INTRODUCTION TO EXISTING

HVAC TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:

The increased demand of
electricity needs more generation of
electric power.
The problems of AC
transmission particularly in long distance
transmission have led to the
PAPER PRESENTATION ON development of DC transmission.
HIGH VOLTAGE ENGINEERING This system can be broadly
divided in to two parts:
PRESENTED BY: Transmission system
S.Senthil Kumar, S.Prasath Distribution system
M.A.M College Of Engineering
Trichy – chennai trunk road, TRANSMISSION SYSTEM:
Siruganur, 1. PRIMARY TRANSMISSION:
Tiruchirapalli -621 105 Central station generates power
using three phase alternators at 6.6or 11
CONTACT DETAILS: or 13.2 or 32kv.
S.Senthil Kumar This voltage is then stepped up
Mobile No.:99420 89440 by suitable 3 phase transformers, to
E-Mail Id:ssk3712@gmail.com 132kv

2. SECONDARY TRANSMISSION:
From the receiving station,
power is then transmitted at 33kv by
under ground cables to various
substations (s.s) located at various points
in the city.
This is known as secondary or
low voltage transmission.
DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM: AC LINE DIAGRAMS:
1. PRIMARY DISTRIBUTION:
TRF TRF
The output of substation at 3.3kv 1 5

TRF TRF
can be directly given to customer whose 2 6

TRF TRF

demand exceeds 50kva using special 3 7

TRF TRF
feeders. 4 8

2. SECONDARY DISTRIBUTION:
AC TOWER DIMENSIONS:
The secondary distribution is
done at 440 or 230v.
The most common system for 12m
32m 12m
secondary distribution is 440/230v, 3
phase, and 4wire system. 5.678m

20m
AC TRANSMISSION:
Needs synchronization. 25 – 30 m

Simple & cheap terminals.

Expensive towers.
Works well for short distances.
DESIGN OF 500KV, 2GW AC TL:
Use of models to represent lines
PLL = 700MW.
I=3376.7A at 380kV.
AC TRANSMISSION DESIGN:
Line Length = 700kM.
PLL at 5% VD, 30-45o AD.
Ra=28.175 Ohms.
Double or single circuit lines.
SIL= 815.1MW.
Number of lines=total P/PLL.
Is=773.65A.
Entering current.
Ps=603MW.
Appropriate conductor’s CCC.
Vr=512.47kV, V-angle=-0.05o.
Transformer (TRF) rating.
Ir=660.7A.
Bundling.
Insulation design criteria.
Adjacent centers at 0.146m.
DRAWBACKS OF HVAC INTRODUCTION:
TRANSMISSION: HVDC transmission system
HVAC system provides produces less interference to neighboring
economical only for short distance communication systems and the
transmission. interconnection of two AC systems via a
The power carrying capability DC link is easier than an AC link
reduces with increase in distance. Even though this system is
Some power is lost due to slightly more complicated & requires
radiation taking place in HVAC lines. higher initial cost to be incurred, it has
When two or more AC systems proven itself to be a better system for
are to be interconnected, a synchronous long run.
control on the line power and frequency
is essential. WHY HAS HVDC TAKEN OFF?
HV is needed to transmit DC a
long distance.
Semiconductor thyristors able to
handle high currents (4,000 A) and block
high voltages (up to 10 kV) were needed
for the widespread adoption of HVDC.
Newer semiconductor VSC
(voltage source converters), with
transistors that can rapidly switch
between two voltages, has allowed lower
power DC.
VSC converter stations also are
smaller and can be constructed as self-
contained modules, reducing
construction times and costs.
DC TOWER DIMENSIONS: DC TRANSMISSION DESIGN:
Converting Station is expensive.
Converting TRF.
Converting Valve. (quad valves).
12m AC & DC filtering.
DC Transmission Line.
22m
Pole Configuration
Smaller, Cheaper DC Towers.
Line Commutation.

15-20m
DESIGN OF 400KV, 2GW DC TL
400kV DC and 500kV AC.

DIAGRAM OF THE LINE: Converting Valves 400kV.

4kV thyristors, (100 LTT/valve)
Convertin Converting Span = 200 M
g Valve Valve TRF 1
TRF 1

Sag = 8.94m
Converting Converting
TRF 2 Valve Valve TRF 2
Tension = 31433.82
Pole’s Height 13 + 8.9 =21.9m.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF A
CONVERTER STATION:
THURY HVDC TRANSMISSION
The heart of HVDC is the
SYSTEM:
converter stations used stations at
sending as well as receiving ends.
The important components of the
converter station are
Converter unit
AC & DC filters
Transformers
1. CONVERTER UNIT:
The converter unit consists of
two three phase 6 pulse converter
bridges connected in series to form a 12
pulse converters.
The DC filters are connected on
the output side (DC side) of the
converter unit.
The DC filters are similar to AC
filters.

12-pulse converter unit TYPES OF DC LINKS:

Thyristor Module
Two AC systems can be
interconnected through DC links very
Mid-
AC
point DC
bus
conveniently.
Side
arrestor

DC
The DC links are classified into
Side

three types
Thyristor Quad-valve Mono polar link
Bipolar link
2. TRANSFORMERS:
The converter transformers have
different configurations. MONOPOLAR LINK:
Various configurations in which
a 3 phase transformer can be connected
as
star/star One of the terminals of the
delta/delta rectifier is connected to earth ground.
star/delta The other terminal, at a potential
delta/star high above, or below, ground, is
connected to a transmission line.
3. AC & DC FILTERS: Most monopolar systems are
The AC filters are connected on designed for future bipolar expansion.
the input side (AC side) of the converter
unit.
BIPOLAR LINK: EARLY HVDC SYSTEMS
Cross Channel -1961; 160 MW,
64 km cable between England and
France
(ASEA)
Volgorod – Donbass - 1965; 720
MW, 470 km in Russia
In bipolar transmission a pair of
Sardinia; 1967; 200 MW, 413
conductors is used, each at a high
km between Sardinia and Italian
potential with respect to ground, in
mainland
opposite polarity
(GEC England)
The advantage of bipolar link is
New Zealand – 1965; 600 MW
the direction of flow can be reversed.
between the south and north islands
(ASEA)
SOME EARLY HVDC PROJECTS:
Konti-Scan I – 1965; 250 MW,
Most early HVDC links were
180 km between Sweden and Denmark
submarine cables where the cost
(ASEA)
advantage of DC is greatest.
Sakuma - 1965; 300 MW
Others involved hydroelectric
frequency converter in Japan (ASEA)
resources, since there is no practical
alternative to long distance high voltage
IMPETUS FOR HVDC POWER
transmission of hydroelectric energy.
TRANSMISSION: T FEA
Pacific DC tie installed in 1970
Long distance undersea AC cable
parallel to 2 AC circuits – system
power transmission not feasible
stabilization was a major issue.
Water power resources far
Square Butte link in N. Dakota
away from load centers
(750 km, 500 MW, 250 kV) displaced
AC systems operating
transporting coal, with system
asynchronously can not share AC power
stabilization a major ancillary benefit.
A long distance dc overhead line
saves one conductor (2 v. 3) that offsets
the costs for the terminal equipment if which adds to the cost of converter
the line is long enough station.

HVDC CONVERTER VALVES: APPLICATIONS OF HVDC

Vacuum tubes have too SYSTEM:
high a voltage drop Long distance bulk power
Low pressure gas tubes transmission.
have voltage limitations A synchronous interconnection
ADVANTAGES OF HVDC SYSTEM of AC systems operating at different
It is economical as compared to frequencies.
HVAC system for long distance Under ground or water cables.
transmission (more than 500 to 800 km).
A two wire HVDC system COMPARISION OF HVAC & HVDC
carries as a 3wire HVAC system, thus TRANSMISSION:
saving the cost of conductor material & The HVAC & HVDC systems of
insulation material. transmission can be compared based on
HVDC system has full control many points.
over the transmitted power. Cost effectiveness
HVDC system is highly reliable Technical performance
in its operation. Reliability
The corona effect is less System stability
significant in DC conductors than AC.
ECONOMIC COMPARISON OF
DISADVANTAGES OF HVDC HVAC & HVDC TRANSMISSION:
SYSTEM: 1. Break-Even Distance.
The cost of terminal equipment 2. AC Cost Estimation Legend:
(i.e. converter, filters etc) is quite high. TRF >500MVA, 1MVA=150$.
Due to presence of converters the AC Towers 200m span =
control is quite complex. 80,000$.
Generation of harmonic currents, 1m of conductor for AC = 80$.
which requires use of AC & DC filters,
3. DC Cost Estimation Legend:
1 Station = 10,000,000$.
DC Towers 200m span =
45,000$.
1m of conductor for AC = 160$.
4. AC & DC Costs:
98,644,000 $ for AC TL.
91,040,000 $ for DC TL.

CONCLUSION:
AC TL higher Tower and
conductor costs and lower terminal
costs.
DC TL lower Tower and
conductor costs and higher terminal
costs.
Economics determines the design
to be used.
Line length determines which
one is more economic