
If second body of same mass (1 = 2 ) is at rest, then after collision first body ____________ and second body starts
moving with the initial velocity of first body.
1 = ____________ and 2 = 1
If a light body of mass 1 collides with a very heavy body of mass 2 at rest, then after collision.
1 = ____________ and 2 = 0
It means light body will ____________ with its own velocity and heavy body will continue to be at rest.
If a very heavy body of mass 1 collides with a light body of mass 2 (1 2 ) at rest, then after collision
1 = ____________ and 2 = 21
Inelastic One Dimensional Collision:
Loss in Kinetic energy,
1 2
= ( 2 )2 (1 2 )
2(1 + 2 ) 1
For a Perfectly Inelastic One Dimensional Collision,

30
 Work Power and Energy
Velocity of separation after collision = ____________ as = ____________.
Loss of kinetic energy = ____________
If a body is dropped from a height 0 and it strikes the ground with velocity 0 and rebounds after an inelastic collision
with velocity 1 and rises to a height 1 , then

1 1
= = ____________ =
0 0

If after collisions with the ground, the body rebounds with a velocity and rises to a height , then

= = ____________
0

10. If the initial and final velocities of colliding bodies ____________ along the same line, then
the collision is called two dimensional or ____________ collision.
In horizontal direction,
1 1 cos 1 + 2 2 cos 2 = ____________ + 2 2 cos 2
In vertical direction,
1 1 sin 1 ____________ = ____________ 2 2 sin 2
If 1 = 2 and 1 + 2 = 90
Then, 1 + 2 = 90
If a particle of mass 1 moving along -axis with a speed makes an elastic collision with another stationary body
of mass 2 .

From conservation of momentum

____________ = 1 1 cos + ____________
____________ = 1 1 sin 2 2 sin

31
 Rotation

ROTATION
1. A rigid body is a solid body in which the distance between any two given points of a rigid body remains _____________ in
time, regardless of _____________________ exerted on it.
Linear displacement ()
2. Angular displacement =
Radius ()
If a body is rotated about a fixed axis then all the particles will have same ______________ (although
_______________________ will differ from particle to particle in accordance with the distance of particles
from the ________________).
3. If each particle of a rigid body moves in a circle, with centres of all the circles on a straight line and with planes of the
circles _________________ to this line, we say that the body is ______________about the same straight line called the axis of
rotation.
4. The angular displacement per unit time is defined as ________________.
If a particle moves from to in time , then = ___________ where is the angular displacement,

is an axial vector, whose direction is normal to the ________________ plane and is given by _______________________rule.
2
= = _________ [where = time period, = frequency]

5. The rate of change of ____________________ is defined as angular acceleration.

If a particles has angular velocity 1 at time 1 and angular velocity 2 at time 2 then,
Angular acceleration, = _______________
It is an axial vector whose direction is along the change in direction of angular velocity i.e. normal to the rotational
plane, ____________ or _____________ along the axis of rotation (depends upon the sense of rotation).
6. Consider a point of the rigid body rotating about a fixed axis. For radius and displacement ,
A. Linear distance moved, = _________

B. Linear speed along the tangent, = = ____________ =


C. Tangential acceleration, = ___________ = = _________

7. Equations of rotational motion are given as,

______________________
1
= _______ + 2
2
2 = _______________
8. If a pivoted, hinged or suspended body tends to rotate under the action of a force, it is said to be acted upon by a
___________. This __________ effect of a force about the axis of rotation is called ___________ of force or _________ due to force.

Torque =
= ____________
[where is the angle between and ]
Torque is an ___________ vector, i.e. its direction is always perpendicular to the plane containing vector and .
A body is said to be in rotational equilibrium if ___________ acting on it is zero i.e., ___________ = 0.
On tilting, a body will restore its ___________ position due to torque of weight about the point till the ___________ of weight
passes through its base on tilting. A body will ___________ due to torque of weight about , if the ___________ of weight does
not pass through the base.

32
 Rotation

Torque is the cause of ___________ motion and it plays same role in rotational motion as force plays in ___________ ,i.e.,
torque is rotational analogue of ___________.
9. A couple is defined as combination of two _____________________ forces not acting along the same line. The effect of
couple is known by moment of couple or torque by a couple = .

10. Moment of inertia plays the same role in _____________ as __________ plays in linear motion. It is the property of body due
to which it _____________ any change in its state of rest or of uniform rotation.
Moment of inertia of a particle of mass , = ________;
where is the _________________________ of particle from rotational axis.
Moment of inertia of a body made up of number of particles (______________ distribution),
= 1 12 + 2 22 + 3 32 + . ..
Moment of inertia of a continuous distribution of mass, treating the element of mass at position as particle
= _________ or = _________

11. Radius of gyration of a body about a given axis is the perpendicular distance of a point from the axis, where if
__________________________ were concentrated, the body shall have the same _____________________ as it has with the actual
distribution of mass.

= ____________ or =

12. Theorem of parallel axis is given as

= 0 + _______
0 = Moment of inertia of an axis parallel to given axis and passing through the __________________ of the body, and is the
_______________ distance between the two axes.

33
 Rotation
13. Theorem of perpendicular axis, is given as
______ = +
Where and axis ___________________ of the body and axis is perpendicular to their plane.

14. Moments of inertia of some common shapes.

Shape Axis Moment of Inertia
Passing through centre and
Ring or hollow cylinder of mass and radius _______
perpendicular to plane
Uniform disc or solid cylinder of mass and Passing through centre and
_______
radius perpendicular to plane.
2
Uniform rod of length of and mass _____________________
12
2
Solid sphere of mass and radius _____________________ 2
5
Thin hollow sphere of mass and radius Passing through the centre of mass ______
Right circular cone of mass and radius Passing through _____________________ ______
Thin rectangular plate of mass length and 2
_____________________ ( + 2 )
width 12

15. The ________________________ of particle about the axis of rotation is called the angular momentum of the particle.
or
The ______________ of linear momentum of a body with respect to any __________________ is known as angular momentum.
= ___________


16. By Newtons second law for rotational motion, ________ =



If = 0, resultant torque acting on it is zero

Angular momentum of the system (may be particle or body)
_______________,
As = so if = 0 then = constant
_______

17. Combined Rotational and Translational motion

Forces are equal and act along Body will remain ____________ if
_____________
the same line. initially it was at rest.

Forces are equal and does not

= 0 and 0 ______________
act along the same line.

Forces are unequal and act Translation i.e., slipping or

_____________
along the same line skidding.

Forces are unequal and does

0 and 0 ______________
not act along the same line.

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 Rotation
18. Work done for translatory motion, = ________
1 _____
Rotational kinetic energy, = 2 = _________ =
2 2
Power for rotational motion is given as:

= ( ________ ) = __________ = ______ = _________ =

In vector form, = .

19. I. When the body slides on a surface without ____________, then its motion is called
slipping motion.
In this condition, friction between the body and surface _________.
Body possesses only translatory kinetic energy = ________.
II. When the body rotates in such a manner that its ________________ does not move, then
its motion is called spinning motion.
Example: Motion of ___________ of a fan.
In spinning, body possesses only rotatory kinetic energy = _________.
III. Rolling:
If in case of rotational motion of a body about a fixed axis, the ________________also moves, the motion is combined
________________ and rotatory.
Example:
i. Motion of a wheel of cycle on a road.
ii. Motion of football rolling on a surface.
In this condition friction between the body and surface .
Net kinetic energy = (Translatory + Rotatory) kinetic energy.
= + = _______ + _______

20. In case of combined translatory and rotatory motion if the object rolls across a surface in such a way that there is no
_____________ motion of object and surface at the point of contact, the motion is called ________________.
________________ is responsible for this type of motion but _____________ or dissipation of energy against _______________ is
zero as there is no relative motion between body and surface at the point of contact.
Rolling motion of a body may be treated as a ___________ rotation about an axis through point of contact with same
___________________.
1 1
= 2 + 2 [ As = _______]
2 2
1
= ____________ = 2 [As = __________]
2

I. Linear velocity of different points in rolling:

Mark the velocities of points A, B, C and D for the three cases.

21. A Rolling sphere

The contact of the sphere at the surface is rather an ___________________ than a single point. The front part pushes the
surface more strongly than the back part.
Thus, the _______________ does not pass through the centre, it is shifted towards the right.

Why is it easier to lift a

man of 50 kg than to lift an
object if same weight?

This normal force creates an ____________________ torque, which is responsible for slowing down of rolling sphere.

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