‘Stags bond: he sharing of one pa of eecron Double bond: the sharing of wo pals of eecron Tile bond: te sharing of tree pas of electron Sample Soe theme mac ns Bect See moot ude "| Meike the Organic Reactions There are 4 general types of organic reactions 4. Addition reactions. ‘occur whan two reactants add together to form a single new product2, Elimination reactions ‘occur when a single reactant splits into two products 4 me we te Ded ee 3. Substitution reactions ‘occur when two reactants exchange parts to give two ‘new product 4, Rearrangement reactions ‘occur when a single reactant undergoes a reorganization ‘of bonds and atoms “yd a All chemical reactions involve bond breaking and bond makingoo [BREAKING OF BONDS “Thor are wo ways to break the caveent bor (@)Homovsis (by Hetersis Homolisls 1 Bonds are brokeniseperateto form fragments containing one tinsnerad elecvon a These regments are called rails Gopal examale Rp eee ri snoone Se Hoterolysis «© Bends are separated where one fragment contains both Bees. a and the olier fragment doos not carry any of the shared & © Asa result of this, these charge fragments are called iors General examole, Example nwt {JENTS IN ORGANIC REACTION In any organie chemistry reactions, the followings wil occur: Reagents + substrates Product of reactions ‘The main reagent are ; Nucleophiles Electrophiles Free radicals NUCLEOPHILES: ‘@Reagents that can donate a pair of electrons to substrat= ‘eNormally thege are anions or neutral molecules containing unshared electrons, ( Examples of these anions are: X (halogen group). OH, NHy, Ar, CH,O>, ete ‘Example of neutral molecules ere: H,0, C,H,OH, NHs, CH,NH,, eto “The meaning of nucleophile Is nucleus loving Ina chemical reaction, nucleophile will attack the positively ‘charge substrate Example:Electrophiles + These reagents capable of accepting a pair of electron rom substrate. ‘4 These are normally cations such as H’, NO;", and Ar- Ne (aiazonium salt) -4But metal fons such as Na‘, Mg", Li etc are not electrophiles because they already achieve the noble {gas configuration “4 Due to this reason thatthe negatively charged ‘substrate or electron rich will attack electrophile (accept e) FREE RADICALS 1s This is produced via homolytic cleavage: 1 Reaction eatily takes place in polar solvent at high temperature with the presence of ultraviolet (UV) light. = Normally reaction takes place between atoms with same value of electronegativily or nearly the same 1 Example! iy Bee + oe Free radicals are very reactive 10