PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual

Chapter 2
Overview
Chapter Contents
About This Chapter ................................................................................................................... 2

Scope and Objectives of PIPEPHASE Application ................................................................... 2
Flow Devices ...................................................................................................................... 3
Property Data ...................................................................................................................... 3
Calculation Modes .............................................................................................................. 3
Piping Systems ................................................................................................................... 3
Pressure Drop Methods ...................................................................................................... 4
User Convenience ............................................................................................................... 4
Typical Applications of PIPEPHASE Software ........................................................................ 4
Field Production ................................................................................................................. 4
Transmission Pipelines ....................................................................................................... 5
Slug Catcher Sizing ............................................................................................................ 6
Solving Networks with PIPEPHASE Software ......................................................................... 6
Links ................................................................................................................................... 7
Networks ............................................................................................................................ 7
The Building Blocks ........................................................................................................... 8
Joining Segments Together ................................................................................................ 8
Joining Links Together ....................................................................................................... 9
Pressure Balance Solution Method ..................................................................................... 9
PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 2-1

About This Chapter
This chapter describes the scope, objectives, applications and capabilities of
PIPEPHASE software. It introduces the concepts involved in pipeline, well, and network
analysis and describes how PIPEPHASE software tackles them. This chapter should be
read by anyone new to PIPEPHASE software.
Scope and Objectives of PIPEPHASE Application

PIPEPHASE application is a simulation program which predicts steady-state pressure,
temperature, and liquid holdup profiles in wells, flowlines, gathering systems, and other
linear or network configurations of pipes, wells, pumps, compressors, separators, and
other facilities. The fluid types that PIPEPHASE application can handle include liquid,
gas, steam, and multiphase mixtures of gas and liquid.
Figure 2-1: Scope of PIPEPHASE Application
Several special capabilities have also been designed into PIPEPHASE application
including well analysis with inflow performance; gas lift analysis; pipeline sphering; and
sensitivity (nodal) analysis. These additions extend the range of the PIPEPHASE
application so that the full range of pipeline and piping network problems can be solved.
Special capabilities have been designed into PIPEPHASE application like pipeline
sphering. This extends the range of PIPEPHASE applications so that varied pipeline and
piping network problems can be solved.
2-2 Overview
Flow Devices
PIPEPHASE software can be used for simulating single or multiphase fluid flow through
any combination of pipes, tubing, annuli, fittings and items of process equipment. In
PIPEPHASE software, pipes, tubing and annuli are collectively known as flow devices.
Pipes are normally used for modeling pipelines whereas tubing and annuli simulate flow
in wells. A complete listing of available flow devices can be found in This chapter
describes how PIPEPHASE software handles flow devices within pipe sections.
Property Data
PIPEPHASE software can simulate fluids defined either by composition, by assay
(ASTM, TBP) curve, or by non-compositional means. For compositionally or assay
defined fluids, all component, thermodynamic, and transport property data are stored in,
or created from, PIPEPHASE softwares data and calculation libraries. For non-
compositionally defined fluids, PIPEPHASE software uses built-in correlations to
determine all physical property data the program requires for pressure drop and heat
transfer calculations. Details of the different fluid types and how to define them can be
found in Chapter 3, Using PIPEPHASE Software.
Calculation Modes
PIPEPHASE software can be used for designing new systems or rating existing ones.
Any piping topology can be addressed, from a simple single link of flow devices to the
most complex network of pipelines and wells, including multiple inlets and outlets and
any degree of looping. In network configurations, you are allowed to fix almost any
combination of pressures and flowrates and PIPEPHASE software will solve for all the
remaining unknowns.
Piping Systems
PIPEPHASE software rigorously simulates anything from a simple single pipe to the
most complex piping systems with multiple inlets and outlets. Line capacities, flow
distribution in loops, heat transfer effects, Joule-Thomson effects, in-line flow patterns,
vapor and liquid velocities, and preferential phase splitting at tees for steam systems are
all accurately determined. Details of how these are invoked can be found in Chapter 3,
Using PIPEPHASE Software.
Line capacities, flow distribution in loops, heat transfer effects, Joule-Thomson effects,
in-line flow patterns, vapor and liquid velocities and preferential phase splitting at tees
for steam systems are all accurately determined. Details of how these are invoked can be
found in Chapter 3, Using PIPEPHASE Software.

Pressure Drop Methods
PIPEPHASE software solves pressure drop and energy balance equations, while
simultaneously performing rigorous heat transfer calculations. You can choose from
more than twenty industry-standard correlations for predicting the pressure drop and
liquid holdup. A full list of correlations is in Chapter 4, Input Reference, Tables 4-6a
4-6c and 4-7.
User Convenience
PIPEPHASE software is fully supported by SimSci-Esscors experienced staff who can
supply advise on using the program and offer assistance if you are having problems.
Simply call or e-mail the nearest authorized SimSci-Esscor technical support center. Full
documentation is also available from these SimSci-Esscor centers. In addition to the
easy-to-use keyword version of PIPEPHASE software, SimSci-Esscor offers a version
with a convenient Windows graphical user interface.
Typical Applications of PIPEPHASE Software

Both new design and the analysis of existing system applications are possible with
PIPEPHASE software. For new systems, PIPEPHASE software can be used to size the
various pipes and tubing, to determine required pump/compressor power and heater
cooler duty, and to predict pressure, temperature, liquid holdup, velocity, flowrate, and
flow pattern distributions throughout the system.
Field Production
Gathering Systems Gathering systems, from the reservoir to the separation facilities
or transmission pipeline, may be analyzed using PIPEPHASE software. For wells,
you may model inflow performance, completions, tubing/annuli flow, chokes, sub-
mersible pumps and gaslift. For the flowlines and trunklines, you may model pipes,
chokes, separators, pumps, compressors, heaters, and coolers. The interaction
between the surface lines and the well strings are modeled with the appropriate net-
work mass and pressure equations. Each line of the network, both surface and down-
hole, are subjected to the heat balance relationships so that flowing temperatures can
be predicted. New gathering systems can be designed for optimum efficiency and
old systems can be revamped.The effects of changing separator conditions or flow-
line size, for example, can easily be studied using case study analysis.
Gaslift Analysis PIPEPHASE software has four gaslift options. You may analyze the
performance of wells which are currently on gaslift, maximize oil recovery using
new gaslift, and determine which gaslift valves should be activated for a specified
production scheme. This allows you to study each production well in a field over the
life of the reservoir. You may determine which wells are candidates for gaslift, how
production can be improved with gaslift, and which gaslift rates and valve locations
2-4 Overview
are required. For all gaslift options, the production fluid is considered to be in the
tubing and the lift gas in the annulus around it.
Once the location of the gaslift valve and the amount of injection gas is determined,
the performance of an entire gathering system can be analyzed in the Network mode.
Enhanced Oil Recovery PIPEPHASE software is not a reservoir model. However, it
can be used to analyze water, steam, gas, nitrogen, and CO2 injection wells, com-
plete with the outflow reservoir performance as predicted by a reservoir simulator, or
as measured by well-test data. PIPEPHASE software can be used to predict injection
rates and conditions, flowing bottomhole pressures, and similar phenomena. Of
course, PIPEPHASE software can also be used to analyze the transmission pipelines
or distribution networks that deliver the injection fluids.
Re-Routing and Mothballing For complex gathering and distribution networks, you
may want to re-route part of the production and shutdown certain wells or entire
gathering centers. This can be modeled with PIPEPHASE software without coding
new input files. New pipe links are manually inserted. Some engineering judgment
should be exercised in selecting the scenarios as to how links are to be shut-in and
new links added through the case study or time stepping utilities.
Transmission Pipelines
PIPEPHASE software can simulate or predict the pressure and temperature profiles for
an existing pipeline system that consists of various sizes of pipes, pumps, separators and
other equipment. It accomplishes this using one or more of its industry standard
pressure-drop correlations and its heat balance mechanism. Once the pressure and
temperature profiles are calculated, they can be compared with measured data. In this
manner, you can isolate problem areas and can investigate various remedies by further
simulation.
Power and Duty Requirements In addition to the pipe sizing for a new pipeline sys-
tem, the horsepower of pumps and compressors and the duty of coolers and heaters
must be determined. You can use PIPEPHASE software to calculate these require-
ments based on either simulated or input suction and discharge conditions.
Insulation Requirement For many pipelines, a balance must be reached between the
retention and addition of heat. Heavy crudes usually have such high viscosities and
sensitive temperature-viscosity functions that it is important to keep the flowing
temperature as high as possible. Waterflood lines in cold environments must be kept
above the freezing point. Liquid dropout and hydrate formation in gas and gas/con-
densate lines can be limited by maintaining or increasing the flowing temperature.
There are two ways of doing this - insulate the line or install heaters along the line.
For onshore pipelines, burying the line or covering it with earth is sometimes an
effective means of retarding heat loss. Generally, some combination of heaters, insu-
lation, and burial constitutes an optimum or nearly optimum operation. Arctic envi-
ronments usually disallow the burial option because of damage to the permafrost
layer.
PIPEPHASE software allows prediction of heat loss through the pipe walls and of
the performance of heaters installed at various locations along the pipeline. PIPE-
PHASE software can also predict the formation of hydrates.
Cost calculations can be incorporated through the calculator unit operation.
Slug Catcher Sizing The sphering, or pigging, calculation in PIPEPHASE software
predicts the quantity of liquids formed as a multiphase fluid flows in a pipeline and
determines the size of the liquid slug that is pushed out by the pig. The volume of a
slug catcher tank must be at least as large as this liquid slug.
If only natural slugging occurs, good engineering practice dictates that the slug
catcher vessel should be sized even larger than the calculated slug volume to account
for transient pigging conditions and statistical uncertainty inherent in all liquid
holdup predictions. Turndown simulation, i.e., holdup predicted for lower rates than
the actual operating rate, should also be a part of any slug-catcher study.
LNG, Carbon Dioxide and Other Fluids Because of its large library of component
data and its variety of thermodynamic options, PIPEPHASE software is not
restricted to the traditional hydrocarbon fluids. This means that line sizing, capacity
determinations, power and duty requirements, insulation calculations and station
spacing can be investigated for LNG, dense-phase CO2 and similar fluids using
PIPEPHASE software.
Slug Catcher Sizing

The sphering, or pigging, calculation in PIPEPHASE software predicts the quantity
of liquids formed as a multiphase fluid flows in a pipeline and determines the size of
the liquid slug that is pushed out by the pig. The volume of a slug catcher tank must
be at least as large as this liquid slug.
If only natural slugging occurs, good engineering practice dictates that the slug catcher
vessel should be sized even larger than the calculated slug volume to account for
transient pigging conditions and statistical uncertainty inherent in all liquid holdup
predictions. Turndown simulation, i.e., holdup predicted for lower rates than the actual
operating rate, should also be a part of any slug-catcher study.
Solving Networks with PIPEPHASE

PIPEPHASE software is an easy program to use, yet it incorporates sophisticated
algorithms for calculating pressure drops and heat transfer in pipe networks. This section
outlines the PIPEPHASE software approach to solving piping.
2-6 Overview
Links
A link is a number of connected flow devices, fittings and equipment items arranged in
series with only one inlet and one outlet. As shown in the figure below, a link comprises
all pipes, fittings and equipment items from the fluid inlet to the outlet.
Figure 2-2: Example of a PIPEPHASE Link
Networks
A network is a number of links joined together at junctions. A network may have one or
more inlets (sources), one or more outlets (sinks), loops, and crossovers. The following
figure shows a typical network.
Figure 2-3: A typical PIPEPHASE Network
All networks are treated the same regardless of the number of sources, sinks, loops, and
crossovers.

The Building Blocks
A network is divided into a number of links and each link is in turn divided into flow
devices, fittings and process equipment items (pumps, valves, etc.). To carry out the
pressure drop and heat transfer calculations, each flow device may be further subdivided
into calculation segments. By default, each flow device is a single calculation segment.
Note: PIPEPHASE software is a steady-state program; therefore, there must be an

energy balance within each pipe segment.
The segment calculation takes into account frictional, elevational, and accelerational
pressure drop components. Frictional pressure drop is due to the shear stress between
pipe wall and fluid. Elevational pressure drop is a result of the conversion of fluid
potential energy into hydrostatic pressure and the accelerational pressure drop is the gain
or loss in pressure due to changes in velocity of the fluid. The following figure illustrates
a PIPEPHASE software calculation segment.
Figure 2-4: Calculation Segment
In addition to the pressure balance for the pipe segment, a heat balance is also
performed. There must be a balance between heat coming into the segment and heat
leaving it. Heat can enter or leave with the fluid or through the flow device walls. The
transfer through the walls is governed by the temperature difference between the average
fluid flowing temperature and the ambient temperature and by the overall heat transfer
coefficient.
Joining Segments Together

The calculation segment pressure drop and temperature change equations are the heart of
the PIPEPHASE software calculations. For flow devices, the calculation segments are
strung together and the solution procedure is sequential. Calculation begins at the inlet
where the conditions are known. The heat and momentum balance equations are solved,
in an iterative fashion for this first segment and the conditions at the other end are found.
2-8 Overview
These calculated conditions become the known conditions for the inlet to the next
segment. Calculations progress sequentially until the end of the device is reached.
Further flow devices are calculated in the same way until the end of the link is reached.
If an item of process equipment, such as a pump, is in the link, the calculated conditions
for the outlet of the flow device become the known inlet conditions for this item. Then
the equipment characteristic equations are solved.
Joining Links Together

A number of links may be joined together to form a network. A junction is the name
given to the point where two or more links are joined. Since the fluid coming from all
sources must equal the fluid leaving from all sinks, the net flow at each junction is zero.
The coupled junction balance equations form a set of non-linear equations which must
be solved numerically.
The primary method for solving these equations in PIPEPHASE simulation is called the
Pressure Balance Solution method.
Pressure Balance Solution Method

The Pressure Balance Solution Method (PBAL) is a Newton-Raphson method of solving
pipeline networks. Derivatives for this method are calculated numerically.
Pressures at a junction or sink are calculated for each inflowing link. The pressure
traverse in each link is calculated in the direction of flow from the inlet of the link to the
outlet.
Convergence
For a junction or sink with multiple inflowing links and where you have not fixed the
pressure:
Pressures at a node (i.e., a sink, source, or junction) are calculated for each link inci-
dent on the node. If the pressures are equal within a user defined tolerance, the node
pressure (by pressure balance) has converged.
For fixed sink and junction pressures:
Pressures at a node are calculated for each link incident on the node. When the cal-
culated node pressure is equal to the set node pressure within the user defined toler-
ance, the node pressure has converged.
If the pressure discrepancy is not within tolerance in any of the nodes, the Newton-
Raphson method calculates new mass balanced link flowrate estimates and new source
pressure estimates for the next iteration.

2-10 Overview
Chapter 3
Using PIPEPHASE Software
Chapter Contents
About This Chapter ................................................................................................................... 3
Defining the Application ........................................................................................................... 3
Properties of Fluid Types ................................................................................................... 3
Flows and Conditions of Fluids .......................................................................................... 4
Sphering ............................................................................................................................. 4
Piping Structure .................................................................................................................. 4
What PIPEPHASE Calculates ............................................................................................ 4
Rating, Design, Case Studies and Nodal Analysis ............................................................. 5
Global Settings .......................................................................................................................... 5
Units of Measurement ........................................................................................................ 5
Printout Options ................................................................................................................. 6
Defaults .............................................................................................................................. 7
Defining Fluid Properties .......................................................................................................... 8
Defining Properties for Compositional Fluids ........................................................................... 8
Water as a Special Component ........................................................................................... 9
Library Components ........................................................................................................... 9
Non-library Components .................................................................................................. 10
Petroleum Pseudocomponents .......................................................................................... 10
Assay Curve ..................................................................................................................... 11
Additional Component Capabilities ................................................................................. 11
Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Separation............................................................ 12
Transport properties ......................................................................................................... 13
Tabular Data for Compositional Fluids ............................................................................ 14
Multiple Thermodynamic Methods .................................................................................. 15
Additional Thermodynamic Capabilities.......................................................................... 15
Defining Properties for Non-Compositional Fluids................................................................. 16
Liquid ............................................................................................................................... 17
Gas.................................................................................................................................... 17
Steam ................................................................................................................................ 18
Gas Condensate ................................................................................................................ 18

Blackoil ............................................................................................................................ 19
Defining Properties for Mixed Compositional/Non-Compositional Fluids ............................. 20
Generating and Using Tables of Properties ............................................................................. 20
Sources .................................................................................................................................... 21
Compositional Sources ..................................................................................................... 21
Non-Compositional Sources ............................................................................................. 21
Structure of Network Systems ................................................................................................. 22
Controlling Convergence of Networks (PBAL) ............................................................... 22
Networks .......................................................................................................................... 23
PIPEPHASE Flow and Equipment Devices ............................................................................ 24
Flow Devices (have length) .............................................................................................. 24
Equipment Devices (have no length) ................................................................................ 25
Fittings .............................................................................................................................. 25
Process Equipment ........................................................................................................... 25
Unit Operations ................................................................................................................ 26
Flow Device Sizing .......................................................................................................... 26
Pressure Drop Calculations...................................................................................................... 27
Pressure Drop in Flow Devices ........................................................................................ 28
Nominal Diameter and Pipe Schedule .............................................................................. 30
Pressure Drop in Completions .......................................................................................... 31
Pressure Drop in Fittings .................................................................................................. 32
Equipment Items ...................................................................................................................... 34
Heat Transfer Calculations ...................................................................................................... 37
Detailed Heat Transfer in Pipe and Tubing ...................................................................... 38
Gaslift Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 39
Sphering or Pigging ................................................................................................................. 40
Reservoirs and Inflow Performance Relationships .................................................................. 40
Production Planning and Time-Stepping ................................................................................. 41
Time Changes ................................................................................................................... 41
Wells and Well Grouping ................................................................................................. 41
Reservoir Depletion .......................................................................................................... 42
Facilities Planning ............................................................................................................ 42
Subsurface Networks and Multiple Completion Modeling ..................................................... 43
A Single Well ................................................................................................................... 43
More Than One Well ........................................................................................................ 44
Multiple Completions ....................................................................................................... 44
Case Studies ............................................................................................................................. 45
Global Changes ................................................................................................................ 46
Individual Changes ........................................................................................................... 46
Nodal Analysis. ....................................................................................................................... 47
Dividing the Link ............................................................................................................. 47
Selecting Parameters and Flowrates ................................................................................. 47
Sensitivity Results ............................................................................................................ 47
Grouping Parameters ........................................................................................................ 48
3-12 Using PIPEPHASE Software

About This Chapter
This chapter contains information about the way PIPEPHASE software works, the data
that need to be supplied by the user, and the correlations used.
This chapter is arranged according to what you want to do, the type of fluid you have,
and the type of pipeline network. For each of the capabilities of PIPEPHASE software,
this chapter explains which data you are required to provide the program, and which data
you may optionally supply. Throughout this chapter, the right hand column contains
page numbers in Chapter 4, Input Reference, and to a STATEMENT on that page where
you will find details on how to format the data.
PIPEPHASE software uses the industry-standard PRO/II physical property and
thermodynamic package. In these cases, page references are to the SimSci Component
and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual.
Defining the Application

The first thing you should do before using PIPEPHASE software is to decide what type
of application you have. This depends on:
The properties of the fluid(s) flowing through the piping system,
The flowrates and conditions at which those fluids enter and leave the piping system,
The structure and elements of the piping system, and
Other special processes you may want to simulate, such as Sphering.
Properties of Fluid Types

There are seven types of fluid modeled in PIPEPHASE software:
Compositional
Compositional Blackoil
Non-compositional
Blackoil
Gas Condensate
Gas
Liquid
Steam

Compositional fluids are defined as mixtures of chemical components with a known
composition. For compositional fluids, PIPEPHASE software will calculate the phase
split whenever prevailing process fluid conditions demand. However, you may instruct
PIPEPHASE software to assume the fluid is one phase at all times, thus reducing the
time the program takes to solve by bypassing the vapor-liquid equilibrium (flash)
calculation. Compositional blackoil allows selective compositional input for blackoil
analysis and reporting.
Non-compositional gases and liquids are single-phase. Blackoil is a liquid-dominated,
two-phase model. Gas Condensate is a gas-dominated, two-phase model. Steam is a
single component, two-phase model.
Flows and Conditions of Fluids

Fluids enter piping systems at sources and leave at sinks. Fluids with different properties
may enter at different sources, but they must all be of the same type.
In general, you have to assign flowrates, temperatures and pressures to sources and/or
sinks. For compositional fluids, you also have to assign compositions to the source
fluids. The exceptions are explained in What PIPEPHASE Calculates later in this
chapter.
Sphering
Special applications, relevant to oil production, can be modeled with PIPEPHASE
software. Sphering or Pigging is used to increase gas flow efficiency in wet gas and gas
dominated multiphase pipelines.
Piping Structure
Before beginning to input problem data into the application, is important that you
convert the structure of the piping system into a simpler schematic representation of the
relevant nodes (i.e., sources, junctions, and sinks) and links. Label each node and link
both uniquely and logically for future reference.
What PIPEPHASE Calculates

PIPEPHASE software solves the equations that define the relationship between pressure
drop and flowrate. PIPEPHASE software can also calculate heat losses and gains.
With a single link, PIPEPHASE software will calculate the pressure drop for a known
flowrate. Alternatively, for a given pressure drop, PIPEPHASE software will calculate
the flowrate.
With a network configuration, you must supply a known flowrate or pressure at each
source and sink and PIPEPHASE software will calculate the unknowns. The
combination of knowns that you are allowed to supply are explained in this chapter.

Rating, Design, Case Studies and Nodal Analysis
PIPEPHASE software works in both rating and design modes. In rating mode, you
supply data about the pipes, fittings and equipment and PIPEPHASE software calculates
the pressure and temperature profiles. In design mode, PIPEPHASE software calculates
line sizes. Case studies can be performed in either mode.
Nodal analysis is a powerful graphical technique commonly used by production
engineers reviewing individual wells or pipelines. The graph clearly represents the
performance characteristic envelope of the link. Nodal analyses can be performed only
on a single link.
Global Settings
Before you provide PIPEPHASE software with information about the fluid and piping
structure of your problem, global parameters may be set and the problem definition
described. Choices can be made on how to control the simulation, define the input units,
specify how much output you want, and set global defaults for use throughout the
simulation.
To provide... See...
Descriptive You must use a TITLE statement that denotes that p. 4-14 TITLE
text the input has started. The only word that has to
On the on
appear TITLE statementisyou
this statement may supply text; this
TITLE. p. 4-14 TITLE
text will appear at the top of every page of output,
and will make the run easier to identify.
You can further describe the problem using up to p. 4-14 DESCRIPTION
four lines of 60 characters each.
If you are using the Case Study facility, you may p. 4-159 DESCRIPTION
add one line of description for each case study. You
will find further details about case studies later in
this chapter.
If you are using the Sensitivity (nodal) Analysis p. 4-196 DESCRIPTION
facility, you may add two lines of description, one
for inflow and one for outflow. You will find further
details about nodal analysis later in this chapter.
Input data You may use PIPEPHASE software just to check p. 4-21 CALCULATION
checking your input syntax and topology and not to perform
any calculations.
Units of Measurement
PIPEPHASE software allows you to construct a group of units of measure (or
dimensions) which are to be used throughout all the simulation input. However, you may
locally override individual units of measure where necessary. The output will always be
in the units supplied on the DIMENSION statement, unless specific output overrides or
supplements are requested on the OUTDIMENSION statement.
To provide... See...
Input units Global units of measurement are defined at the p. 4-15 DIMENSION
beginning of the input. PIPEPHASE software has
four pre-selected sets for user convenience:
Petroleum, English, Metric and SI. You should
select the set that is closest to your requirements.
You can then re-define units of measurement either
globally at the start of the input or individually
when you supply the data. If you do not select a
set, PIPEPHASE software defaults to the English
set.
Printout Options
PIPEPHASE software generates a great deal of data during its calculations. The default
printout is normally sufficient for most engineering applications. You may increase or
decrease the amount of output depending upon your requirements. For further details
describing the output printout, see Chapter 5, Results.
To set the... See...
Output units The default units of measurement for output are p. 4-32 OUTDIMENSION
the same as those defined globally for input on
the DIMENSION statement. Using the
OUTDIMENSION statement, you may define a
Input reprint You will set
separate always get for
of units a reprint of your input
the output. p. 4-29 PRINT
keyword file. PIPEPHASE software then
reprints its interpretation of the input. You may
suppress this interpretation output.
PVTGEN Tables and plots can be requested when p. 4-29 PRINT
generating property data.
Iterative results During solution of a network, PIPEPHASE p. 4-29 PRINT
software iterates until it converges to within the
set tolerance. You can request a printout that
shows intermediate results. The results can
provide clues which help to converge large or
sensitive networks.
Flash results In a compositional run, PIPEPHASE software p. 4-29 PRINT
prints out phase equilibrium details and the
properties of the phases at each node. This
output can be suppressed.
Devices You can request a range of detail for different p. 4-29 PRINT
devices. In addition, special outputs are
produced for sphering.

Properties PIPEPHASE software can output all properties p. 4-29 PRINT
output used in the detailed calculations.

To set the... See...
Plotting options In addition to tabular data, line printer plots of p. 4-29 PRINT
pressure and temperature versus distance may be
requested. The Taitel-Dukler flow regime map
may also be produced for links operating in two-
phase flow. Phase Envelope and Nodal Analysis
plots may also be generated.
Results Access Using the Results Access Database, you may p. 4-29 PRINT
System (RAS) examine data that have been produced by a
keyword run of the program. You may also print
or plot the results using EXCEL spreadsheet.
Defaults
Many of the data items required by PIPEPHASE software have default values assigned
to them. If you do not explicitly specify a value for an item of data, or select a calculation
method, the program will automatically assign a value or method. For example, pipe
thermal conductivity assumes a default value of 29 BTU/hr-ft-oF if you do not specify a
value. Similarly, the Moody method for single-phase pressure drop calculations is
chosen, by default, as it is generally suitable for many engineering purposes. Beware,
these default selections are not neccessarily the most appropriate, or best for your
particular application. They do not substitute for engineering judgement. If an doubt,
especially for the choice of a calculation method, consult chapter 4 of the manual for
advice.
For convenience, PIPEPHASE software allows you to change some defaults globally at
the start of the input.
To define... See...
Flow device You can specify global values for the pipe, p. 4-25 DEFAULT
parameters tubing and annulus inside diameter, the p. 4-96 PIPE
surrounding medium, and the parameters p. 4-100 TUBING
associated with pressure drop and heat transfer. p. 4-99 ANNULUS
You can override these settings for individual
pipes.
Heat transfer You can define the heat transfer for pipes, p. 4-25 DEFAULT
tubings, and annuli as an overall coefficient or p. 4-96 PIPE
by defining the parameters - viscosity, p. 4-100 TUBING
conductivity, velocity, etc. - for the surrounding p. 4-99 ANNULUS
soil, air, or water. You can select a medium and
optionally override these settings for individual
pipes. You can globally suppress heat transfer
calculations and then reinstate them for
individual pipes, tubings, and annuli.
Pressure drop You can globally set the pressure drop method p. 4-22 FCODE
methods and the Palmer parameters for liquid holdup. p. 4-96 PIPE
You can override the pressure drop method for p. 4-100 TUBING
individual pipes, tubing, and annuli. p. 4-99 ANNULUS

To define... See...
Transitional flow You can globally set the transitional Reynolds p. 4-22 FCODE
Number between laminar and turbulent flow
regimes.
Limits You can change the maximum and minimum p. 4-29 LIMITS
values of temperature and pressure for flash
calculations. If the program detects conditions
outside these limits, warning messages will be
presented in the output.
Defining Fluid Properties

PIPEPHASE software requires the properties of the fluid to calculate pressure drops,
heat transfer, and phase separation. There are two major classifications of fluid models:
compositional and non-compositional.
A fluid model is compositional when it can be defined in terms of its individual
components either directly or via an assay curve. PIPEPHASE software will then
predict the fluids properties by applying the appropriate mixing rules to the pure
component properties. Unless PIPEPHASE software is instructed otherwise, it will
perform phase equilibrium calculations for the fluid and determine the quantity and
properties of the liquid and vapor phases.
A fluid model is non-compositional when it can be defined with correlations based on
measurable properties.
Defining Properties for Compositional Fluids

PIPEPHASE software requires thermodynamic and transport properties to calculate
phase splits, pressure drops, and heat transfer.
All required properties of compositional fluids are predicted from the properties of the
pure components. These are mixed to get the stream properties of the fluid.
There are three methods for defining a component:
1. Selecting individual components from the SimSci library,
2. Defining individual components as petroleum pseudocomponents,
3. Defining an assay curve and having the thermodynamic model divide it into petro-
leum cuts.
The compositional fluid can be defined in terms of any combination of these options.
You can have different compositions at each source.
3- Using PIPEPHASE Software

10
Water as a Special Component
PIPEPHASE software can rigorously predict phase separations involving more than one
liquid phase. However, there is a simplified way of dealing with water in hydrocarbon
systems. Because water is only sparingly soluble in oil, a hydrocarbon system with a
significant amount of water will often form two liquid phases. PIPEPHASE software
will handle calculations involving water in hydrocarbons by one of two methods:
1. It can calculate the solubility of water in the hydrocarbon phase and put the excess
water into a pure aqueous phase. All the aqueous phase properties will be calculated
separately from those of the hydrocarbon phase.
2. It can perform a rigorous three phase flash to determine the composition of each
phase.
Library Components
The SimSci library contains over 1700 components. A full list is available in the SimSci
Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual. For all components, the databank
contains data for all the fixed properties and temperature-dependent properties necessary
to carry out phase equilibrium calculations. For all common components, the databank
also contains a full set of transport properties necessary to carry out pressure drop and
heat transfer calculations. If you need to supplement the data, or override the library data
with your own, you may do so.
To specify... See...
Library
components All fixed property data may be accessed from p. 4-34 COMPONENT
the SimSci databank. All you need to do is
Library You may
supply theoverride
name ofthe
theSimSci constant
component. p. 4-39 MW
components properties for any or all of the components. p. 4-39 SPGR
p. 4-39 API
p. 4-39 ACENTRIC
p. 4-39 ZC
p. 4-39 TC()
p. 4-39 PC()
p. 4-39 NBP()
p. 4-39 STDDENSITY()
p. 4-39 VC
You may override the SimSci variable p. 4-40 VP()
(temperature-dependent) properties for any or p. 4-40 ENTHALPY()
all of the components. p. 4-40 CP()
p. 4-40 LATENT()
p. 4-40 DENSITY()
p. 4-40 VISCOSITY()
p. 4-40 CONDUCTIVITY()
p. 4-40 SURFACE()
PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-

11
Non-library Components
You may use components not found in the SimSci library. You must input all the
necessary data for thermodynamic and transport properties.
Non-library If you want to use a component that is not in the SimSci Component and
components SimSci Bank, you must supply its name and all the Thermodynamic Data
required properties. Input Manual
Petroleum Pseudocomponents
To define hydrocarbon pseudocomponents, you must supply at least two of the following
three parameters:
1. Molecular weight
2. Gravity
3. Normal boiling point
PIPEPHASE software will predict the third if you omit it. PIPEPHASE uses industry-
standard characterization methods to predict all fixed and temperature-dependent
property data for each pseudocomponent. You may select the method most suitable for
your own mixture.
To define... See...
Pseudo-
components Define petroleum pseudocomponents by p. 4-35 PETROLEUM
supplying at least two of the following:
molecular weight, gravity, and normal boiling
Property- You
point.may select the method PIPEPHASE p. 4-36 ASSAY
calculation software will use to calculate the properties of
methods your pseudo-components.
Fixed Property You can supply your own fixed property data p. 4-39 MW
Data to override the data that PIPEPHASE p. 4-39 SPGR
software uses from its own internal library. p. 4-39 API
p. 4-39 ACENTRIC
p. 4-39 ZC
p. 4-39 TC()
p. 4-39 PC()
p. 4-39 NBP()
p. 4-39 STDDENSITY()
p. 4-39 VC
3- Using PIPEPHASE Software

12
To define... See...
Variable Property You can supply your own temperature- p. 4-40 VP()
Data dependent property data to override the data p. 4-40 ENTHALPY()
that PIPEPHASE software predicts. p. 4-40 CP()
p. 4-40 LATENT()
p. 4-40 DENSITY()
p. 4-40 VISCOSITY()
p. 4-40 CONDUCTIVITY()
p. 4-40 SURFACE()
Assay Curve
If your fluid is defined by an assay curve (TBP, D86, D2887, or D1160), PIPEPHASE
software will divide it into a number of cuts. You can control the number of cuts and the
ranges they cover. Each of the cuts is then treated as a pseudocomponent, as described
previously. You may also define a lightends analysis to go with the assay curve.
To supply... See...
Assay Data You supply an assay curve, and Page 4-36 D86, D1160,
PIPEPHASE will divide it into petroleum D2887, TBP,
cuts. You supply it in the form of D86, TBP10
D1160, D2887, TBP, or TBP at 10 mm Hg
curves.
You must also supply gravity as API or Page 4-39 API, SPGR,
specific gravity or UOP K-factor either as a UOP, DATA
curve against percent vaporized or as an
average value.
PIPEPHASE will calculate molecular Page 4-39 MW
weight data, or you may supply it as an
average or a curve against percent
vaporized.
You may define the number of petroleum Page 4-38 CUTPOINTS
fractions to be generated and their
temperature ranges.
You may select the method PIPEPHASE Page 4-36 ASSAY
will use to calculate the properties of the
generated petroleum fractions.
Mixed component You can mix defined components and Page 4-88 LIGHTENDS
types pseudocomponents with assay data by
defining a lightends composition and rate
for each source.
Additional Component Capabilities

All the features of SimSci-Esscors industry-standard component property databank and
methods have been incorporated into PIPEPHASE . These are summarized below in
Table 3-1. For details of these methods and their applicability, please consult the SimSci
Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual, in the volume detailed below.

Table 3-1: Summary of Other Component Property Options
Option Summary Chapter
Synthetic
components You may characterize a component as a synfuel of a specific type or Volume 1
Other fixed as a mixture
Rackett of different
parameter petroleum
is required types.
for the Rackett method for liquid Volume 1
property densities. Dipole moment and Radius of gyration are required for
requirements the Hayden-OConnell method for vapor properties. Hildebrand
solubility parameter and liquid molar volume are required for
various generalized and liquid activity thermodynamic correlations.
Van der Waals area and volume are required for UNIFAC and
UNIQUAC liquid activity thermodynamic correlations.
Properties from You may define the structure of non-library components for use Volume 1
structure with the UNIFAC thermodynamic method.
Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Separation

PIPEPHASE can use a generalized correlation, an equation of state, or a liquid activity
method to calculate thermodynamic properties at the flowing conditions and hence to
predict the split between the liquid and vapor phases. The choice of the thermodynamic
property calculation method depends on the components in the fluid and the prevailing
temperatures and pressures. PIPEPHASE also provides a number of methods that can
rigorously calculate vapor-liquid-liquid equilibrium and solid-liquid equilibrium.
Recommendations for the commonly found pipeline systems are provided below.
Table 3-2: Recommended Methods for Thermodynamic Properties
Method
Property Heavy Hydrocarbon Light Hydrocarbon Natural Gas Systems
Systems Systems
K-value Braun K10 (<100 psia) Peng-Robinson Peng-Robinson
Grayson-Streed Soave-Redlich-Kwong Soave-Redlich-Kwong
Peng-Robinson Lee-Kesler-Plcker
Soave-Redlich-Kwong Benedict-Webb-Rubin-
Starling
Chao-Seader
Enthalpy Curl-Pitzer Peng-Robinson Peng-Robinson
Johnson-Grayson Soave-Redlich-Kwong Soave-Redlich-Kwong
Lee-Kesler Lee-Kesler-Plcker
Peng-Robinson BWRS
Soave-Redlich-Kwong Curl-Pitzer
Lee- Kesler
Liquid density API API API
Lee-Kesler Lee-Kesler Lee-Kesler
Vapor density Peng-Robinson Peng-Robinson Peng-Robinson
Soave-Redlich-Kwong Soave-Redlich-Kwong Soave-Redlich-Kwong
You can specify methods that you want to use for the following thermodynamic

properties.
K-values, You must select a thermodynamic method for p. 4-51 METHOD
enthalpy, density calculating the vapor-liquid equilibrium and mixture
properties from component properties. Either select
a system with a predefined method for each property,
or select an individual method for each property.
Vapor-liquid- Use the (VLLE) qualifier on the SYSTEM keyword p. 4-51 METHOD
liquid equilibria or on the KVALUE keyword or have a second
KVALUE keyword with an (LLE) qualifier.
Different enthalpy You must include two ENTHALPY keywords, one p. 4-51 METHOD
methods for liquid with an (L) qualifier and one with a (V) qualifier.
and vapor
Different density You must include two DENSITY keywords, one p. 4-51 METHOD
methods for liquid with an (L) qualifier and one with a (V) qualifier.
and vapor
Aqueous phase If you have water in a hydrocarbon system, you may p. 4-55 WATER
enthalpy select a method for calculating aqueous liquid and
vapor enthalpies either by a simplified method
which assumes that the steam is at its saturation
point or by a rigorous method which takes into
account the degree of superheat of the vapor, if any.
Binary interaction For some systems, notably close-boiling mixtures, p. 4-56 PR
parameters the standard equations do not adequately reproduce p. 4-55 BWRS
experimental phase equilibria data. You may
improve the predictability of many of the equations
of state, or liquid activity coefficient methods by
inputting your own binary interaction parameter
values. For example, you can tune the PR, SRK,
BWRS and LKP equations.
Transport properties
The SimSci databank contains pure component data for the thermal conductivity, surface
tension, and viscosity of liquids and vapors as functions of temperature. You can choose
to use these data and simple mixing rules to predict the flowing properties of the fluid.
Alternatively you can choose to use the API Data Book property prediction methods and
mixing rules for mixed hydrocarbons.

About 60 of the bank components have data for viscosity and thermal conductivity from
the GPA TRAPP program. If you choose to use the TRAPP data, all of your components
must be TRAPP components and you cannot have any pseudocomponents or assay data.
For a listing of TRAPP component names, see the SimSci Component and
Thermodynamic Data Input Manual.
Prediction
methods You may choose a method for calculating bulk p. 4-51 METHOD
transport properties from component properties. Select
a system with predefined methods for each property, or
Overriding To override
select the mixture
an individual liquid
method forviscosity predictions,
each property. p. 4-57 SET
viscosity you may supply a liquid viscosity curve for either the
hydrocarbon liquid phase, the water phase or the total
liquid. A different viscosity curve may be supplied for
each source.
Tabular Data for Compositional Fluids

For large scale compositional simulations, a table of fluid properties can be specified at
the start of the run. This will reduce the computation time by eliminating flash
calculations during the solution procedure. This method is applicable if all the sources in
the network have the same composition, and the compositions are constant throughout
the network.
To... See...
Build and use
a table You can have PIPEPHASE build the table and p. 4-68 DIMENSION
Retrieve a table use it in the same
Alternatively, yourun.
can have PIPEPHASE p. 4-21 CALCULATION
build the table, store it in a file, and then use it p. 4-68 DIMENSION
in a subsequent run. PIPEPHASE will not p. 4-74 FILE
build a table for use in the same run while also
storing it for a subsequent run.

Multiple Thermodynamic Methods
In most cases, a single set of thermodynamic and transport methods is adequate for
calculating properties of all sources. However, your flowsheet may contain sources with
widely varying compositions or conditions such that they cannot be simulated accurately
using just one set. To account for this, you may define more than one set of methods
(there is no limit) and apply different sets to different sources.
More than one
thermodynamic For each set use a separate METHOD statement. p. 4-51 METHOD
set
Name the set using the SET keyword.
The set used by a Link the source to the thermodynamic set using the p. 4-79 SOURCE
source SET keyword.
A default When a single set is present, all sources use that set. If p. 4-51 METHOD
thermodynamic you do not link the source to a thermodynamic set, it
set will use the default set. Normally this is the first set
that appears in the input. If you want to stipulate that
another set is the default, use the DEFAULT keyword.
The thermodynamic set can also be set for junctions
with streams feeding the junctions and being mixed
using the new method.
Additional Thermodynamic Capabilities

All of SimScis industry-standard thermophysical property calculation methods have
been incorporated into PIPEPHASE . These are summarized in the following table. For
details of these methods and their applicability, please consult Chapter 2 in the SimSci
Component and Thermodynamic Data Input Manual.

Table 3-3: Summary of Other Thermodynamic Options
Option Methods
Generalized Grayson-Streed Chao-Seader
Correlations Improved-Grayson-Streed Chao-Seader-Erbar
Grayson-Streed-Erbar Ideal
Braun-K10
Equations of State Soave-Redlich-Kwong Panagiotopoulos-Reid
SRK-Kabadi-Danner Peng-Robinson
SRK-Huron-Vidal PR-Huron-Vidal
SRK-Panagiotopoulos-Reid PR-Panagiotopoulos-Reid
SRK-Modified BWRS
SRK-SimSci Uniwaals
SRK-Hexamer
Liquid Activity Non-random Two-liquid Equation Universal Functional Activity
Methods Universal Quasi-chemical (UNIQUAC) Coefficient (UNIFAC)
van Laar Lyngby-modified UNIFAC
Wilson Dortmund-modified UNIFAC
Margules Modified UNIFAC method
Regular Solution Theory Free volume modification to UNIFAC
Flory-Huggins Theory Ideal
Special Packages Glycol Amine
Sour water Alcohol
GPA Sour Water
Other Features Heat of mixing Henrys Law
Poynting correction Amine Residence Time Correction
Defining Properties for Non-Compositional Fluids

A non-compositional fluid model must be defined as blackoil, gas condensate, liquid,
gas, or steam. Blackoil and gas condensate are two-phase, with one phase dominant. Gas
and liquid fluid models are single-phase. Steam may be single or two-phase.
Fluid definition
You must tell PIPEPHASE the type of fluid you p. 4-21 CALCULATION
have: blackoil, gas condensate, liquid, gas, or
Different data You may supply specific gravities for each
steam. p. 4-57 SET
for different source.
sources

Liquid
All properties of a non-compositional liquid are calculated by PIPEPHASE from the
specific gravity and built-in correlations.You may choose from the viscosity correlations
shown in Table 4-26, Property Correlations.
Liquid definition You must define the liquid as water or p. 4-57 SET
hydrocarbon, and supply its gravity. If the liquid
is water, the specific gravity must be 1.0 or
greater.
Viscosity method You may define the method that PIPEPHASE p. 4-61 SET for Blackoil
uses to predict non-compositional liquid
viscosity.
Overriding You may supply liquid viscosity data to p. 4-57 SET
viscosity data override the internally predicted data. You may
define the viscosity as a single value or as a
two-point viscosity curve.
Specific heat You may supply a single constant value for p. 4-57 SET
liquid specific heat to override the internally
predicted data.
Gas
All properties of a non-compositional gas are calculated by PIPEPHASE from the
specific gravity and the built-in correlations. You may choose which viscosity
correlation to use from the list in Table 4-26, Property Correlations.
Gas definition A non-compositional gas is defined in terms of its p. 4-57 SET
gravity, and PIPEPHASE will use the appropriate
correlations to predict its properties.
Viscosity method You may define the method that PIPEPHASE p. 4-61 SET for Blackoil
uses to predict non-compositional gas viscosity.
Cp/Cv ratio A gas specific heat ratio may be defined to p. 4-57 SET
definition override the internal value used as default.
Define a One or more of the following gas contaminants p. 4-57 SET
contaminant may also be defined: nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or
hydrogen sulfide.
Gas Z-factor The method that PIPEPHASE uses to predict a p. 4-61 SET for Blackoil
non-compositional compressibility factor may also
be defined.

Steam
Steam is a non-compositional fluid that is allowed to exist in two phases. You cannot
override the steam table data contained within PIPEPHASE s data libraries. However,
all pressure drop correlations which are available to compositional fluids are also
available to the steam model.
Steam tables
If the fluid is steam, use the programs internal p. 4-59 SET for Steam
steam tables. You may specify that the gravity of
the condensed water is more than 1.0 to take into
Saturated steam You maydissolved
account specify steam
solids.quality if the steam is p. 4-79 SOURCE
saturated. Specify the temperature and quality if
the steam is superheated or the water is subcooled.
Gas Condensate
Gas condensate is a multiphase non-compositional fluid with gas predominating. All
properties of gas condensate are calculated by PIPEPHASE software from the phase
specific gravities, condensate gas ratio at standard conditions, and built-in correlations.
Condensate
definition A gas condensate is defined in terms of its p. 4-60 SET for Condensate
gravity, condensate gas ratio, and
PIPEPHASE software will use the
appropriate correlations to predict its
Specific gravity You must supply specific gravity data for
properties. p. 4-60 SET for Condensate
gas, liquid and water phases, even if you
do not expect them all to be present.
Contaminants One or more of the following gas p. 4-60 SET for Condensate
contaminants may also be defined:
nitrogen, carbon dioxide, or hydrogen
sulfide.

Blackoil
Blackoil is a multiphase fluid model which predicts properties from the gas gravity, oil
gravity, and the volume of gas per unit volume of liquid.
Blackoil definition Blackoil is defined in terms of p. 4-61 SET for Blackoil
the gravity of its oil and gas and
the Gas to Oil ratio.
PIPEPHASE software will use
the appropriate correlations to
predict its properties.
Specific gravity You must supply specific p. 4-61 SET for Blackoil
gravity data for gas, liquid, and
water phases, even if you do not
expect them all to be present.
Viscosity You may optionally enter liquid p. 4-61 SET for Blackoil
viscosity data in the form of a
Tabular viscosity curve.
Contaminants One or more of the following p. 4-61 SET for Blackoil
gas contaminants may also be
defined: nitrogen, carbon
dioxide, or hydrogen sulfide.
Adjustment of You may adjust the properties p. 4-62 ADJUST (Blackoil only)
Properties that PIPEPHASE software
calculates from its built-in
correlations so that they more
closely fit measured laboratory
data.
Lift gas definition When you have a GLVALVE in p. 4-62 LIFTGAS (Blackoil only)
the simulation, you need to
define the lift gas in terms of
Gravity and (optionally)
contaminants.
Tabular data If laboratory data are available, p. 4-63 TABULAR (Blackoil only)
you may input them and p. 4-64 FVF (Blackoil only)
override the PIPEPHASE p. 4-64 SGOR() (Blackoil only)
software internally generated p. 4-64 VISCOSITY() (Blackoil only)
data. If you use tabular data, you p. 4-65 GRAVITY() (Blackoil only)
must input all data: Formation
Volume Factor, Solution Gas
Oil Ratio, Live Viscosity, and
Gravity.
Gas Z-factor The method that PIPEPHASE p. 4-65 CORRELATION
software uses to predict a non-
compositional compressibility
factor may be defined.

Viscosity method You may define the method that p. 4-65 CORRELATION
PIPEPHASE software uses to
predict viscosities and blending
rules.
Formation volume You may define the methods p. 4-65 CORRELATION
factor and solution that PIPEPHASE software uses
gas oil ratio to calculate formation volume
methods factor and solution gas oil ratio.
Defining Properties for Mixed Compositional/Non-Compositional

Fluids
PIPEPHASE software offers the user the ability to define blackoil models that combine
data from:
Sources that are in the standard blackoil format (see description of blackoil inputs),
with
Sources that are in the standard compositional format (see description of composi-
tional inputs).
PIPEPHASE software treats the combined fluid model as a blackoil model; flash
calculations are used to define the appropriate blackoil properties for the compositional
sources. The inputs to the compositional blackoil model are thus a combination of the
inputs to separate compositional and blackoil models.
Generating and Using Tables of Properties

For large scale compositional or blackoil simulations, a table of fluid properties can be
built and used. This will reduce the computation time by phase separation calculations
during the solution procedure. This method is applicable if all the sources in the network
have the same composition or Blackoil properties.
To... See...
Build and use a
table You can have PIPEPHASE software p. 4-70 GENERATE (for Blackoil)
build the table and use it in the same
Retrieve a table Alternatively,
run. you can have p. 4-21 CALCULATION
PIPEPHASE build the table, store it in p. 4-70 GENERATE (for Blackoil)
a file, and then use it in a subsequent p. 4-74 FILE
run. PIPEPHASE software will not
build a table for use in the same run
while also storing it for a subsequent
run.

Sources
A source is a point at which fluid enters the piping system. You define a source by
supplying parameters such as composition, temperature, pressure, and flowrate. You can
have more than one source in a network.
Compositional Sources
Defined You must define the total flowrate and p. 4-79 SOURCE
components composition of the source stream. Components
can be either from the PIPEPHASE component
library or defined as pseudocomponents.
Assay data A source fluid may be defined by an assay p. 4-79 SOURCE
curve. You can combine library components p. 4-88 LIGHTENDS
and/or petroleum pseudocomponents with an
assay curve by supplying a lightend analysis.
Viscosity data To override the internally generated fluid p. 4-57 PVT
viscosity data, you may specify a viscosity
curve in the PVT data section.
Similar sources To reduce redundant data entry, you may refer p. 4-79 SOURCE
to a predefined source. Parameters may be
specified to override the parameters that are
different.
Non-Compositional Sources
Steam sources You must define the pressure and quality of a p. 4-79 SOURCE
saturated steam source. The temperature must
be specified only if the steam is superheated
(Quality=100%) or subcooled (Quality=0%).
Gas, liquid, One or more sets of fluid property data are p. 4-79 SOURCE
blackoil or defined in the PVT data section. You must p. 4-57 PVT
condensate sources assign a unique set number to each data set.
Each source must be referred to the appropriate
data set number.
Well In-flow You may specify the IPR of a well source for a p. 4-79 SOURCE
Performance single link with gas, liquid, blackoil or p. 4-84 WTEST
condensate. You may enter values for the Vogel
and Productivity Index parameters. You may
also supply well test data.Well test data
Similar sources If one source is the same as or similar to p. 4-79 SOURCE
another, you may refer it to the other source.
PIPEPHASE will copy all the data from one
source to the other. You may then override the
parameters that are different.

Structure of Network Systems
Flow devices such as pipes, fittings, and other process equipment are connected together
in a Link. Each Link starts at a Node (a Source or a Junction) and ends at another Node (a
Junction or a Sink).
PIPEPHASE can calculate either simple or complex network problems. A simple
network problem, e.g. a single link, is defined as a series of pipes, fittings, and process
equipment that has one source, one sink, and no junctions. A more complex network
may have one or more sources and one or more sinks. See Chapter 2, Overview, for
terminology and examples of single links and networks.
PIPEPHASE calculates the flowrates and pressure drops. In a network configuration,
you must either define these parameters or provide an estimate at each node.
Network solution There are two solution algorithms available for p. 4-42 SOLUTION
algorithm Networks. For the vast majority of networks, you
would use the default PBAL method. If your
fluid is a single-phase liquid or gas, you may find
that the MBAL method gives a faster solution.
Controlling Convergence of Networks (PBAL)

A system of non-linear equations based on Kirchoffs laws represents the network
problem. A Newton like technique is applied iteratively, until the solution converges to a
specified tolerance. If the solution diverges (in sensitive networks), user specified
damping factors and constraints may be set to stabilize the convergence path.
Automatic
generation of PBAL has a choice of methods. p. 4-42 SOLUTION
initial estimates
By default, PBAL generates flowrate estimates by
considering the diameters of the first pipe in each
link. An alternative method uses the frictional
resistances of the pipes in each link. A third
method solves the first iteration with MBAL
before going into PBAL.
Finally, if you have solved this network before
and just changed some of the conditions, you may
instruct the program to use your previous solution
User-supplied You
as itsmay also
initial provide individual estimates for
estimate. p. 4-92 JUNCTION
initial estimates junction pressures and link flowrates. p. 4-94 LINK
Maximum and For any link, you may specify the maximum and p. 4-94 LINK
minimum flows minimum flows that are to be allowed.

Controlling In some difficult networks, convergence of the p. 4-42 SOLUTION
convergence base case can be improved by adjusting various
convergence parameters: for example, damping,
relaxation, internal tolerances, etc. Refer to
Chapter 6, Technical Reference, for details.
Direction of flow If you know the flow direction in all links, you p. 4-42 SOLUTION
can specify that PIPEPHASE not try to reverse
them from iteration to iteration.
Solution tolerance The network calculation converges when the error p. 4-47 TOLERANCE
is within a given tolerance. You may optionally
change this tolerance.
Calculation time If PIPEPHASE does not converge within a p. 4-42 SOLUTION
certain number of iterations, it will stop and
report the results of the last iteration. You may
reduce or increase the maximum number of
iterations. To reduce calculation time in large
compositional runs, you may control the number
of fluid property evaluations that are performed in
each link for the PBAL initialization procedure.
Closed loops If the flows inadvertently form closed flow paths p. 4-42 SOLUTION
at any iteration, PIPEPHASE will repair these
and optionally take remedial action.
Pipe segments Pipes, tubing, and annuli are divided into p. 4-27 SEGMENT
segments for pressure drop and heat transfer
calculations. You can change either the number of
segments or the length of segments for greater
calculational accuracy.
Check valves You may allow regulators (unidirectional check p. 4-42 SOLUTION
valves) to pass a small backward flow.
Critical flow in Critical flow in chokes can cause difficulties for p. 4-42 SOLUTION
chokes convergence algorithms. To help PIPEPHASE
solve such networks, you can choose from three
options.
Wells You can prevent well flows from falling below p. 4-42 SOLUTION
the minimum required to transport fluid in a two-
phase system.
Networks
A network generally has more than one link and one or more junctions. The variables are
the pressure and flowrate at each source and sink. You specify the values of the variables
that are known, and PIPEPHASE will calculate the unknowns. In order not to under- or
over-specify the system, simple rules must be followed in constructing the problem:
You must specify a number of knowns equal to the total number of sources and
sinks.

You must specify at least one pressure.
If any source or sink flowrate is an unknown, you must supply an estimate.
If you do not know a pressure at a source, sink, or junction, you do not need to sup-
ply an estimate. You may specify estimates to speed up convergence.
Sources and You must have at least one source and at least p. 4-79 SOURCE
sinks one sink. p. 4-91 SINK
Junctions You must have a junction at the point where p. 4-92 JUNCTION
two or more links meet. If your network is
complex, you may help the convergence by
supplying estimates for the junction pressures.
Links You must supply a unique name for each link. If p. 4-94 LINK
your network is complex, you may speed up the
solution by supplying estimates for flowrates
through each link.
Steam networks PIPEPHASE can model preferential splitting at p. 4-92 JUNCTION
Tee junctions in pure distribution networks.
These junctions can have only two outgoing
and one incoming link.
Subnetworks PIPEPHASE has a number of devices that p. 4-108 MCOMPRESS
invoke a special algorithm. You may specify p. 4-132 MCHOKE
the inlet conditions; PIPEPHASE breaks the p. 4-133 MREGULATOR
flowsheet at the inlet and solves the resulting
subnetworks simultaneously so that the
pressures match.
PIPEPHASE Flow and Equipment Devices

A piping system is made up of links which join sources, sinks, and junctions. Each link
consists of a series of flow devices: pipes, fittings, and process equipment and unit
operations.
Sources and sinks must be named. The location and the direction of flow of each link are
implied by the FROM and TO keywords on the LINK statement.
The statements describing the devices in the link must follow the LINK statement and be
in the order in which the devices appear in the link.
Flow Devices (have length)

Descriptions of the flow devices available in PIPEPHASE are as follows:
Pipe Horizontal, vertical or inclined. May be surrounded by air, water, or soil; insulated
or bare.

Annulus Well annulus. Heat loss is simulated using an overall heat transfer coefficient and
geothermal gradient.
Tubing Well tubing. Heat loss is simulated using an overall heat transfer coefficient and
geothermal gradient.
Equipment Devices (have no length)

Descriptions of the completion, fitting, process, and unit operation equipment devices
available in PIPEPHASE software are as follows:
Inflow Models the relationship between flowrate and reservoir pressure draw-down or
Performance pressure drop at the sand face in a well.
Relationship
Completion Bottomhole completion, the interface between the reservoir and a well. There are
two types of completion: gravel-packed and open-perforated.
Fittings
Bend A standard mitred bend or non-standard bend with defined angle and radius.
Check valve Device that allows flow in only one direction.
Choke valve Restricts fluid flow. MCHOKE, a variant of CHOKE, introduces a discontinuity
into a network which is solved using a special sub-networking method.
PIPEPHASE calculates the choke size.
Contraction Reduction in diameter from larger to smaller pipe. Variable angle.
Entrance Entrance into a pipe from a larger volume such as a vessel.
Exit Exit from a pipe to a larger volume such as a vessel.
Expansion Increase in diameter from smaller to larger pipe. Variable angle.
Nozzle Flow restriction used in metering.
Orifice Orifice meter. Orifice plate can use thick or thin calculation formula.
Tee Tee piece. Flow may be straight on or through the branch.
Valve Any type of valve, e.g., gate, globe, angle, ball, butterfly, plug, cock.
Venturimeter Venturi flow meter.
Process Equipment
Compressor Simple single or multispeed gas compressor.
Multistage Rigorous single or multistage gas compressor with optional inlet pressure
Compressor calculation. Uses a special sub-networking method. PIPEPHASE calculates the
required horse power.
Cooler Removes heat from a stream.
DPDT Any device that changes pressure and/or temperature with flowrate.
Expander Steam expander.

Gaslift Valve Well gaslift valve.
Heater Adds heat to a stream.
Injection Re-introduces a stream from a compositional separator back into a link.
Pump Single or multispeed liquid pump. An electric submersible pump may be
modeled.
Regulator Means of fixing maximum pressure at any point in the structure.
MREGULATOR, a variant of REGULATOR, introduces a discontinuity into a
network which is solved using a special sub-networking method.
Separator Splits some or all of one of the fluid phases from a link.
Unit Operations
Hydrates Predicts the temperature/pressure regime under which hydrates are prone to
form.
Calculator A utility that allows you to compute results from flowsheet or network
parameters. These results can then be used as optimizer constraints or objective
parameters.
Flow Device Sizing

In a single link system, PIPEPHASE can calculate the sizes of pipes and tubings to meet
either a pressure drop or a maximum velocity criterion.
With a fixed source pressure and fixed sink pressure, PIPEPHASE sizes all these
devices to the same diameter.
With a fixed source or sink pressure and maximum velocity, PIPEPHASE sizes each
device separately.
Pipe sizing
You may ask for all flow devices to be sized or just p. 4-155 DEVICE
You mayones.
selected supply a set of maximum velocities and a p. 4-156
4-155 MAXV
LINE
corresponding set of diameters or slip densities.

Pressure Drop Calculations
PIPEPHASE calculates pressure drops for pipes, annuli and tubing. There are many
methods for calculating pressure drops. You can define one method globally for use
throughout the simulation, or you can use different methods in different pipes. Refer to
the discussions Single-Phase Methods, p. A-2 and Two-Phase and Compositional
Methods, p. A-2, for a survey of the pressure drop calculation methods available in
PIPEPHASE .
Pressure drop
method Choose a method that is appropriate to the type p. 4-22 FCODE
of fluid and piping topology you have. If you
do not choose a method, PIPEPHASE will use
Beggs & Brill-Moody for compositional,
blackoil, condensate, or steam and Moody for
You may choose a different
non-compositional fluids. method for an p. 4-96 PIPE
individual device. p. 4-99 ANNULUS
If you do not choose a method for a device, p. 4-100 TUBING
PIPEPHASE will use the method you selected p. 4-22 FCODE
globally.
The following table lists recommended pressure drop methods for single-phase flow in
pipes with non-compositional fluids
Table 3-4: Pressure Drop Methods for Single-Phase Flow (Non-Compositional Fluids)
Liquid Gas
Moody Moody
Hazen-Williams Panhandle Bf
Weymouth
American Gas Association
The following table lists the pressure drop methods recommended for multiphase flow in
horizontal and inclined pipes. A legend and comments are located below the table.
Table 3-5: Applicability of Multiphase Flow Correlations
Horizontal Vertical Vertical
and Upward Downward Upward Downward
inclines < incline Incline o
90 and > 90o and
Methods5 10o 10o<a<70o 10o<a<70o 70o > 70o
Beggs & Brill 4 4 4 4 4
Beggs & Brill - Moody1 4 4 4 4 4
Beggs & Brill - No slip 8 8 8 8 4
Beggs & Brill - Moody-Eaton3 8 8 8 8 8
Beggs & Brill - Moody-Dukler3 8 8 8 8 8
Beggs & Brill - Moody-Hagedorn & 8 8 8 8 8
Brown
Mukherjee & Brill2 8 4 4 8 8
Mukherjee & Brill-Eaton3 8 8 8 8 8
Ansari 8 8 8 4 8

Table 3-5: Applicability of Multiphase Flow Correlations (cont.)
Horizontal Vertical Vertical
and Upward Downward Upward Downward
inclines < incline Incline 90o and > 90o and
Methods5 10o 10o<a<70o 10o<a<70o 70o > 70o
Orkiszewski 8 8 8 4 8
Duns & Ros 8 8 8 4 8
Hagedorn & Brown 8 8 8 4 8
Hagedorn & Brown - Beggs & Brill 8 8 8 8 8
Aziz 8 8 8 4 8
Gray (not applicable for 8 8 8 4 8
Compositional)
Gray - Moody (not applicable for 8 8 8 4 8
Compositional)
Angel - Welchon - Ross 8 8 8 8 4
Eaton 4 8 8 8 8
Eaton-Flannigan 4 4 4 8 8
Dukler 4 8 8 8 8
Dukler-Flannigan 4 4 4 8 8
Lockhart & Martinelli 4 4 8 8 8
Dukler-Eaton-Flannigan 4 4 4 8 8
Olimens 4 4 8 8 8
OLGA4 4 4 4 4 4
TACITE4 4 4 4 4 4
1. In general, this method is recommended because it performs reasonably well for the widest range of flow conditions.
2. This method is recommended for pipelines with low liquid holdup in hilly terrain.
3. These non-standard hybrid models should be used only after matching measured data.
4. These models are available as add-ons through your SimSci representative
5. All these correlations were developed for circular flow cross-section. These correlations are used for Annulus flow using the wetted
perimeter-hydraulic radius concept in place of the radius of the circular cross section.
Legend 4 Correlation recommended for the application

8 Correlation allowed, but not recommended for the application
Pressure Drop in Flow Devices

The pressure drop in a flow device (Pipe, Tubing or Annulus) of length L consists of
three components: friction, elevation, and acceleration.
In general, the frictional pressure gradient may be expressed as:
2
d---P-
----------
fq (3-1)
dL f
-
5
d
where:
= fluid density
q = volumetric flux
d = equivalent diameter (actual diameter in the case of pipes and tubing)

The friction factor, f, is inversely proportional to the Reynolds number for laminar flow.
For turbulent flow, f is a non-linear function of the Reynolds number and the pipe
roughness.
In general, the elevation pressure gradient may be expressed as:
d---P- sin () (3-2)

dL e
where:
= fluid density
= inclination angle
The acceleration pressure gradient is generally small, except when the fluid is
compressible, and the velocity and velocity gradients in the pipe are high. In general, the
acceleration pressure gradient may be expressed as:
d---P- dv
v----- (3-3)
dL a dx
where:
= fluid density
v = fluid velocity
Inside diameter
and roughness If the majority of your flow devices have the p. 4-25 DEFAULT
same inside diameter, you can specify a p. 4-96 PIPE
global inside diameter at the start of the p. 4-99 ANNULUS
simulation. Then you can override this value p. 4-100 TUBING
for those devices which do not conform to
the default. Roughness can be specified also
Inclined pipes You can specify
as a global an elevation
parameter change
or for each or
device. p. 4-96 PIPE
depth for each device If the elevation p. 4-99 ANNULUS
change equals the length, the device is p. 4-100 TUBING
vertical. If you do not specify an elevation
change, PIPEPHASE assumes that pipes
are horizontal and that annuli and tubings
are vertical.
Acceleration You may instruct PIPEPHASE to ignore the p. 4-21 CALCULATION
terms acceleration term in pressure drop
calculations, if desired.

Nominal Diameter and Pipe Schedule
As an alternative to entering a pipe (or tubing) inside diameter, you can specify a
nominal diameter and a schedule. PIPEPHASE has an internal database of standard
nominal pipe sizes and pipe schedules; the allowed combinations of nominal diameter
and schedule in this database are detailed in Table 3-6. You may supply your own
database which PIPEPHASE will use instead of its own.
To specify
nominal
diameter and
schedule for... See...
All devices as a You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-25 DEFAULT
global value that will be used for all the fittings in this table,
unless overridden by data in the input to the fitting
itself.
Your pipes and You may create a database of nominal diameters p. 4-25 DEFAULT
fittings and pipe schedules and have PIPEPHASE use it
instead of its own internal database
Pipe You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule. p. 4-96 PIPE
Tubing You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule. p. 4-100 TUBING
Bend You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule. p. 4-129 BEND
Entrance You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-134 ENTRANCE
for the downstream pipe.
Exit You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-135 EXIT
for the upstream pipe.
Nozzle You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-137 NOZZLE
Orifice You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-138 ORIFICE
Tee You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-138 TEE
Valve You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-139 VALVE
Venturi You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-141 VENTURIMETER
Contraction You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-133 CONTRACTION
for the inlet and outlet pipes.
Expansion You may supply a nominal diameter and schedule p. 4-136 EXPANSION
for the inlet and outlet pipes.

Table 3-6: Allowable Pipe Nominal Diameters and Schedules
Nominal Diameter
(Inches) Valid Pipe Schedule Numbers
0.125 40 80
0.250 40 80
0.375 40 80
0.5 40 80 160
0.75 40 80 160
1.00 40 80 160
1.25 40 80 160
1.5 40 80 160
2.0 40 80 160
2.5 40 80 160
3.0 40 80 160
3.5 40 80
4.0 40 80 120 160
4.5 40
5.0 40 80 120 160
6.0 40 80 120 160
8.0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
10.0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
12.0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
14.0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
16.0 10 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
18.0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
20.0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
24.0 10 20 30 40 60 80 100 120 140 160
30.0 10 20 30
Pressure Drop in Completions

Bottomhole completion describes the interface between a reservoir and a well. There are
two types of completion: gravel packed and open perforated. The pressure drop through
a completion is calculated from permeability and other data you input.
PIPEPHASE software uses the Jones model for gravel-packed completion and the
McCleod model for open-perforated completions. For further information about these
models, please refer to Chapter 5, Technical Reference.

Figure 3-1: Jones Model
Figure 3-2: McLeod Model
Completion You may define a completion as being gravel p. 4-106 COMPLETION
packed (Jones) or open perforated (McLeod).
Dual You may model dual completions, both p. 4-103 Dual Completions
Completion concentric and parallel.
Pressure Drop in Fittings

The general form of the pressure drop equation is:
2
KG
P = --------------- (3-4)
2g

where:
P = pressure drop across the fitting
K = resistance coefficient/ K-factor
G = mass velocity (mass flowrate/flow area)
= two-phase pressure drop multiplier
g = acceleration due to gravity
= fluid density (equal to liquid density for two-phase flows)
Bend, tee, PIPEPHASE uses the generalized pressure drop p. 4-129 BEND
valve equation with a resistance coefficient. For bends, p. 4-138 TEE
tees, and valves, you can either supply the p. 4-139 VALVE
resistance coefficient directly or supply an
equivalent length and have PIPEPHASE calculate
the resistance coefficient as a function of the
friction factor.
Entrance, exit For entrances and exits you can supply the p. 4-134 ENTRANCE
resistance coefficient or use the default value. p. 4-135 EXIT
Contraction, For contractions, expansions, nozzles, orifices, and p. 4-137 NOZZLE
expansion, Venturimeters, you can supply the resistance p. 4-136 EXPANSION
nozzle, coefficient or use the value that PIPEPHASE p. 4-141 VENTURIMETER
orifice, calculates from its built-in correlations. These p. 4-133 CONTRACTION
Venturi correlations relate the resistance coefficient to the p. 4-138 ORIFICE
Reynolds number and specific fitting parameters
such as orifice diameter, Venturi throat diameter,
contraction and expansion angles, and nozzle
diameter. For gas flow in nozzles, orifices, and
Venturimeters, the specific heat ratio is also used in
the calculation of the resistance coefficient.
Choke The pressure drop for a choke is calculated by the p. 4-130 CHOKE
orifice method for a single-phase fluid or by the p. 4-132 Besides the fluid
various choke models for a two-phase fluid. You type, a more general approach
can supply a discharge coefficient or use the default for choosing choke models in a
value. MCHOKE, a variant of CHOKE which network system are:
introduces a discontinuity into a network, uses the
Fortunati model only.
Check valve A valve that permits flow in one direction only. You p. 4-130 CHECK
can supply a resistance coefficient or use the default
value.

Two-phase The pressure drops for fittings are corrected for p. 4-129 BEND
correction in two-phase flow by using either the Homogeneous p. 4-135 EXIT
fittings flow model or the Chisholm model. If you do not p. 4-134 ENTRANCE
make a selection, PIPEPHASE will use the default p. 4-139 VALVE
method. You may supply values for the Chisholm p. 4-138 TEE
parameters. p. 4-133 CONTRACTION
p. 4-136 EXPANSION
p. 4-137 NOZZLE
p. 4-138 ORIFICE
p. 4-141 VENTURIMETER
Equipment Items
PIPEPHASE simulates the change in fluid conditions across items of process equipment
that typically appears in pipeline systems.
Compressor A compressor imparts work to a gas. You supply p. 4-107 COMPRESSOR
either a known power or a known outlet pressure, and
PIPEPHASE calculates the unknown parameter. You
may impose a maximum value on the unknown
parameter, and PIPEPHASE will constrain the
calculations according to whichever parameter is
limiting. Alternatively, you can supply a curve of
flowrate against head. You may also supply an
adiabatic efficiency as either a constant or a curve
against head. The exit temperature is then determined
by energy balance. If you specify more than one
stage, PIPEPHASE interprets the curve to be for each
stage; any maximum power you specify is over all of
the stages rather than for each individual stage. You
can also reference the compressor curve to a
previously defined performance curve.
Multispeed You can specify different compressor curves for up to p. 4-107 COMPRESSOR
Compressor five compressor speeds.
Multistage In a multistage compressor you may specify different p. 4-108 MCOMPRESS
Compressor parameters curves, efficiencies, etc. for different
stages. You may have multiple compressor trains,
each train with multiple stages. You may have
interstage scrubbers with downstream re-injection and
interstage coolers and piping losses. You may specify
the compressors inlet pressure. When you do this,
PIPEPHASE invokes a special algorithm which
breaks the flowsheet at the compressor inlet, and
solves the resulting subnetworks so that the pressures
match at the interface. PIPEPHASE calculates the
compressor power that is required for the pressures to
match.

Cooler The cooler removes heat from the system. You supply p. 4-110 COOLER
either a known exit temperature or known duty of the
unit, and PIPEPHASE will calculate the unknown
parameter. You may impose a maximum (for duty) or
minimum (for temperature) value on the unknown
parameter, and PIPEPHASE will constrain
limiting. (Pressure drop as a function of flowrate can
be modeled.)
Steam The expander models the expansion of steam from a p. 4-111 EXPANDER
expander high pressure to a low pressure. You may specify the
power required, or the pressure drop or the pressure
ratio. If the unit is in a spur link, you may
alternatively specify the outlet pressure.
Gaslift valve This unit simulates the presence of a gaslift valve as p. 4-112 GLVALVE
part of a well link. You must define the properties of p. 4-62 LIFTGAS
the lift gas in the PVT data section. (Blackoil only)
General The DPDT unit is a general purpose unit for defining p. 4-110 DPDT
purpose DP a pressure and/or temperature difference at a point in
and DT unit the piping structure. You can use this unit to model
any equipment device where the pressure difference
and temperature difference characteristics can be
represented as curves against flowrate. You may also
specify the flow versus pressure drop equation for the
curve.
Heater The heater adds heat to the system. You supply either p. 4-112 HEATER
a known exit temperature or known duty of the unit,
and PIPEPHASE will calculate the unknown. You
may impose a maximum value on the unknown
parameter, and PIPEPHASE will constrain the
limiting. (Pressure drop as a function of flowrate can
be modeled.)
Injection The injection introduces a stream into a link. The p. 4-113 INJECTION
stream comes from a separator (see the entry below).
You may fix the pressure and temperature of the
injected stream.

Pump A pump imparts work to a liquid. You supply either a p. 4-124 PUMP
known power or a known outlet pressure, and
PIPEPHASE calculates the unknown. You may
impose a maximum value on the unknown parameter,
and PIPEPHASE will constrain the calculations
according to whichever parameter is limiting.
Alternatively, you can supply a curve of flowrate
against head. You may also supply an efficiency as a
constant or as a curve against head. The exit
temperature is determined by energy balance.If you
specify more than one stage, PIPEPHASE interprets
the curve to be for each stage; any maximum power
you specify is over all of the stages rather than for
each individual stage. You can also reference the
pump curve to a previously defined performance
curve.
Multispeed You can specify different pump curves for up to five p. 4-124 PUMP
pump pump speeds.
Electric An extension of the PUMP item allows you to model p. 4-124 PUMP
submersible an electric submersible pump. In addition to all the
pump features mentioned above, you may supply motor
horsepower as a curve, either in tabular form or as
coefficients of an equation. You may specify auxiliary
power to be supplied to the pump. You may specify
head degradation as a function of gas ingestion
percentage, plus minimum submergence, casing head
pressure, and vertical pressure gradient in the casing-
tubing annulus due to the gas column. Refer also to
Separator, below. You can also reference the electric
submersible pump curve to a previously defined
performance curve.
Regulator The regulator is used to set the maximum pressure at p. 4-126 REGULATOR
some point in the pipeline structure. It allows flow in
only one direction and can be used to prevent flow
reversal within a selected link in a network.
Subnetwork You may specify the inlet pressure of this item. When p. 4-133 MREGULATOR
regulator you do this, PIPEPHASE invokes a special algorithm
which breaks the flowsheet at the inlet and solves the
resulting subnetworks so that the pressures match at
the interface. You may also specify the flowrate
through the regulator.

Separator The separator splits out all or part of the gas or liquid p. 4-127 SEPARATOR
phase of a multiphase fluid. In the case of a
hydrocarbon system with water, you can select the
hydrocarbon or aqueous phase instead of the total
liquid phase. You specify the amount separated as an
absolute flowrate or as a percentage of the phase. You
can separate more than one phase in one separator.
You can then reinject the separated streams at points
downstream in the link using the Injector. You cannot
impose a pressure drop on the separator.
Bottomhole If a separator is positioned at the bottomhole below an p. 4-127 SEPARATOR
separator electric submersible pump, you may either specify
gas injection percentage or supply pump dimensions
and have PIPEPHASE software calculate it.
Hydrates Hydrates are solid mixtures of water and other small p. 4-149 HYDRATES
molecules. Under certain process conditions,
particularly in the gas processing industry, hydrate
formation may clog lines and foul process equipment.
The HYDRATE unit operation predicts the pressure
and temperature regime in which the process is
vulnerable to hydrate formation. Calculations
performed assume the presence of free water for
hydrates to form. Possible hydrate formers include:
methane through isobutane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen
sulfide, nitrogen, ethylene, propylene, argon, krypton,
xenon, cyclopropane, and sulfur hexafluoride. The
effect of sodium chloride, methanol, ethylene glycol,
di-ethylene glycol, and tri-ethylene glycol hydrate
inhibitors can also be studied.
Heat Transfer Calculations

PIPEPHASE performs an energy balance on pipes, tubing, and annuli. The heat transfer
depends on the fluid temperature, properties, and flowrate, the temperature and
properties of the surrounding medium, and the heat transfer coefficient between the fluid
and the medium. PIPEPHASE software does not model heat transfer to the surroundings
for fittings and equipment devices.
The general equation for heat transfer from a flow device is:
Q = UAT (3-5)
where:
Q = rate of heat transfer per unit length
U = overall heat transfer coefficient

A = surface area per unit length
T = temperature difference between bulk fluid and outside medium
The overall heat transfer coefficient either is input or may be calculated from the
constituent film coefficients and geometries.
For annuli, you must specify an overall heat transfer coefficient.
For a pipe or tubing, you may supply an overall coefficient or you may request detailed
heat transfer calculations. Detailed heat transfer calculations are invoked when you input
any one of the parameters required to carry out the calculations.
Detailed Heat Transfer in Pipe and Tubing

For a pipe surrounded by soil, water, or air, you define the medium properties (and
velocity of water or air). For a buried pipe, you enter the buried depth.
For tubing you enter data that describe the properties of the annuli and casings between
the outside of the tubing and the inside of the hole.
Pipe and tubing
You may specify an overall coefficient or the p. 4-25 DEFAULT
properties of the surrounding medium. You also p. 4-96 PIPE
supply the ambient temperature or geothermal p. 4-100 TUBING
gradient. For piping only, you can supply these values
Annuli You specify
globally thedevices
for all overall or
heat
fortransfer coefficient
individual devices.and p. 4-25 DEFAULT
the geothermal gradient. You can supply these values p. 4-99 ANNULUS
globally for all devices or for individual devices.
Isothermal For non-compositional gas or liquid fluid models, you p. 4-96 PIPE
calculations may suppress heat transfer calculations for individual p. 4-100 TUBING
flow devices. p. 4-99 ANNULUS

Gaslift Analysis
Gaslift analysis is used to investigate the effects of lift gas on well production. Gaslift
can be used with blackoil wells where the oil production is upward through the well
tubing and the lift gas is injected downward through the well casing.
Note: If you want to simulate the effect of gaslift with a compositional fluid, use the INJECTION device.
There are four options for gaslift analysis:

1. Generate the pressure profile for a fixed oil production and lift gas rate.
2. Generate a table of oil production versus lift gas rate for fixed pressures.
3. Locate the gas injection valve to match required tubing head pressure.
4. Locate the gas injection valve to match required casing head pressure.
Calculation type You must specify that you want to do a gaslift p. 4-21 CALCULATION
simulation.
Fluid Properties You must specify the fluid properties of the p. 4-61 SET for Blackoil
Blackoil. You must specify the fluid properties p. 4-62 LIFTGAS (Blackoil
of the lift gas. only)
Structure Data You must specify the oil production data. You p. 4-79 SOURCE
must have a production string link with the p. 4-94 LINK
name PROD. This link will contain well and
surface devices. For Option 4, only Tubing is
allowed.
You must have an injection string link with the p. 4-94 LINK
name GASL. This link may contain only p. 4-99 ANNULUS
annuli.
Gaslift Data You must input gaslift data according to the p. 4-152 PCALC
option you have selected.
Option 1.Generate a pressure profile for a fixed
oil production and lift gas rate.
Option 2.Generate a table of oil production p. 4-153 CAPACITY
versus lift gas rate for fixed pressures.
Option 3.Locate the gas injection valve to p. 4-153 LOCATION
match required tubing head pressure.
Option 4.Locate the gas injection valve to p. 4-153 LOCATION
match required casing head pressure.

Sphering or Pigging
PIPEPHASE softwares sphering calculations predict the quantity of liquid formed when
a multiphase fluid flows in a pipeline and determine the size of the liquid slug that is
pushed out when the pipe is pigged.
Sphering calculations can be carried out for single links. The launching station is at the
inlet of a pipe. You may have intermediate launching stations; a sphere is launched from
a pipe when the previous sphere(s) reach the inlet of that pipe.
Calculation type You must specify that you want to do a sphering p. 4-21 CALCULATION
simulation.
Fluid type The fluid must be compositional and both gas and p. 4-21 CALCULATION
liquid should be present to obtain realistic results.
Time Increments You may override the default time step used in the p. 4-27 SEGMENT
McDonald-Baker successive steady-state
calculation method.
Structure Data You may have only PIPE devices. You identify a p. 4-96 PIPE
pipe with a launching station by specifying a
sphere diameter on the PIPE statement. The first
launching station must be in the first pipe of the
link.
Reservoirs and Inflow Performance Relationships

Using PIPEPHASE software, you can examine the effect of reservoir conditions on the
performance of wells and downstream networks. You can also investigate the
implications of declining reservoir pressure and production rate and shut-in wells when a
user-specified water cut or gas-oil ratio is exceeded.
The Inflow Performance Relationship device models the relationship between flowrate
and reservoir pressure drawdown or pressure drop at the sand face in a well.
Type of model
You may select from five standard models. You may write p. 4-113 IPR
your own subroutine and use it to model the inflow
Reservoir curves You may enter
performance tables of reservoir pressure, cumulative
relationship. p. 4-113 IPR
production, Gas-Oil Ratio, Condensate-Gas Ratio, Water
Cut, and Water-Gas ratio. These are used in Time-stepping
to simulate reservoir decline with time.
Multiple reservoirs You can have multiple reservoirs in one network. One p. 4-113 IPR
and multiple wells reservoir can serve several wells.

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual

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Chapter 2

About This Chapter ................................................................................................................... 2

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 2-1

Scope and Objectives of PIPEPHASE Application

Figure 2-1: Scope of PIPEPHASE Application

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 2-3

Typical Applications of PIPEPHASE Software

Slug Catcher Sizing

Solving Networks with PIPEPHASE

Figure 2-2: Example of a PIPEPHASE Link

Figure 2-3: A typical PIPEPHASE Network

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 2-7

Note: PIPEPHASE software is a steady-state program; therefore, there must be an

Figure 2-4: Calculation Segment

Joining Segments Together

Joining Links Together

Pressure Balance Solution Method

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 2-9

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-1

3-12 Using PIPEPHASE Software

Defining the Application

Properties of Fluid Types

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-3

Flows and Conditions of Fluids

What PIPEPHASE Calculates

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-5

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-7

3-8 Using PIPEPHASE Software

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-9

Defining Fluid Properties

Defining Properties for Compositional Fluids

3- Using PIPEPHASE Software

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-

3- Using PIPEPHASE Software

Additional Component Capabilities

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-11

Thermodynamic Properties and Phase Separation

3-12 Using PIPEPHASE Software

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-13

Tabular Data for Compositional Fluids

3-14 Using PIPEPHASE Software

Additional Thermodynamic Capabilities

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-15

Defining Properties for Non-Compositional Fluids

3-16 Using PIPEPHASE Software

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-17

3-18 Using PIPEPHASE Software

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-19

Defining Properties for Mixed Compositional/Non-Compositional

Generating and Using Tables of Properties

3-20 Using PIPEPHASE Software

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-21

Controlling Convergence of Networks (PBAL)

3-22 Using PIPEPHASE Software

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-23

PIPEPHASE Flow and Equipment Devices

Flow Devices (have length)

3-24 Using PIPEPHASE Software

Equipment Devices (have no length)

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-25

Flow Device Sizing

3-26 Using PIPEPHASE Software

PIPEPHASE Keyword Manual 3-27

Legend 4 Correlation recommended for the application