Prosper 2222

Examples Guide 726
Select | File | Exit | Main and this completes the exercise.
3.1.4 Tutorial 03: Modelling an oil well with black oil PVT matching
File: ~/samples/PROSPER/T03_OilWellPVTMatching.OUT
The main objectives of this example are to show:

How to set up a PROSPER model for an oil producing well
How to match calibrate the black oil correlations against actual PVT lab
measurements
How to enter the IPR data
How to describe the down hole equipment
How to perform a system calculation (VLP + IPR) to estimate the well flow
rate for a given WHFP.
How to generate a well performance curve
How to generate and export lift curves to GAP/MBAL/REVEAL or any third
party software (Eclipse, VIP, etc)
3.1.4.1 Statement Of The Problem

A well is to be drilled to produce oil from an oil reservoir.
Fluid data (PVT), reservoir data (IPR) and down hole equipment description (VLP) are
provided.
© 1990-2010 Petroleum Experts Limited
727 PROSPER
It is required to:
- Build a PROSPER well model for an oil producing well
- Calibrate the black oil correlations against lab data
- Use the model to estimate the initial flow rate against a well head flowing pressure of
250 psig
- Generate a well performance curve (Rate vs. well head flowing pressure)
- Generate lift curves to be utilised by a simulator (Reveal, GAP, MBAL, Eclipse, VIP,
etc)
3.1.4.2 PVT Input Data
The basic available PVT data are:
Parameter Value
Solution GOR: 400 scf/stb
Oil Gravity: 30 API
Gas gravity: 0.75 (Air =1)
Water salinity: 80000 ppm
Impurities (CO2, N2, H2S): None
Bubble point pressure: 2500 psig at 200 degF
Further PVT data are given in tabular form below at 200 degF:
Pressure in psig Gas Oil Ratio in scf/ Oil FVF in rb/stb Oil Viscosity in
stb centipoises
1500 237 1.138 1.34
2000 324 1.178 1.15
2500 400 1.214 1.01
3000 400 1.207 1.05
4000 400 1.198 1.11
3.1.4.3 System Equipment Input Data

The system equipment input section is sub-divided into 5 sub-sections:
- Deviation survey
- Surface equipment
- Down hole equipment
- Geothermal gradient and
- Average heat capacities
3.1.4.3.1 Deviation survey
In PROSPER, the deviation survey can have its origin anywhere: well head, sea-bed,
platform, RKB etc.
The key thing is to describe all the equipment in the well in a manner consistent with the
origin selected.
The well head depth does not have to coincide with the origin of the deviation survey.
PROSPER Manual January, 2010
Examples Guide 728
Measured Depth in ft True Vertical Depth in ft

0 0
8000 8000
3.1.4.3.2 Surface Equipment
All equipment located downstream of the well head are part of the surface equipment.
The surface equipment can include: well head chokes, risers, flow lines, fittings, and so
on.
In this example the surface equipment will not be modelled.
3.1.4.3.3 Down hole Equipment
The down hole equipment include the tubings, casings, nipples, Sub-surface Safety
valves and so on.
Equipment Measured Internal Roughness in Rate multiplier

type depth in ft diameter in inches
(down to) inches
Xmas Tree (Well0 N/A N/A N/A
Head)
Tubing 7800 3.992 0.0018 1
Casing 8000 8.3 0.0018 1
3.1.4.3.4 Static Geothermal Gradient

The geothermal gradient expresses the rate of increase in temperature per unit depth.
The geothermal gradient is independent of the well flow rate.
When using the rough approximation temperature prediction method, the geothermal
gradient is entered versus measured depth. PROSPER internally converts the
measured depth into true vertical depth. It is the temperature gradient based upon the
true vertical depth that is used during the calculation.
Measured Depth in ft Static temperature in deg F

0 70
8000 200
The overall heat transfer coefficient is 8 btu/h/ft2/F.
Note: The overall heat transfer (also called U value) is a composite number that
captures the different heat transfer mechanisms taking place: conduction, convection
and radiation. It can be thought of as the inverse of the thermal resistance in the
surroundings of the wellbore.

729 PROSPER
3.1.4.3.5 Average Heat Capacities

Here are the default average heat capacities that will be used:
Phase Heat Capacity in btu/lb/F

Oil: 0.53
Gas: 0.51
Water: 1
3.1.4.4 Reservoir Input Data

PROSPER has more than 20 different inflow models for oil wells. The IPR model
selection depends upon the purpose of the study, the suitability of the particular model
and the data available for the study.
IPR model: Darcy / Enter Skin by hand

Static Reservoir Pressure: 4000 psig
Reservoir Temperature: 200 degF
Water Cut: 0%
Total GOR: 400 scf/stb
Compaction Permeability Reduction No
model:
Relative Permeability: No
Reservoir Permeability: 150 mD
Reservoir Thickness (True stratigraphic 100 ft
thickness) :
Drainage Area: 340 acres
Dietz shape factor: 31.6
Well bore radius (Drill bit radius): 0.354 ft
Mechanical skin: +2
3.1.4.5 Step by Step

The following pages provide a step-by-step procedure that will lead to the solution of the
problem:
- Build a PROSPER well model for an oil producing well
- Calibrate the black oil correlations against lab data
- Use the model to estimate the initial flow rate against a well head flowing pressure of
250 psig
- Generate a well performance curve (Rate vs. well head flowing pressure)
- Generate lift curves to be utilised by a simulator (Reveal, GAP, MBAL, Eclipse, VIP,
etc)

Examples Guide 730
3.1.4.5.1 System Options

Simply select | File | New if a PROSPER file is already open.
Otherwise, select | Options | Options and make the following choices:
Fluid: Oil and Water. All other settings can be left to their defaults options.
Select | Done to complete this step.

3.1.4.5.2 PVT data Input
In order to enter the PVT data, simply select | PVT | Input Data and populate the screen
as shown below:

731 PROSPER
Parameter Value
Oil Gravity: 30 API
In order to enter the lab measurements at different pressures, select the | Match Data
button and populate the table as follow:

Examples Guide 732
Select | Done to get back to the PVT input screen
PVT regression
Now select |Regression | Match All to kick the non-linear regression algorithm. The
following screen will confirm when the regression is completed.

733 PROSPER
In order to quality-check the regression, select | OK | Parameters and this is what can be
seen:
Please consult the online help to get the details about the regression algorithm.
Ideally, Parameter 1, which is a multiplier, should be close to unity whereas the shift
(Parameter 2) is expected to be around nil.
On the basis of the results obtained here, we will proceed with the combination Glaso /
Petrosky.
For this, select | Done | Done and choose the appropriate black oil correlations as per
screen-shot below:

Examples Guide 734
Select | Done and this complete this step.

3.1.4.5.3 Saving the file
Like working with any other computer program, it is good practice to save the file
frequently in order to avoid data loss in case the computer crashes.
To save a file, simply select | File | Save as.
Afterwards, simply browse to the place where the file is to be saved.
It is suggested to save the file as *.OUT file.

735 PROSPER
The rest is self-explanatory.

3.1.4.5.4 System Equipment Description
In order to describe the system equipment (i.e the hardware in and around the well
bore), simply select | System | Equipment (Tubing etc) | All

Examples Guide 736
Now by selecting | Edit, the software will take the user through all the screens necessary
to input the equipment data starting with the deviation survey
3.1.4.5.4.1 Deviation Survey
Here are the data:
Measured Depth in ft True Vertical Depth in ft

0 0
8000 8000

737 PROSPER
Note: It is possible to input or import a large deviation survey table into PROSPER. A
filtering algorithm is implemented that will select up to 20 of the most relevant data
points describing the well trajectory.
For this, the | Filter button located on the top right of this screen is to be used.
Select | Done and the screen labelled Surface Equipment will follow.
3.1.4.5.4.2 Surface Equipment
This model will not include any surface equipment.

Examples Guide 738
Selecting the "Cancel" button located on the top left of the screen will take the user to
the next screen: the down hole equipment description screen.
3.1.4.5.4.3 Down Hole Equipment
The down hole equipment includes the tubings, casings, nipples, Sub-surface Safety
valves and so on.
Equipment Measured Internal Roughness in Rate multiplier

type depth in ft diameter in inches
(down to) inches
Xmas Tree (Well0 N/A N/A N/A
Head)
Tubing 7800 3.992 0.0018 1
Casing 8000 8.3 0.0018 1

739 PROSPER
The deepest entry in the down hole equipment section is the datum depth for the
static reservoir pressure that will be entered in the IPR section.
It is recommended to take the top perforation as the reference depth for the static
reservoir pressure. This implies that the down hole equipment description must stop at
the top of the perforation. This is also true for multiple-zone completion because the
pressure drop between the zones will be taken into account by the appropriate Inflow
model (multi-layer IPR model with dP or multilateral IPR model).
Select | Done to proceed to the next screen: the geothermal gradient.

3.1.4.5.4.4 Geothermal gradient
The data available are:
Measured Depth in ft Static temperature in deg F

0 70
8000 200

Examples Guide 740
The overall heat transfer coefficient is 8 btu/h/ft2/F.
Select | Done to proceed to the average heat capacity screen.
3.1.4.5.4.5 Average Heat Capacities

The default average heat capacity values will be used for this example.

741 PROSPER
Note: The | Default button will reset any user-entered values.
With | Done the entry screen of the Equipment data section will be accessed:
3.1.4.5.4.6 Equipment Summary

From the Equipment Data screen, one can generate a sketch of the well bore with |
Summary and this is what would appear:

Examples Guide 742
If one then selects | Draw Down hole this is the sketch of the well bore that appears:

743 PROSPER
Select | Main to exit the screen.
3.1.4.5.4.7 Saving the PROSPER file

It is recommended to save / overwrite the file at this stage.
To save the file, simply select | File | Save and then simply answer YES to overwriting
the file.
3.1.4.5.5 Inflow Performance Relation (IPR)
To select the IPR model, simply select | System | Inflow Performance and make the
appropriate choices as follows:
IPR model selection
IPR model: Darcy

Static Reservoir Pressure: 4000 psig
Reservoir Temperature: 200 degF
Water Cut: 0%
Total GOR: 400 scf/stb
Compaction Permeability ReductionNo
model:
Relative Permeability correction: No

Examples Guide 744
Skin model: Enter skin by hand
To proceed, simply select the Input Data button (red if invalid) in the top right corner of
the screen above:
IPR data entry
Reservoir Permeability: 150 mD

Reservoir Thickness (True stratigraphic 100 ft
thickness) :
Drainage Area: 340 acres
Dietz shape factor: 31.6
Well bore radius (Drill bit radius): 0.354 ft

745 PROSPER
From the screen above, select the the tab "Mech/Geom Skin" at the bottom left corner
of the screen to enter the mechanical skin:
IPR : Skin value entry
Mechanical skin: +2

Examples Guide 746
IPR : Generating an IPR plot
Once the IPR data input is completed, it is a good practice to create an IPR plot to verify
that everything makes sense. For this, simply select | Calculate and the software will
create and display the following plot:

747 PROSPER
Please select | Main and then save the PROSPER file with | File | Save to secure all
changes made so far.
3.1.4.5.6 Estimation of the well flow rate
The response of a well bore combines fluid properties (PVT), reservoir data (IPR) and
tubing response (VLP).
The fluid properties are used to compute the reservoir response (IPR) and the tubing
response (VLP).
For a given set of boundary conditions (given reservoir pressure and well head flowing
pressure), the well flow rate is the intersection between the IPR curve and the VLP
curve.
In order to compute this intersection point with PROSPER, simply select | Calculation |
System | 3 Variables as per screen-shot below:

Examples Guide 748
After selecting the system calculation, one needs to enter the well head flowing pressure
as per screen-shot below:

749 PROSPER
The top node pressure is the pressure downstream of the system. Since here there is
no pipeline in this PROSPER model, the top node pressure is the well head flow
pressure.
The parameters Water Cut and GOR were entered earlier on the IPR screen. For the
fluid description, there was also a need to enter the GOR on the PVT screen.
However, during the life of a well either parameter may change. Therefore, this screen
allow the user to sensitize both.
When sensitizing on the water cut and / or the GOR, PROSPER will use the new
sensitivity values for the calculations It will no longer use the GOR and the water cut
values entered on the IPR screen or the GOR from the PVT screen. The same principle
applies to all sensitivity variables specified elsewhere.
Surface Equipment Correlation: This applies to any pipeline in the model. Since this

Examples Guide 750
model does not include any pipeline, the choice of a pipeline correlation is irrelevant.
Vertical Lift Correlation: Petroleum Experts 2.
Solution Node: Bottom Node
Rate Method: Automatic - Linear
Left-Hand Intersection: DisAllow
One can proceed with | Continue | Continue and Calculate with the following results:
One can read an oil rate of 10 500 stb/d as solution rate. The corresponding BHFP
reads: 2584 psig.
If one selects | Plot | System Plot, the system plot (VLP + IPR plot) is displayed as
follow:

751 PROSPER
Select | Main to get back to the main PROSPER screen and save the file to secure all
changes made so far.
3.1.4.5.7 Well Performance Curve Generation

A well performance is a plot of flow rate versus well head pressure at a given reservoir
pressure.
Therefore, generating a well performance simply means running sensitivities on the well
head flowing pressure, from a very low well head pressure to the highest possible well
pressure that will shut-in the well.
In this example, we will vary the well head flowing pressure from 50 psig to 1200 psig.
For this, simply select | Calculation | System (IPR VLP) | 3 Variables | Continue and here
select the sensitivity variable "First Node Pressure":

Examples Guide 752
One can manually populate the cells with the desired values or generate them
automatically with | Generate. Afterwards, one needs to enter the first value, the last
value, the number of values and the sequencing algorithm:

753 PROSPER
To complete the process, simply select | Generate and then the input cells are
populated accordingly:
One can see that on this screen up to 3 variables can be sensitized on simultaneously. It
is generally possibly to sensitize on any number of parameters.
With | Continue | Calculate, ten (10) sets of VLP and IPR are computed.
To visualise a plot of the solution rate versus first node pressure, select | Sensitivity.
This is the plot of the Bottom Hole Flowing Pressure versus First Node pressure, the
first node being the well head.

Examples Guide 754
In order to plot the oil flow rate versus the first node pressure, one simply needs to select
| Variables and then | Gas Rate for the Y axis variable:
With | Done, the well performance curve appears as follow:

755 PROSPER
This completes this section.

Select | Main to return to the main screen of PROSPER.
3.1.4.5.8 Lift Curve generation for other applications
3.1.4.5.8.1 Introduction
Lift curves express the pressure drop across a tubing for a given set of variables.
Different software providers use different formats and acronyms for lift curves.
The most common acronyms are:

- VLP for Vertical Lift Performance
- TPD for Tubing Performance Data
- TPC for Tubing Performance Curves
- VFP for Vertical Flow Performance and so on.
For naturally flowing oil wells, the variables involved in lift curve generation are:
- liquid rate
- Well Head flowing pressure (= first node pressure)
- Water Cut and

Examples Guide 756
- GOR
Even though in this case, four (4) variables will change, the lift curves are referred to as
3-Variables VLP. The rate variable is taken for granted as one cannot calculate
pressure drop without flow rate.
The 3 VLP variables for a naturally flowing oil well are: WHFP, GOR & Water Cut.
Recommendation:
In this example, we will demonstrate how to generate lift curves with PROSPER since lift
curve generation is a key task that PROSPER is used to perform. However, if a project
involves the generation of lift curves for multiple wells, a more efficient approach would
involve the use of GAP, the network modelling and optimisation tool developed by
Petroleum Experts.
Here are the reasons why:
- GAP will instruct PROSPER to generate the lift curves using the very same PROSPER
well model created by the user and linked to the well icon in GAP
- GAP uses PROSPER to generate and save lift curve for any number of wells in batch-
mode. This can be done overnight for instance to save time.
- GAP will ask for the right VLP variables input depending upon the well type. The
variable selection for lift curves can sometimes be delicate because different simulators
use different names for the same quantity (example gas lift injection rate versus. GLR
injected).
3.1.4.5.8.2 Steps
In order to generate wells' VLP, one first needs to work out the variables involved. Here
these variables are liquid rate, WHFP, GOR and Water Cut.
The second step is to choose values for the variables in such a manner that the host
application (GAP, MBAL, REVEAL, Eclipse, etc) can reasonably interpolate between
them to find the solution needed. Extrapolation and very large variable spacing are to be
avoided.
In this example, the following values will be used:

Liquid Rate: from 100 stb/d to 15 000 stb/d. The performance curve generated earlier
shows that the well can produce a maximum of 12 000 stb/d without artificial lift.
WHFP: from 50 psig to 1500 psig; Those values will cover the following situations:
from nearly fully open well to the full shut-in (see performance curve generated earlier).
Water cut: from 0 to 100%.
GOR: From 300 scf/stb to 15000 scf/stb.
In order to enter the data for the lift curve generation , select | Calculation | VLP (Tubing
Curves) | 3 Variables

757 PROSPER
The next screen shot can be used to enter the range of rates to use:

Examples Guide 758
A few notes:
The values for top node pressure, water cut and GOR will be overwritten through the
sensitivity variables.
One should make sure that the right VLP correlation is selected. Here, the Petroleum
Experts 2 correlation will be used.
The "User Selected" rate method gives control to the user to enter the rates he /she
think will best describe the expected operating ranges of the well.
One should also ensure that the first and last node are correctly selected.

759 PROSPER
In order to proceed, simply select | Continue, select the relevant variables and populate
the entries as per screen-shot below:
Now simply select | Continue to proceed.
The lift curve calculation is triggered with | Calculate.

Examples Guide 760
Be patient as this might take a while!
At the end, a message will confirm that the calculation has completed.
It is always a good practice to plot and visualise the lift curves before exporting them.
In this example, simply select | Plot and this is what appears:

761 PROSPER
One can see that the lift curves do all have the right shape (J -curve) and look smooth.
One can return to the previous screen with | Finish.

In order to export the lift curve, simply select the button "Export Lift Curve".

Examples Guide 762
The following screen will appear where one has to select the format for the host
application (here Eclipse):

763 PROSPER
The process is completed with | Continue | Save and the file is saved and edited
automatically for viewing:
Select | File | Exit | Main and this completes the exercise.
3.1.5 Tutorial 04: Modelling an horizontal oil well

File: ~/samples/PROSPER/T04_HorizontalOilWell.out
The main objectives of this example are to show:

How to set up a PROSPER model for a horizontal oil well
How to enter basic black oil PVT data
How to enter the IPR data
How to describe the down hole equipment
How to perform a system calculation (VLP + IPR) to estimate the well flow
rate for a given WHFP of 250 psig.

Examples Guide 764
How to generate a well performance curve

How to generate and export lift curves to GAP/MBAL/REVEAL or any third
party software (Eclipse, VIP, an so on)
3.1.5.1 Statement Of The Problem

A horizontal well is to be drilled to produce oil.
Fluid data (PVT), reservoir data (IPR) and down hole equipment description (VLP) are
provided.
It is required to:
- Estimate the initial oil rate against a well head flowing pressure of 250 psig
- Perform sensitivity runs on the horizontal well length for 500 ft, 1000 ft, 1500 ft, 2000 ft,
2500 ft and 3000 ft.
- Sensitize simultaneously on water cut of 0 %. 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%.
3.1.5.2 PVT Input Data
The basic available PVT data are:
Parameter Value
Oil Gravity: 30 API
Bubble point pressure: 2500 psig at 200 degF
Further PVT data are given in tabular form below at 200 degF:
Pressure in psig Gas Oil Ratio in scf/ Oil FVF in rb/stb Oil Viscosity in
stb centipoises
1500 237 1.138 1.34
2000 324 1.178 1.15
2500 400 1.214 1.01
3000 400 1.207 1.05
4000 400 1.198 1.11
3.1.5.3 System Equipment Input Data

The system equipment input section is sub-divided into 5 sub-sections:
- Deviation survey
- Surface equipment
- Down hole equipment

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Examples Guide 726

Select | File | Exit | Main and this completes the exercise.

The main objectives of this example are to show:

3.1.4.1 Statement Of The Problem

3.1.4.3 System Equipment Input Data

Measured Depth in ft True Vertical Depth in ft

Equipment Measured Internal Roughness in Rate multiplier

3.1.4.3.4 Static Geothermal Gradient

Measured Depth in ft Static temperature in deg F

The overall heat transfer coefficient is 8 btu/h/ft2/F.

© 1990-2010 Petroleum Experts Limited

3.1.4.3.5 Average Heat Capacities

Phase Heat Capacity in btu/lb/F

3.1.4.4 Reservoir Input Data

IPR model: Darcy / Enter Skin by hand

3.1.4.5 Step by Step

PROSPER Manual January, 2010

3.1.4.5.1 System Options

Otherwise, select | Options | Options and make the following choices:

Select | Done to complete this step.

© 1990-2010 Petroleum Experts Limited

PROSPER Manual January, 2010

Select | Done to get back to the PVT input screen

© 1990-2010 Petroleum Experts Limited

PROSPER Manual January, 2010

Select | Done and this complete this step.

It is suggested to save the file as *.OUT file.

© 1990-2010 Petroleum Experts Limited

The rest is self-explanatory.

PROSPER Manual January, 2010

Measured Depth in ft True Vertical Depth in ft

© 1990-2010 Petroleum Experts Limited

PROSPER Manual January, 2010

Equipment Measured Internal Roughness in Rate multiplier

© 1990-2010 Petroleum Experts Limited

Select | Done to proceed to the next screen: the geothermal gradient.

Measured Depth in ft Static temperature in deg F

PROSPER Manual January, 2010

The overall heat transfer coefficient is 8 btu/h/ft2/F.

Select | Done to proceed to the average heat capacity screen.

3.1.4.5.4.5 Average Heat Capacities

© 1990-2010 Petroleum Experts Limited

Note: The | Default button will reset any user-entered values.

3.1.4.5.4.6 Equipment Summary

PROSPER Manual January, 2010

© 1990-2010 Petroleum Experts Limited

Select | Main to exit the screen.

3.1.4.5.4.7 Saving the PROSPER file

IPR model selection

IPR model: Darcy

PROSPER Manual January, 2010

Skin model: Enter skin by hand

IPR data entry

Reservoir Permeability: 150 mD

© 1990-2010 Petroleum Experts Limited

IPR : Skin value entry

PROSPER Manual January, 2010

IPR : Generating an IPR plot

© 1990-2010 Petroleum Experts Limited

PROSPER Manual January, 2010

© 1990-2010 Petroleum Experts Limited

PROSPER Manual January, 2010

© 1990-2010 Petroleum Experts Limited

3.1.4.5.7 Well Performance Curve Generation