Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Year& Section: Pre-Final Lecture for BS PH- 3A, 3B, 3C, 3D & 3E Revised: 082015
Schedule: 3A = 7-8 am, MWF; 3C = 8-9 Am, TThS ; 3E = 11:00-12:00 Noon MWF
3B = 7-8am, TThS; 3D = 9-10 Am TThS
I. PROTECTIVES
These are substances, which may be applied to the skin to protect certain areas from irritation,
usually by mechanical means.
A desirable protective should have the following characteristics:
a. Insolubility property that limits the absorption of the compounds through the skin, makes it
difficult to wash them off and diminish metallic properties on tissues.
b. Chemically Inert this property is necessary in order to prevent the interactions between the
protective substances and the tissue.
Adsorbent action of PROTECTIVES is a necessary action and important since absorption of
moisture on skin surfaces lessens irritation and mechanical friction.
Protective and adsorbent action is maximized with Decreasing Particle Size.
A fine state of subdivision of the particle size also offers a smooth substance, which is
soothing to apply and aids in preventing irritation due to rubbing or friction.
PROTECTIVES are generally applied as Dusting Powders, Suspensions containing the
insoluble protective substance or ointments.
Protective substances are available for use internally for GI irritations but its preparation is
different from that with topical use.
Topical protectives and Adsorbents are usually applied to areas of the skin which are
subject to constant irritation due to moisture and or friction or areas which have already
become irritated or inflamed due to friction, allergy, and the like.
If the area to which the protective is to be applied is abraded and exuding fluid, adsorbent-type
protectives should not be used since these substances will mix with the exudates and dry to a
crust, which adhere to the open tissues.
1. TALC ( 3MgO.4SiO )
Synonyms: French chalk, Soapstone, Piedra grasca, Creta Gallica
*TALC is the softest mineral known. Hardest ???
*The lump form called Steatite is known as SOAPSTONE.
*The most desirable form for cosmetic and pharmaceutical purposes is known as foliated talc and
has a paste-like structure.
*TALC has a very low adsorptive property, which is an important filtration aid without the danger of
removing important constituents.
USES: a. Lubricating, protective dusting powder
b. To prevent irritation due to friction and to protect areas from further irritation
c. Preparations, which may be perfumed for cosmetic purposes or medicated with
antimicrobial agents such as boric acid
*When talc is used on broken skin wounds and surgical incisions, it can produce
sterile abscesses or granulomas ( a nodule of inflamed tissue in which granulation is
occuring)
4. ZINC STEARATE
USES: a. It is mild astringent and antimicrobial properties,
b. It is employed in dusting powders and ointments as a protective.
c. It is used as a lubricant in manufacture of tablets.
It is not wetted by moisture. This property makes the material more desirable in dermatological
problems where large amounts of fluids are exuded, because it will not form crusty patches over
the areas being treated.
The inhalation of zinc stearate dust can cause pulmonary inflammation. It is for this reason
that its routing use as dusting powder for infants and children should be strongly discouraged.
SILICON POLYMERS
SIMETHICONE or DIMETHICONE is used in ointments and creams for application to the skin as
water repellent and protective against contact irritants.
SIMETHICONE is also used as a gastric protective and Anti-flatulent.
Silicon oils adhere very well to the skin and exclude contact with the air. It is for this reason that
they should not be applied over broken or abraded skin or wounds requiring drainage. Contact with
eyes should also be avoided.
Its primary use is as a prophylactic against chemical irritants.
A. OXIDATION
These compounds are generally non-metals and certain types of anion. These include
hydrogen peroxide, metal peroxides, the permanganates, halogens, and certain oxohalogen
anions. The effective oxidative action of these compounds involves the reducing groups present in
most proteins (sulfhydryl groups). The overall change or destruction of function in specific proteins
is responsible for the ultimate destruction of the microorganism. The chemical result of oxidizing the
protein is reduction of the antimicrobial agent.
B. HALOGENATION
This is a reaction occurring with antiseptics of the hypohalite type and in particular,
hypochlorite, OCI. The reaction is ultimately destruction to the function of specific proteins because
the substitution of the chlorine atom for the hydrogen produces changes in the bonding responsible
for the proper confirmation of the protein molecule
C.PROTEIN PRECIPITATION
This type of mechanism involves the interaction of proteins with metallic ions having large
charge/radius ratio or strong electrostatic fields. This property is available in transition metal cation.
Most metal cations, with the exception of the alkali and alkaline earth metals, will demonstrate protein
precipitant activity.
The nature of the interaction is one of the complexation in which the various polar groups on
the protein act as ligands. The complexation of the metal results in the radical change in the
properties of the protein or protein precipitant.
ASTRINGENT
The application of very dilute solution of a metal cation to tissue primarily provides a local
surface protein precipitant action.
This activity is usually designated as being astringent.
Its effect can be observed or felt when applied to skin or mucous membrane.
This effect can be generally described as shrinkage or firming of tissues.
USE(s):
a. the agent is used primarily as a mild oxidizing antiseptic. This action is produced
when the solution comes in contact with open or abraded tissue, exposing the chemical
to the enzyme catalase.
b. Hydrogen peroxide in 20 volumes is used as a hair and fabric bleach.
c. It is also used undiluted for its antiseptic and cleansing effects on wounds.
d. When diluted with 1 part of water, it can be used as a mouthwash or gargle in the
treatment of bacterial infections of the throat and mouth.
e. Half-strength may be used as vaginal douche.
USE(s): (KMnO)
a. It is used for both their antibacterial and antifungal actions.
b. Today, it is used for the skin infection (dermatitis) caused by bacteria and fungi.
c. It is used for poisoning produced by plant and animal toxins.
d. Wet dressings prepared from a 1:10,000 solution have been used in the treatment of
vesicular (presence of small blisters or raised areas containing fluid) stage of eczema,
athlete's foot and fungal infections on other portions of the body.
5. CHLORINATED LIME
Synonyms: Bleaching powder; Chloride of Lime
Chemically, it is known as Calcium Chloride Hypochlorite.
It is used as a disinfectant in swimming pools and sterile rooms and as a bleaching agent.
6. CHLORAMINES
These are organic amines used as a disinfectant and in the purification of drinking
water supplies.
The antimicrobial action of chlorinated compounds is that when chlorine gas is
dissolved in neutral or acidic water, Hypochlorous Acid is formed. This is the basis of
using chlorine as disinfectant in swimming pools and water supplies. The antimicrobial
action is due to the presence of HOCl.
USE(s):
a. iodine tincture and iodine solution are used as antiseptics on skin prior to surgery. These
are also used as antibacterial and antifungal agents.
b. iodine tincture may be used to disinfect drinking water.
c. when diluted, these solutions may be applied to wounds.
Povidone Iodine is a complex of iodine with Povidone which is a polymer also known as
polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Povidone-iodine is a member of a class of compounds referred to as Iodophors.
Iodophors are complexes of iodine with carrier organic molecules serving as a solubilizing
agent.
USE(s): This has the same uses as Iodine solution and tincture. However, the preparations
have not been shown to be as effective as aqueous or alcoholic solutions of element iodine.
Povidone iodine has been used in gargles and mouthwashes for the treatment of infections in
the oral cavity (Vincent's Angina).
8. SILNER NITRATE
Synonyms: Azotaz Argenticus; Cristales Lunares
extended use of silver preparations is likely to causes darkening of the skin due to the
deposition of free silver below the epidermis. This condition is known as argyria.
It is employed as an antimicrobial agent in solutions.
Silver nitrate ophthalmic solution is a 1% solution for instillation into the eyes of newborn
babies.
Silver salts are effective against gonococcol organisms and two drops in each eye is a
prophylactic measure against infections produced by gonococcal organisms.
The most recent important use for silver nitrate is the application of 0.5% aqueous solution in
the form of wet dressing on burned areas of patients suffering from third degree burns.
Silver ion is effective in reducing infection due to staphylococcus aureus, various species of
Proteus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The common side effects associated with this treatment involves electrolyte imbalance due to
precipitation of chloride.
* Toughened silver nitrate (lunar caustic, silver nitrate) is used as escharotic and germicide especially
for small septic wounds and ulcers. ( Ph 3C )
a. STYPTIC to stop bleeding from small cuts by promoting coagulation of blood and
construction of small capillaries.
b. ANTIPERSPIRANT - to decrease secretion of perspiration by constricting pores at the
surface of the skin.
c. Restriction of the supply of blood to the surface of mucous membrane as a means of
reducing inflammation.
d. Direct actions on skin to remove unwanted tissue. This requires higher concentration or
a stronger protein precipitant, sometimes termed as CORROSIVE.
2. ALUMINUM CHLORIDE
USE(s):
a. it is used as a local external astringent and mild antiseptic.
b. it is used in aqueous solution in concentration ranging from 10-25%.
c. it was initially used as an astringent but was found to be irritating to sensitive tissues and
also damaged to clothing due in part to the formation of HCl by hydrolysis.