PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA

College of Engineering and Technology

Chemical Engineering Department

HORIZONTAL PAN DRYER

DESIGN PROBLEM

DESIGN SELECTION
Among the different types of rotary dryer, the horizontal pan dryer was selected.
This type is heated by steam condensing in the inner surface of the shell while the material
inside the shell is being pushed on its walls by the agitator. This is appropriate because
it is used for relatively free flowing materials. It is also well-suited for low and medium
temperature operations. It has a high thermal efficiency and relatively low capital and
labor costs. (Perrys Chemical Engineering Handbook, 7th edition, sec. 12-52).

DESIGN DESCRIPTION
A pan dryer consists of a circular vessel with a flat or ellipsoidalshaped bottom;
and an agitator. Heated jackets are provided on the vessel sidewall and base. The top
head of the vessel can also be heated. The presence of an agitator provides good mixing
and efficient contact between the product and the heated vessel surfaces, including the
agitator itself. It also helps discharge the dried solids; as a large nozzle, mounted on the
side wall, is opened after a batch of operation, and the agitator arms push the product
through the opening whenever they pass by it.

CHE 513 EQUIPMENT DESIGN | PROJECT IN EQUIPMENT DESIGN 1

Cruz | Maninang | Velasco | Villaluna
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

PARTS AND FUNCTION

Figure 6 Parts of a Horizontal Pan Dryer

Table 6 Parts and Function of a Horizontal Pan Dryer

PARTS FUNCTION
Feed Inlet Where the feed to be dried enters the pan dryer
Provides good mixing and efficient contact between the
Agitator/Impeller
product and the heated vessel surfaces
Steam Inlet Where the steam enters the jacket of the pan dryer vessel
Opens after every batch operation where the product is
Exit Nozzle
discharged

DESIGN ASSUMPTIONS
1. The amount of sugarcane stalks to be dried is 4000 kg/batch.
2. The initial moisture content of the feed is 10%.
3. The final moisture content of the dried sugarcane stalk is 5%.
4. The density of sugarcane stalks is 794 kg/m3.
5. The heat duty of the dryer is 1.10x106 Btu.
6. Assume an elevation of 0.5 m from the ground.
7. The dryer has cylindrical shell with ellipsoidal head and bottom.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1. Use a safety factor of 20% (Peters and Timmerhaus, Plant Design and Economics
for Chemical Engineers, 5th ed.).
2. The efficiency of the lap-welded joints is 70% (Peters and Timmerhaus, Plant
Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers, 5th ed.).
3. The insulating material used for the reactor is calcium silicate and the thermal
conductivity is 0.44 Btu/ft2-hr-oF (Geankoplis, Principles of Transport Processes
and Phenomena).

CHE 513 EQUIPMENT DESIGN | PROJECT IN EQUIPMENT DESIGN 2

Cruz | Maninang | Velasco | Villaluna
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

4. The length to diameter ratio of the vessel is 2 (Perrys Chemical Engineering

Handbook, 7th ed., pages 10-139).
5. The diameter of the ellipsoidal head and bottom is of the cylinder diameter.
6. The agitator used is a flat-blade turbine.
7. Agitator elevation to tank diameter is 1/3 (Geankoplis, Principles of Transport
Processes and Separation Processes, 4th ed., p. 158, Table 3.4-1).
8. Agitator width to impeller diameter is 1/5 (Geankoplis, Principles of Transport
Processes and Separation Processes, 4th ed., p. 158, Table 3.4-1).
9. Agitator length to impeller diameter is (Geankoplis, Principles of Transport
Processes and Separation Processes, 4th ed., p. 158, Table 3.4-1).
10. Use a corrosion allowance of 1/16 inch (Hesse and Rushton, Process Equipment
Design, p. 73).
11. The material of construction is carbon steel (Peters and Timmerhaus, Plant Design
and Economics, page 448, Table 10-4).
12. The density of carbon steel is 7861.09 kg/m3.

DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
1. Dryer Capacity a. Agitator Diameter
2. Geometric Configuration b. Agitator Height
a. Dryer Dimension c. Agitator Elevation
i. Dryer Diameter d. Agitator Width
ii. Dryer Height e. Agitator Length
iii. Dryer Length 4. Shell Thickness
b. Dryer Cross-Sectional 5. Shell Insulation
Area 6. Power Requirement
3. Agitator Design

CHE 513 EQUIPMENT DESIGN | PROJECT IN EQUIPMENT DESIGN 3

Cruz | Maninang | Velasco | Villaluna
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

DESIGN CALCULATIONS

1. Dryer Capacity
Compute for the dryer capacity using the equation:

=

4000
= = 5.0378 3
794 /3
Using a 20% safety factor,
V = 5.0378 m3 x 1.20 = 6.0454 m3
Use: V = 6.10 m3

2. Geometric Configuration

a. Dryer Dimension
i. Dryer Diameter
The total volume of the dryer is equal to the volume of the vessel, its top and bottom
head:
V=Vcylinder + Vhead + Vbottom
2 4
= +
4 3
Since L/D = 2 and Dhead&bottom = D,
2 4 2
= (2) + ( )
4 3 4 4
3 3
= +
2 12
7 3
=
12
7 3
6.10 3 =
12
D = 1.4931 m
Use: D = 1.5 m

CHE 513 EQUIPMENT DESIGN | PROJECT IN EQUIPMENT DESIGN 4

Cruz | Maninang | Velasco | Villaluna
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

ii. Dryer Height

Since the orientation of the cylindrical tank is horizontal, the height of the dryer is
equal to the diameter of the tank added by the 0.5 m metal support.
H = Dc + 0.5 m
H = 1.5 m + 0.5 m = 2.0 m
Use: H = 2.0 m

iii. Dryer Length

Using the L/D = 2,
L = 2Dc
L = 2(1.5 m) = 3.0 m
Use: L = 3.0 m

b. Dryer Cross-sectional Area

2
=
4
(1.5 )2
= = 1.76712
4
Use: A = 1.80 m2

3. Agitator Design
a. Agitator Diameter
From Table 3.4-1 Geometric Proportions for Standard Agitation System (Principles
of Transport Processes and Separation Processes by Geankoplis, 4th ed., p. 158):

= 0.4

where,
Da = Agitator Diameter, m
DT = Tank Diameter, m
Calculating for the diameter of the agitator:
Da = 0.4 (1.5 m) = 0.6 m

CHE 513 EQUIPMENT DESIGN | PROJECT IN EQUIPMENT DESIGN 5

Cruz | Maninang | Velasco | Villaluna
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

Use: Da = 0.6 m

b. Agitator Height
From Table 3.4-1 Geometric Proportions for Standard Agitation System (Principles
of Transport Processes and Separation Processes by Geankoplis, 4 th ed., p. 158):

=1

where,
H = Height of Agitator, m
DT = Tank Diameter, m
Calculating for the height of the agitator:
H = DT
H = 1.5 m
Use: H = 1.5 m

c. Agitator Elevation
From Table 3.4-1 Geometric Proportions for Standard Agitation System (Principles
of Transport Processes and Separation Processes by Geankoplis, 4th ed., p. 158):
1
=
3
where,
C = Elevation of Agitator, m
DT = Tank Diameter, m
Calculating for the elevation of the agitator:
C = 1/3(1.5 m)
C = 0.5 m
Use: C = 0.5 m

d. Agitator Width
From Table 3.4-1 Geometric Proportions for Standard Agitation System (Principles
of Transport Processes and Separation Processes by Geankoplis, 4th ed., p. 158):

CHE 513 EQUIPMENT DESIGN | PROJECT IN EQUIPMENT DESIGN 6

Cruz | Maninang | Velasco | Villaluna
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

1
=
5
where,
W = Width of Agitator, m
Da = Agitator Diameter, m
Calculating for the elevation of the agitator:
W = 1/5 (0.6 m) = 0.12 m
Use: W = 0.12 m

e. Agitator Length
From Table 3.4-1 Geometric Proportions for Standard Agitation System (Principles
of Transport Processes and Separation Processes by Geankoplis, 4th ed., p. 158):
1
=
4
where,
L = Length of Agitator, m
Da = Agitator Diameter, m
Calculating for the elevation of the agitator:
L = 1/4 (0.6 m) = 0.15 m
Use: L = 0.15 m

4. Shell Thickness
Shell thickness formula (Process Equipment Design, Hesse and Rushton, Eq. 4-
3, p. 85):

= +
2

where,
ts shell thickness
P internal pressure
D inside diameter of the shell
S allowable working stress

CHE 513 EQUIPMENT DESIGN | PROJECT IN EQUIPMENT DESIGN 7

Cruz | Maninang | Velasco | Villaluna
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

e joint efficiency
C corrosion allowance

Allowable Working Stress formula (Rules of Thumbs for Chemical Engineers, 4th ed.)

S = Su

Where Su workable pressure (11000 psi) for carbon steel (Process Equipment
Design, Hesse and Rushton)

S = (11000 psi) = 2750 psi

2.205 0.3048 3
= 794 3 ( ) = 49.5763 3
1 1

Internal Pressure: H=D

1
49.5763 3 32.174 2 (1.5 0.3048 )

= + = + 25 = 26.6943
144 2
32.174
2 1 2

= 26.6943

26.6943 (1500 ) 1 25.4

= + ( ) = 12.0605
(2 2750 0.70) 26.6943 16 1

ts = 12.0605

Use: ts = 12.10 mm

5. Shell Insulation
The operating temperature of the dryer is 100oC and the temperature surrounding
is assumed to be 25oC.
T = (100 25) oC = 75oC = 167oF
Using equation 10.8, from Unit operations of Chemical Engineering, 6th ed., by
McCabe, Smith, and Harriott (p. 294):

CHE 513 EQUIPMENT DESIGN | PROJECT IN EQUIPMENT DESIGN 8

Cruz | Maninang | Velasco | Villaluna
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

=

Arranging the equation and substituting the surface area of the cylinder,

= ()

where x = thickness of the insulation used.
3,28 2
(1.5 3 ( 1 ) ) 0.44 2 167
1
1,100,000 =
1.25

x = 0.0127 ft = 3.8709 mm
Use: x = 4 mm

6. Power Requirement
From Eq. 3.4-2 of Principles of Transport Processes and Separation Processes,
Geankoplis, p. 158:

=
3 5
where,
Np = power number, dimensionless
P = power, J/s
Da = impeller diameter, m
= Fluid density
N = rotational speed, rev/s
= 3 5
The power number and angular velocity for a flat-blade turbine is 7 and 50 rpm.
(Rules of Thumbs for Chemical Engineers)

1 3
= 7 794 3 (50 ) (0.6 )5 = 250.11
60
1
= 250.11 = 0.3354
745.7
Use: 0.50 hp

CHE 513 EQUIPMENT DESIGN | PROJECT IN EQUIPMENT DESIGN 9

Cruz | Maninang | Velasco | Villaluna
 PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

DESIGN SPECIFICATIONS

HORIZONTAL PAN DRYER

OPERATING CHARACTERISTICS
Method of Operation Batch
Number of Units 1
Residence Time 75 minutes
Material Handled Sugarcane Stalks
Feed Initial Moisture Content 10%
Final Moisture Content 5%
EQUIPMENT SPECIFICATIONS
Design Parameter Proposed Existing
DRYER
Capacity 6.10 m3 4 150 m3
Cross-Sectional Area 1.80 m 2 2 -10 m2
Diameter 1.5 m 0.9 - 4.5 m
Height 2m 0.5 3 m
Length 3m 2 24.5 m
Shell Thickness 12.10 mm -
Thickness of Insulation 4 mm -
Power Requirement 0.50 hp Up to 3 hp
AGITATOR
Diameter 0.6 m 0.5 1 m
Height 1.5 m 12m
Length 0.15 m -
Width 0.12 m -
Elevation 0.5 m 0.5 1 m
MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION
Dryer Carbon Steel
Insulation Calcium Silicate
Agitator Carbon Steel
SUPPLIER INFORMATION
Company Name J.J. Esteban Enterprises
Company Address Daan Sarile, Cabanatuan City, Nueva Ecija
Contact Number +63 (0916) 281-9570
E-mail Support@Jjeenterprises.com
Price Php
ACCESSORIES
Fan Centrifugal
Dryer Exhaust Control Bag Filter

CHE 513 EQUIPMENT DESIGN | PROJECT IN EQUIPMENT DESIGN 10

Cruz | Maninang | Velasco | Villaluna
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG MAYNILA
College of Engineering and Technology
Chemical Engineering Department

DESIGN CONFIGURATION

CHE 513 EQUIPMENT DESIGN | PROJECT IN EQUIPMENT DESIGN 11

Cruz | Maninang | Velasco | Villaluna