CDB 3033

TRANSPORT PHENOMENA

Momentum Transport
 Course Outcomes

CLO1 Explain the theoretical aspect of momentum, mass

and energy transport
CLO2 Apply mathematical and numerical methodology in
analyzing momentum transfer problem
CLO3 Apply mathematical and numerical methodology in
analyzing heat transfer problem
CLO4 Apply mathematical and numerical methodology in
analyzing mass transfer problem
CLO5 Analyze and solve transport phenomena using
Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools.

Semester May 2013

 Lesson outcomes
5. Describe shell balance technique to solve
momentum transfer balance equation
6. Setting-up momentum balance over a thin shell
of the fluid for steady flow of a Falling Film
Problem.
7. Solve for flow related quantities
Velocity (profile, maximum, average)
Mass flow rate
Film thickness
Force exerted by fluid on the solid surface

3
 Momentum Transport Learning
Approach

1. Shell momentum balances and boundary

conditions
2. Flow of a falling film
3. Flow through a circular tube
4. Flow through an annulus

4
Momentum Transport - Introduction
Derivation for velocity profiles for laminar flow of fluids
in simple flow systems
We make use of:
Definition of viscosity
The expressions for molecular and convective
momentum fluxes
Concept of momentum balance
Once the velocity profile is obtained, other quantities
such as
Maximum velocity
Average velocity
Shear stress at a surface
can be solved for.
 Shell Momentum Balances and Boundary
Conditions
Set up momentum balances over a thin shell of fluid
For steady flow, the momentum balance is given by:

Rate of Rate of Rate of

momentum in momentum out
by conv. - by conv. + momentum in by
molec. transport
transport transport

Rate of
Force of gravity
momentum out
- by molec.
+ acting on the = 0
system
transport

A restricted statement of law of conservation of momentum

6
 Shell Momentum Balances and Boundary
Conditions
Application of the above statement only to the component
of the momentum in the direction of flow

Recall:
Molecular momentum fluxes (pressure and viscous)
Convective momentum fluxes

In this chapter, momentum balance is applied only to

systems in which there is just one velocity component and
the flow is rectilinear
 Setting up and Solving Momentum
Transport Problems
One of the most popular methods for solving momentum
transport problems is the shell balance method.

The shell balance method is also used to solve energy and

mass transport problems.

The shell balance method is based on

(i) developing differential momentum balance equations
(ii) solving the differential equation for boundary
conditions of the problem

8
 Steps to Solve Momentum Transport
Problems
1. Draw a the schematic diagram with appropriate coordinate
system
2. Identify all the essential assumptions and boundary
conditions
3. Identify all transport mechanisms
4. Draw a thin shell, such that its surface is perpendicular to
the transport direction
5. Carry out the shell momentum balance which results in a
first order ODE in terms of the viscous stress. Solve the
equation for the boundary condition to get the momentum
flux distribution. Otherwise go to next step.

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 Steps to Solve Momentum Transport
Problems
6. Apply Newtons law of viscosity if the fluid is Newtonian
or appropriate non-Newtonian empirical equation if
the liquid is no-Newtonian.

Solve it imposing the boundary conditions to get the

velocity distribution.

7. Solve the remaining problems: average velocity, mass

flow rate, etc.

8. Check whether the assumption holds true

10
 Boundary Conditions
Common boundary conditions
Solid-fluid interface, the velocity of the fluid equals the
velocity of the solid surface at the solid-fluid interface
(no-slip conditions)

Gas-liquid interface:- At gas-liquid interface the viscous

stress is assumed zero owing to the fact that the gas
viscosity is low.

11
 Lesson outcomes
5. Describe shell balance technique to solve
momentum transfer balance equation
6. Setting-up momentum balance over a thin shell
of the fluid for steady flow of a Falling Film
Problem.
7. Solve for flow related quantities
Velocity (profile, maximum, average)
Mass flow rate
Film thickness
Force exerted by fluid on the solid surface

12
 Flow of a Falling Film
Newtonian liquid is flowing down an inclined plane at
steady state as shown in Figure 2.2-1. The length and
width of the plane are L and W, respectively.

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 Flow of a Falling Film

i. Draw the momentum flux and velocity profiles

ii. Assuming laminar flow, derive the formula for:
a. maximum velocity
b. average velocity
c. mass flow rate
d. film thickness
e. force exerted on the plate by the fluid

14
 Step 1. Schematic diagram
Step 1. Draw the schematic diagram with appropriate
coordinate axes.

Width =W

Figure 1: Schematic diagram of falling film problem

15
Step 2. Assumptions and Boundary Conditions
Step 2. State assumptions and boundary conditions
Assumptions
Laminar flow
vx=0 vy=0
vz= f(x)
P = f(x)
Boundary conditions
At x =0 zx= 0
x =d vz= 0

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 Specify a thin shell
Consider a shell of thickness
Step 3. Momentum Transport Mechanisms
Step 3. Identify the momentum transport mechanisms
xz pd xz xz v x v z xz
dxz=0 vx=0

yz pd yz yz v y v z 0
dyz=0 No velocity vy=0
gradient in y
direction Summary
No velocity
gradient in z
xz xz
0 direction yz 0
zz pd zz zz v z v z zz p v z v z
p v z v z

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 Step 4. Thin shell
Step 4. Draw a thin shell at point x perpendicular to the
flow of viscous momentum flux

NB: Note that we found

yz=0 in step 3 therefore
no need to include it in the
balance equation.

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 Step 5. Shell Momentum Balance
Step 5. Carry out the shells momentum balance
Rate of Rate of External force
combined - combined + acting on the = 0
momentum in momentum out system

Note that this equation holds true only for steady state flow.

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 Carry out momentum balance
The shell balance becomes

Wx zz z 0
zz zL
WLxz x zz x x WxLg cos 0 (1)

Dividing both sides by WLx

zz zz xz x xz
z 0 zL
x x
g cos 0
L x (2)

p v z v z p v z v z xz x
xz x x
g cos 0
L x
=0

xz xz x x
x
g cos 0 (3)
x

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 Step 5. Shell Momentum Balance
for thin shell
xz xz x x xz ( x) xz ( x x) d xz
lim x
lim (4)
x 0 x x 0 x dx
Using (4) into (3)

d xz
g cos 0 (5)
dx
It is obtained from step (3) xz=xz , therefore, rearranging
and substituting we get

d xz
g cos (6)
dx

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 Step 5. Shell Momentum Balance
Integrating (6)
xz g cos x C1 (7)
Applying the boundary condition at the gas-liquid
interface (B.C.1)
at x 0 xz 0 (8)

0 g cos 0 C1

C1 0
Therefore
xz g cos x (9)

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 Lesson outcomes
5. Describe shell balance technique to solve
momentum transfer balance equation
6. Setting-up momentum balance over a thin shell
of the fluid for steady flow of a Falling Film
Problem.
7. Solve for flow related quantities
Velocity (profile, maximum, average)
Mass flow rate
Film thickness
Force exerted by fluid on the solid surface

24
 Step 6. Newtons Law of Viscosity
Step 6. Use Newtons Law of viscosity in (9) and solve for
the velocity profile
dvz
xz (10)
dx
Using (10) in (9) and rearranging
dvz g cos
x (11)
dx

Integrating and rearranging (11) we get

g cos 2
v z ( x) x C2 (12)
2

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 Step 6. Continued
Applying the second boundary condition (B.C.2) in (12)
at x d vz 0
g cos 2
C2 d (13)
2

Finally the velocity profile is obtained by replacing, (13) in

(12) and rearranging

g cos 2 2
v z ( x)

d x

g d cos
2 x
2

v z ( x) 1
2 d (14)

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 Step 7. Solutions to Other Problems
i. The velocity and momentum flux profiles are given by
Equations (8) and (14)
xz g cos x
g d 2 cos x 2
v z ( x) 1
2 d

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 Step 7. Solutions to Other Problems
ii. Maximum velocity
It is observed from (14) that the maximum velocity
occurs at x=0

g d cos
2 x
2

v z ,max 1
2 d x 0

gd 2 cos
v z ,max
2

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 Step 7. Solutions to Other Problems
iii. The average velocity
Volumetric Flow Rate
vz
Flow Area
W d d d

vz

0 v dxdy W v dx
0

z
0
z
0
v z dx
d
W
dW d
dxdy
0 0

d
g cos d
2
x 2 dx
2d 0

2d 3 0 3

g cos 2 1 3 d g d 2 cos
d x x
2
vz vz , max
3

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 Step 7. Solutions to Other Problems
iv. The mass flow rate
w Density Volumetric Flow Rate
0W 0dv z dxdy
d d g cos 2 2

W vz dx W
0
0 2
(d x )dx

2Wg cos d 2
0 ( d x 2
)dx
2

2 gWd 3 cos
w
3

Verify that the units are consistent!

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 Step 7. Solutions to Other Problems
v) The film thickness can be calculated in one of two ways.

3 vz In terms of
d average velocity
g cos

3w In terms of mass
d 3 flow rate
2 gW cos

Check the units!

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 Step 7. Solutions to Other Problems
vi. The force exerted by the liquid on the solid
surface

Fz Shear Stress Surface Area

d dydz
L W
Fz xz
0 0

Fz gdWL cos
Why dydz?

This is the z-component of the weight of the

liquid countering the viscous shear stress.

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Step 8. Check for the validity of the assumption
Re = 4d<vz>/

Laminar flow with negligible rippling Re<20

Laminar flow with pronounced rippling 20<Re<1500
Turbulent flow Re>1500

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 Lesson outcomes
5. Describe shell balance technique to solve
momentum transfer balance equation
6. Setting-up momentum balance over a thin shell
of the fluid for steady flow of a Falling Film
Problem.
7. Solve for flow related quantities
Velocity (profile, maximum, average)
Mass flow rate
Film thickness
Force exerted by fluid on the solid surface

34