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Chinese and Japanese named earthquakes as dizhen and jishin means

earth-shock lindol filipino


Traditional stories hindus in india suggest that the Earth is held up
by 4 elephants that stand on the back of a turtle. The turtle is
balanced on top of a cobra. When any of these animals move, the Earth
trembles and shakes.
Ancient Greece
Movement of air in subterrestrial chambers created earthquakes and
ties in to Aristotle's ideas of earth, air, fire and water as the
basis for all natural events.
China
A giant frog held up the Earth. When it twitched, it produced an
earthquake.
Japan
A giant catfish lived beneath the Earth's surface and when it thrashed
about, it caused an earthquake.
East Africa
A fish carries a rock on its back and a cow stands on the rock,
balancing the Earth on one of its horns. When her neck begins to hurt,
she tosses the Earth from one horn to another and causes an
earthquake.
Romanian
The worlds rested on the divine pillars of faith,hope and charity.
When the deeds of human beings made one of the pillars weak,earth was
shaken.
Siberian
Earth rested on a sled driven by god named Tuli.the dogs that pulled
the sled had fleas.whenever the dogs stopped to scratch the itch of
flea bites, earth shook.
EARTHQUAKE-are the result of a sudden release of potential or stored
enerdy in Earths crust,which commonly occurs between geological
faults,creating seismic waves.
GEOLOGIST-studies the composition of Earth materials and the various
geological processes to locate and use Earths mineral resources.
SEISMOLOGIST-is a geophysicist who studies primarily earthquakes
(seismic waves) and related phenomena, including earthquake
prediction.
TECTONOPHYSICS-is concerned with deformations in Earth, ranging from
small ones produced by gravitational pulling which results in or is
caused by tides,to plate tectonics and orogeny(mountain building)
PLATE TECTONICS-refers to the theory that explains the large scale
motion of solid part of earths surface, the lithosphere
3 main forces on adjoining areas of the crust
TENSION-results when two or more forces from opposite sides have a
stretching effect on an object
COMPRESSION-occurs when a system of forces pushes an object from two
opposite sides
SHEARING-when a system of forces is applied against an object in
different directions
ELASTIC LIMIT-is the point when a certain amount of force causes an
object to exceed its stretching limit and break it.
FRICTION-also contributes in keeping rocks from sliding easily past
each other.
ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY-if the forces acting on rocks exceed rock
elastic limits, or overcome the static friction, the crust snaps,
resulting in an earthquake

FAULT-refer to the fractures or discontinuities in a large block of


rock,ang it is in these faults where some sections of the surface can
be displaced because of the movement of Earth.

CONVECTION CURRENT- is similar to air convection-cooler air goes


down,and warmer air rises the sudden movement of rocks is often
related to crustal plate tectonic forcing caused by CONVECTION CURRENT
in Earths mantle
AFTER SHOCK-they are smaller earthquakes that occur after preceding
larger earthquake,originating from the same area as the main
shock.There are instances when an aftershock is larger than the
original trigger shock.This after shock would be relabeled as the main
shock and the original main shock becomes the FORESHOCK
LITHOSPHERE-(from the Greek words, lithos which means rocks and
sphaira, which means layers)that makes up Earths tectonic plates is
not soley made up of crust but also includes the upper portions of the
mantle.
LITHOSPERIC PLATES-make up the islands continents and ocean floors
that make up Earths surface.They are fractured or disjointed.
FRACTURED-less dense magma or molten rock material from the mantle
rises and drives the lithosphere to move either away from (DIVERGENT
ZONES ,such as mid-oceanic ridges)or toward each other(CONVERGENT
ZONES, such as subduction points)
PLATE TECTONIC THEORY-proves Alfred Wegeners hypothesis of continental
drifting
CONTINENTAL DRIFTING-refers to the movement of continent that have
resulted in the positions of the continents that you see today.
PANGAEA OR PANGEA- was a supercontinent derived from the Greek
pangaia, meaning all the Earth. proposed in 1912 by German
meteorologist Alfred Wegener
SEISMIC WAVE-are energy waves that travel through Earths surface or
its internal layers.The energy is always acoustic (related to sound)
in nature and usually imparted from a low-frequency vibration.Are
measured by seismometers(ground-based), hydrophones(in water), or
accelerometers.
Material waves propagate only through the presence of a propagation
medium
AMBIENT VIBRATION OR SEISMIC NOISES-are important to seismologists,
geologists, mining engineers, hydrologists, and structural engineers
because they affect accurate seismic measurements.They can be used to
determine elastic properties of soils (and subsoils) to predict ground
responses to Earthquakes.
2 main types of seismic waves
BODY WAVES-move through Earths interiors . classified as either p-wave
or s-wave
P-WAVES -PRIMARY WAVE (compressional waves)-fastest moving
waves,traveling at 1.6 km/s to 8 km/s.first too arrive in seismograph
readings, longitudinal waves

S-WAVES -SECONDARY WAVE(shear waves)-can only pass through solids and


move slower than P-waves.transverse waves, the first period of rolling
during earthquakes is always associated with s-wave
SURFACE WAVES-travel only through Earths crust, very similar to water
waves , lower frequencies arrive only after body wave, most intense
shaking usually comes near the end of an earthquake.
LOVE WAVES (L-waves or Q-waves)-fastest surface waves. Named after
A.E.H. Love, move side to side
RAYLEIGH WAVE(R-wave)-slowest surface wave named after John William
Strutt, the third Baron Rayleigh. Rolls along the ground similar. Most
shaking felt in earthquake.

SEISMOMETERS-measure the velocities of these waves. Indicates its


measurement through a seismogram.

A seismograph is an instrument used for recording the intensity and


duration of an earthquake

FOCUS( plural Foci)-point where the seismic waves originated,also


known as hypocenter
Foci depths or levels : shallow(70km and below) the intermediate or
mid-focus(between 70 and 300km) and the deep focus (300-700km)
Wadati-Benioff zones-very deep earthquake. This is a narrow zone that
dips under Earths thickest crust reaching to depths of 700km
EPICENTER-destruction can be seen here above focus
The point on Earth's surface directly above the hypocenter
Earthquake effects
STRUCTURAL COLLAPSES
LIQUEFACTION-when water-saturated granular material such as sand
temporarily loses its strength and transforms from solid to something
that has a fluidlike behavior
FIRE
TIDAL WAVE-gravitational attractions between Earth and moon or storm
effects (storm surge)
LANDSLIDE-triggered by earthquakes. The slope ground becomes unstable
losing its grip and giving way because of the shaking of the ground.
TSUNAMI-(soo-na-mee meaningharbor wave) Japanese word for seismic
sea waves. Often confused as tidal wave. Caused by earthquake due to
VOLCANIC ERUPTION IN OCEAN
FRANCIS RICHTER
RICHTERSCALE
BIUSEPRE MERCALLI
MERCALLI SCALE
FOLDING
STRETCHING
BEFORE STRESS

Tectonic Plates
There are 7 large and 12 small such plates which are in continuous motion.
These plates move along three distinctive types of boundaries, that is :
convergent boundaries : where plates push each other and one plate slides down the other one
divergent boundaries : where plates pull away from each other
transformed boundaries : where plates slide past each other.
Earthquake occur due to several causes such as volcanic eruption, etc. but the plate tectonic theory is
the most convincing and widely accepted

Faults
When rocks slip past each other in faulting, the upper or
overlying block along the fault plane is called the hanging
wall, or headwall; the block below is called the footwall. The
fault strike is the direction of the line of intersection
between the fault plane and the surface of the Earth. The dip of
a fault plane is its angle of inclination measured from the
horizontal.
Fault Classifications
Active, Inactive, and Reactivated Faults
Active faults are structure along which we expect displacement to occur. By
definition, since a shallow earthquake is a process that produces displacement across a
fault, all shallow earthquakes occur on active faults.
Inactive faults are structures that we can identify, but which do no have earthquakes.
As you can imagine, because of the complexity of earthquake activity, judging a fault
to be inactive can be tricky, but often we can measure the last time substantial offset
occurred across a fault. If a fault has been inactive for millions of years, it's certainly
safe to call it inactive. However, some faults only have large earthquakes once in
thousands of years, and we need to evaluate carefully their hazard potential.
Reactivated faults form when movement along formerly inactive faults can help to
alleviate strain within the crust or upper mantle.

Normal faulting-when the rocks plates are pulled apart


Reverse faulting-happens when the crust is compressed
Thrust faulting-occurs when the slippage is on a gently inclined plane
Strike-slip fault-when the rock blocks slip sideways past each othe-described as sinistral when far side
moves to the left and dextral when right
Oblique slip(wrench fault or tear fault) involves various combinations of these three basic movement
subtype of normal faulting
San andreas valley fault-large oblique fault
Large oblique faults also known as transcurrent faults
Graben- the floor is a thrown-down clock
Dip-slip faults-

What to do during typhoon


Before the Typhoon:

Store an adequate supply of food and clean water


Prepare foods that need not be cooked.
Keep flashlights, candles and battery-powered radios within easy reach.
Examine your house and repair its unstable parts.
Always keep yourself updated with the latest weather report.
Harvest crops that can be yielded already.
Secure domesticated animals in a safe place.
For fisher folks, place boats in a safe area.
Should you need to evacuate, bring clothes, first aid kit, candles/flashlight, battery-powered radio,
food, etc.

During the Typhoon:

Stay inside the house.


Always keep yourself updated with the latest weather report.
If safe drinking water is not available, boil water for at least 20 minutes. Place it in a container with
cover.
Keep an eye on lighted candles or gas lamps.
Do not wade through floodwaters to avoid being electrocuted and contracting diseases.
If there is a need to move to an evacuation center, follow these reminders.
Evacuate calmly.
Close the windows and turn off the main power switch.
Put important appliances and belongings in a high ground.
Avoid the way leading to the river.

After the Typhoon:

If your house was destroyed, make sure that it is already safe and stable when you enter.
Beware of dangerous animals such as snakes that may have entered your house
Watch out for live wires or outlet immersed in water.
Report damaged electrical cables and fallen electric posts to the authorities.
Do not let water accumulate in tires, cans or pots to avoid creating a favorable condition for mosquito
breeding.
Characteristics of waves

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