(34) VIBRATION ANALYSIS:

a) Modal Analysis:

In order to do modal analysis, the model must be broken up into pieces so that each pipe run can be
analyzed individually. Isolate a single run of pipe and provide anchors with thermal movements entered
from the respective load case. The flow chart below shows the basic process.

Ensure the specific gravity of the fluid medium is entered in the pipe properties as it will affect the
modal analysis.
Click on Load > Dynamic Analysis. On the Modal tab, set the maximum number of modes to 6.
Leave Fluid density factor at the default value. Use a minimum cutoff frequency of 90 Hz. For the Hot
modulus case, choose the thermal case with the highest temperatures. Set the Pressure stiffening
case to the pressure case that corresponds with the temperature case chosen for the Hot modulus
case. Make sure include contents is checked. To mitigate eigen frequencies add additional mass for
the insulation at the piping center of gravity.

b) Harmonic Analysis:

Prior to starting harmonic analysis, the modal analysis must be set up. Refer to section 34a for modal
analysis. In harmonic analysis, the cutoff frequency must be set to 1.5 times the forcing function
frequency.
Click on Load> Harmonic. Create a new file name. Only one file name is necessary to input many
forcing functions. Based on the forcing function data available, choose the appropriate input. Set the
damping coefficient to a value no greater than 0.1. Set the frequency drop down to Sum and direction
to Resultant. For each node which is an equipment excitation interface, enter the data into the grid
table. Below is an example of the Harmonic Load screen with information filled out.

Next, go to Load > Dynamic Analysis and navigate to the Harmonic tab. Create a new dynamic load
case and select the data set created previously. Use the combination RMS. Make sure ZPA and
Missing Mass are checked. Click Apply and run the analysis. Make sure the harmonic box is checked
as shown in the picture below. The harmonic analysis is used to check the stress level of the piping
under the forcing function in the load case Sustained + H1.

(35) MODELING PRESSURE BALANCED EXPANSION JOINTS: Pressure balanced expansion joints
can be modeled in Auto Pipe using the following procedure.
Create a pipe run in the direction of flow long enough to include the universal bellows. (This can be
connected to an existing pipe run, or an anchor with movements specified.)
Create a new segment at the end of the pipe run created previously.
Create a second new pipe run in the direction of flow that will accommodate the size of the satellite
bellows.
Next, create a new pipe run at the point in between the two existing runs where the new segment was
created and specify the tee as a Welding tee. This pipe run will go in the direction of the equipment
and/or existing piping connection. The picture below shows the current progress of the pressure
balanced expansion joint.

Click on Insert > Beam Section Properties and create a new custom beam as shown in the picture
below.

Insert beams on both ends of the expansion joint using the previously created Section ID, perpendicular
to the radial movement of the pipe. The beams must be longer than the radius of the pipe. Be sure to
name the beam nodes uniquely. The picture below on the left shows beams being inserted at the ends
of the expansion joint. Once these two beams are in place, tie the free ends of the beams together by
placing a Tie/Link type support at the end of one beam and specifying the opposite beam node in the
field titled Connected to:. This can be seen in the picture below and to the right.
Repeat these steps for the opposite side of the pipe. In this example, both input and output connections
will be modeled as anchors with movements specified. The result should look like the picture below.

Insert a small run of pipe downstream of the input connection to provide a node at which to insert the
Flexible Joint. Place a Flexible Joint at the just-created node (this is the universal bellows) with the
appropriate length and stiffness values. Place another Flexible Joint (satellite bellows) at the node at
opposite end of the expansion joint making sure to specify BEFORE the node so that the Flexible Joint
is on the pipe. Again, define the appropriate stiffness and length of the joint. The completed pressure
balanced joint should look like the picture below.