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Review Article
A Survey of Transportation Problems
Received 30 December 2013; Revised 5 February 2014; Accepted 6 February 2014; Published 27 March 2014
Copyright 2014 Ocotlan Daz-Parra et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution
License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.
This paper aims at being a guide to understand the different types of transportation problems by presenting a survey of mathematical
models and algorithms used to solve different types of transportation modes (ship, plane, train, bus, truck, Motorcycle, Cars, and
others) by air, water, space, cables, tubes, and road. Some problems are as follows: bus scheduling problem, delivery problem,
combining truck trip problem, open vehicle routing problem, helicopter routing problem, truck loading problem, truck
dispatching problem, truck routing problem, truck transportation problem, vehicle routing problem and variants, convoy routing
problem, railroad blocking problem (RBP), inventory routing problem (IRP), air traffic flow management problem (TFMP), cash
transportation vehicle routing problem, and so forth.
water, road, aerospace, tube, and cable with some restrictions Locations. Pizza restaurant, post office, university, schools,
as capacity and time windows. The types of transportation gas stations, warehouse, stores, markets, fish market, dump,
problems are as follows. bottling plants, malls, depots, houses, Landfill, incineration
plant, waste container, banks, and others.
2.1. Maritime Transportation. The maritime transportation
carries resources over long distances from locations to other Transportation Mode. Buses; trucks; motorcycles; bicycles;
locations using maritime routes composed of oceans, coasts, cars and pickups; box trucks and dock highs; cargo and
seas, lakes, rivers, and canals of ships, or similar routes. sprinter vans; less than truck Load (LTL); full truck load
(FTL); flatbeds; reefers (refrigerated units); longer com-
Resources. Bulk cargo (oil, coal, iron ore, grains, baux- bination vehicles (LCV) with double semitrailer, recovery
ite/alumina, phosphate, dry or liquid not packet); break- vehicle, scooters, and pedestrians; main battle tank; infantry
bulk cargo (bags, boxes, drums, all general cargoes that have fighting vehicles; armored personnel carriers; light armored
been packaged); passenger vessels (passenger ferries, cruise vehicles; self-propelled artillery and anti-Air mine protected
ships); bulk carriers (liquid bulk vessels, dry bulk vessels, vehicles; combat engineering vehicles; prime movers and
largest tankers of liquefied natural gas technology enabled); trucks; unmanned combat vehicles; military robot; joint light
general cargo (vessels designed to carry nonbulk cargoes); tactical vehicle (JLTV), utility vehicle, refrigerator truck,
Roll-on/Roll-off (RORO vessels, cars, trucks, and trains to landfill compaction vehicle, garbage truck, waste collection
be loaded directly on board); shrimp and seafood, haz- vehicle; armored cash transport car; and security van.
ardous materials; military-owned transportation resources;
and goods (nonperishable goods, final manufactured goods, 2.4. Rail Transportation. Rail transport carries resources over
processed food, produce, livestock, intermediate goods, pro- long, medium, and short distances by way of wheeled vehicles
cessed and raw materials). running on rail track or railway.
Locations. Fishing port, warm water port, sea port, cruise Resources. Military-owned transportation resources, goods,
port, cargo port, cruise home port, port of call, cargo ports, passenger, containers, and bulks.
and oil platform.
Locations. Stations, transit centre locations, park and ride
Transportation Mode. Bulk carriers, container ships, tankers, locations, railway station, railroad station, goods stations,
reefer ships, Roll-on/Roll-off ships, coastal trading vessels, large passenger stations, smaller stations, early stations, cen-
ferries, cruise ships, ocean liner, cable layer, tugboat, dredger, tral stations, railway platform (bay platform, side platform,
barge, general cargo ship, submarines, sailboat, jet boat, island platform), metro station, train station, tram stop, sta-
fishing vessels, service/supply vessels, barges, research ships, tion facilities, terminal, interchange station, tunnel stations,
dredgers, and naval vessels. metro depot, maintenance depot, and light rail depot.
2.2. Air Transportation. The air transportation carries Transportation Mode. Trains, metro, subway, vactrain, mag-
resources over long, medium, and short distances from netic levitation train, ground effect train, U-Bahn and S-
locations to other locations using air routes by aircrafts, Bahn, intercity trains, intercity rail, high-speed rail, high
charter flights, planes or others. speed train, locomotive, pacer (train), freight car, goods
train, railway passenger car, coach passenger car, intermodal
Resources. Military-owned transportation resources, passen- freight transport, refrigerated railroad cars, light rail vehicles,
gers, air taxi service, goods, supplies and equipment, mail, suburban railway, urban railway, rapid transit, underground
troops, and others. railway, elevated railway, metropolitan railway, carbody, bal-
last tamping machine, long welded rail cars, cleaning trains,
Locations. Airport terminals, heliport, helipads, helistop, concreting trains, rail grinders, ballast tamping machines,
Helideck and Helispot, and area of military operations. track recording cars, and rail grinders.
Transportation Mode. Fixed-wining aircraft, airplane, gyro- 2.5. Space Transportation. Space transportation carries
plane, recreational aircraft, military cargo aircraft, heli- resources from locations to other locations by suborbital and
copters, zeppelins, personal air transportation with jet packs orbital flights in the upper atmosphere and the space by Hall
and blimps, military transport helicopters, tactical and strate- Electric propulsion or similar.
gic airlift, air ambulance, and aerial refuelling.
Resources. Military-owned transportation resources, cargo
2.3. Land Transportation. The land transportation carries or passengers, personnel, fuel (LH2), oxydizer (LOX), and
resources over long, medium, and short distances from propellants (LOX and LH2 at given mixture ratio).
locations to other locations using the road routes by vehicle
or similar means of land transportation. Locations. Earth spaceport (ES), Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Geo-
stationary Earth Orbit (GEO), Lagrange Point L1 (L1), Low
Resources. Military-owned transportation resources, goods, Lunar Orbit (LUO), Lunar SpacePort (LUS), Lagrange Point
people, hazardous materials, waste, or money. L2 (L2), Planetary escape mission (PLA), Mars Spaceport
Journal of Applied Mathematics 3
(MAS), Space Operations Center, Lunar Service Center, problem with fixed cargo sizes [7]; tramp ship scheduling
Lunar Propellant Production Facility, and others. problem [7]; single product inventory ship routing problem
[7]; multiple product inventory ship routing problem [7];
Transportation Mode. Rocket-powered aircraft, nuclear pow- tramp ship routing and scheduling problem with speed
ered aircraft, spacecraft, space shuttle, space, space planes, optimization [11]; and maritime platform transport problem
rockets, missiles, and advanced Hall electric propulsion, of solid, special and dangerous waste [12].
crew exploration vehicle (CEV), automated transfer vehi- The RoRo ship stowage problem (RSSP) [1] to decide
cle (ATV), evolved expendable launch (EELV), National (which optional cargoes to carry, how stow all cargoes on
Aerospace Plane (NASP), transatmospheric vehicle (TAV), board the ship, all long-term contracts are fulfilled) upon a
orbital space plane, next generation launch technology, deck configuration with respect of the height. The objective
winged shuttle (WSLEO), expendable interorbital ferry vehi- is to maximize the sum of revenue from optional cargoes
cle (EIOFV), reusable interorbital ferry vehicle (RIOFV), and minus penalty costs incurred when having to move cargoes.
spaceship. The mathematical model of RSSP [1] is formed by (1)(18):
2.6. Pipeline and Cable Transportation. Pipeline and cable
max , (1)
transportation carries resources from locations to other
0
locations by pipe and vehicles pulled by cables.
0, , , , ,
Resources. Water, energy, electricity, petroleum products,
telecommunications, chemicals, slurry coal, natural gas, (2)
sewage, beer, biofuels (ethanol and biobutanol), hydrogen,
(+1 ) 0, , , , ,
skiers, and passenger lift.
(3)
Locations. Residential and commercial areas, treatment plant,
processing facility, gas stations, pump stations, terminals, V 0, , , , , (4)
tanks, storage facilities, partial delivery stations, inlet station,
injection station, block valve station, regulator station, final ,,+1, = 0, \ { 1} , || 2, (5)
delivery station, floors (levels, decks) of a building, vessel, or
other structures. = , , (6)
where is the set of all cargoes, is the set of all mandatory of lane width. Equations (15), (16), and (18) make sure that
cargoes, is the set of all optional cargoes, is the set of all the variables , , and take binary values. And
decks, is the set of all potential lanes on each decks, is the (18) imposes nonnegativity and integrality on the number of
set of all ports (except the last port on the route), is the set vehicles carried in each lane.
of ports from loading port of cargo to the port before the
unloading port of cargo , is the set of cargoes , is the 3.2. Air Transportation Problems. In the specialized literature
width of deck , is the length of deck , is the length of there exist various variants of the Air Transportation Prob-
one vehicle in cargo , is the width of one vehicle in cargo lems. The main variants of the Air Transportation Problems
, is the height of one vehicle in cargo , is the loading are air traffic flow management problem (TFMP) [13], multi-
port of cargo , is the unloading port of cargo , is the airport ground holding problem (MAGHP) [14, 15], air traffic
flow management rerouting problem (tfmrp) [16], helicopter
lower bound for where deck can be placed, is the upper
routing problem (HRP) [17], airline crew scheduling problem
bound for where deck can be placed, is the revenue for [18], and oil platform transport problem [19].
transporting optional cargo , is the number of vehicles in The general problem of Air Transportation is represented
cargo , is the cost incurred if cargo needs to be moved, in the mathematical model described by Li et al. [20, 21],
MAX is the maximum allowable torque on the ship from the which presents an objective that is to minimize the overall
cargo, MAX is the highest allowable center of gravity of the total cost which consists of the total transportation cost
laden ship, is the weight of one vehicle from cargo , is of the orders allocated to normal flight capacity, the total
the lightweight of the ship, is the vertical distance from the transportation cost for the orders allocated to special flight
ships bottom deck to its center of gravity when empty, : capacity, and the total delivery earliness tardiness penalties
approximated horizontal distance of lane on deck from cost. The mathematical programming formulation of the
the ships center of gravity, is the approximated vertical model is shown as follows:
distance of deck from the ships bottom deck, is the cargo,
is the deck, is the lane, and is the port. min +
=1 =1 =1 =1
In (1) the objective is to maximize the sum of revenue
from optional cargoes minus penalty costs incurred when
having to move cargoes. Equation (2) links the binary + max (0, ) ( + ) (19)
indicator variables for if lane on deck is used from =1 =1
port to + 1 by cargo , to the integer variables for
how many vehicles from cargo that are stowed in lane on
deck from port to + 1. Equation (3) ensures that there + max (0, ) ( + ) ,
=1 =1
is enough vertical space on the deck where the cargoes are
placed. Equation (4) shows the sufficient width of the lanes. Des des < 1, = 1, . . . , ; = 1, . . . , ,
Equation (5) makes sure that once a cargo has been placed, it
remains unmoved until it is unloaded. In (6), the partitions (20)
Des des < 1,
of decks into lanes are restricted. Equations (7) and (8) link
= 1, . . . , ; = 1, . . . , ,
the integer variables for how many vehicles from cargo
, that is, stowed in lane on deck from port to + 1, (21)
to the number of vehicles from cargo , that is, carried, for
respectively mandatory and optional cargoes. Equation (9) Cap , = 1, . . . , , (22)
ensures that the length of a lane is not violated by the vehicles =1
stowed in that lane. Equations (10) and (11) are restrictions
on ship stability calculations and involve nonlinear equations.
Cap , = 1, . . . , , (23)
Equation (10) imposes that the torque from the cargo on the
=1
ship should be within the allowable limit to avoid rolling. The
constants view the are approximations of the horizontal
distance of a lane to the center of the ship, with negative values ( + ) = , = 1, . . . , , (24)
indicating a possible tilt to the port side and positive values =1
index, = 1, 2, . . . , ; is the departure time of flight problem (SVRP) [40], vehicle routing problem with back-
at the local airport; is the arrival time of flight at hauls (VRPB) [40], vehicle routing problem with pick-up and
the destination; is the transportation cost for per unit delivering (VRPPD) [40], vehicle routing problem with satel-
product when allocated to normal capacity area of flight ; lite facilities [40], vehicle routing problem with time windows
is the transportation cost for per unit product when (VRPTW) [40], waste transport problem (WTP) [41], cash
allocated to special capacity area of flight ; Cap is the transportation vehicle routing problem [42], team orienteer-
available normal capacity of flight ; Cap is the available ing problem [43], military transport planning (MTP) [44],
special capacity of flight ; is the quantity of order ; petrol station replenishment problem with time windows
is the delivery earliness penalty cost (/unit/h) of order ; [45].
is the delivery tardiness penalty cost (/unit/h) of order ; The school bus routing problem (SBRP) is a significant
is the due date of order ; is the quantity of the portion problem in the management of school bus fleet for the
transportation of students; each student must be assigned to
of order allocated to flight normal capacity area; is a particular bus which must be routed in an efficient manner
the quantity of the portion of order allocated to flight to pick up (or return home) each of these students [26]. The
special capacity area; Des is the order destination; Des is characteristics of SBRP [46] are number of schools (single
the flight destination; is a large positive number; or multiple), surrounding services (urban or rural), problem
is the processing time of order . The decision variables ( , scope (morning, afternoon, both), mixed Load (allowed or
, and ) are nonnegative integer. no allowed), special-education students (considered or not
The objective of (19) is to minimize total cost which considered), fleet mix (homogeneous fleet or heterogeneous
consists of transportation cost of orders allocated into normal fleet), objectives (number of buses used, total bus travel dis-
flight capacity, transportation cost of orders allocated into tance or time, total students riding distance or time, student
special flight capacity, the delivery earliness penalty costs of walking distance, load balancing, maximum route length,
orders, and the delivery tardiness penalty costs of orders. Childs time loss), constraints (vehicle capacity, maximum
Equations (20) and (21) ensure that if order and flight have riding time, school time windows, maximum walking time
different destination, order cannot be allocated to flight . or distance, earliest pick-up time, minimum student number
Equation (22) ensures that the quantity of the portion of order to create a route). The mathematical model of SBRP [47] is
allocated into flight consists of quantities of the portion formed by (27)(34):
of order allocated into normal capacity area of flight and
the portion of order allocated to special capacity area of
min = , (27)
flight . Equation (23) ensures that the normal capacity of =0 =0 =1
flight is not exceeded. Equation (24) ensures that the special
capacity of flight is not exceeded. Equation (25) ensures
that order is completely allocated. Equation (26) ensures that = 1, = 1, 2, . . . , , (28)
allocated orders do not exceed production capacity. It ensures =1 =0
that allocated quantity can be supplied by sufficient assembly
capacity. = 1, = 1, 2, . . . , , (29)
=1 =0
3.3. Land Transportation Problems. In the specialized liter-
ature there exist various variants of the Land Transporta-
students ( ). The objective function of the School Bus 3.5. Space Transportation Problems. In the specialized litera-
Problem is composed of two costs: (a) cost incurred by the ture there exist various variants of the Space Transportation
number of buses used, (b) driving cost (fuel, maintenance, Problems. The main variants of the Space Transportation
drivers salary, and others), subject to operational constraints, Problems are generalized location routing problem with
Costs (a) or (b) have to be minimized. For a given of buses, space exploration or generalized location routing problem
let , , = 0, 1, 2, . . . , , = 1, 2, . . . , be variables that with profits (GLRPPs) [54], Earth-Moon supply chain prob-
attain the value 1 if pickup points and are visited by the th lem [55], interplanetary transfer between halo orbits [56], and
bus and pickup point is visited directly after . Otherwise, Hills restricted three-body problem (Hills R3BP) [57].
is 0. Let , = 0, 1, . . . , , = 1, 2, . . . , be variables The Earth-Moon supply chain problem [55] considers the
that may attain any value. The objective of the SBRP is to find problem of delivering cargo units of water from low Earth
variables and that minimize . Where = cost of orbit to lunar orbit and the lunar surface. The formulation
driving from point to point , is a function of the distance requires that the architectural characteristics of the vehicle
,, = , used to transport the packages to the destinations and the
between and and the driving time, = { =, ,
paths the vehicles travel are to be determined concurrently.
= driving time from point to point , = a quantity to be
The problem is solved using both traditional design optimiza-
loaded (or unloaded) at , = set of constraints characterized
tion methods and a concurrent design optimization method:
by the nature of the problem, where = (1, 2, . . . , ) .
The three-dimensional assignment problem given in ((28),
(29), (30), (31), and (32)) could be transformed into a regular
assignment problem by duplicating 1 times the row and min = , (38)
column corresponding to city 0 and obtaining an assignment =1 = =
problem with dimensions ( + ) by ( + ). Constraints
ensure the formation of exactly tours, where each one
passes through the school. The restriction of capacity is in (33) 1 = (1) , (39)
=1 =
and the constraint of time is in (34).
SBRP is formulated as mixed integer programming
or nonlinear mixed integer programming models. The = () , = 2, . . . , , (40)
researchers are often not used to directly solve the problems; =1 =
they use a relaxation of the problem to solve it. School bus
schedules are important because they reduce costs to the
, , (41)
universities or schools and bring added value to the students
= =
to have a quality transport.
, , , = , (42)
3.4. Rail Transportation Problems. In the specialized litera-
ture there exist various variants of the Rail Transportation
, , , (43)
Problems. The main variants of the Rail Transportation
=
Problems are train formation problem (tfp) [48], locomotive
routing problem [49], tour planning problem by rail (tpp)
[50], rolling stock problem (rsp) [51], yard location problem 1 , {0, 1} , (44)
[52], and train dispatching problem [53]. =1
Train dispatching transportation problem, train meet- +1 , 1, . . . , 1, (45)
and-pass problem, or train timetabling problem is the process
of handling a given set of desired train operating schedules stage
and merging these requests as best as possible to a valid = (1 + ) exp ( ) ; stage = ,
timetable [53]: 0 =1 0 =1
(46)
max , (35)
0
1, , = 1, . . . , , = ( 1) , (47)
(36)
, , (37)
where (, , ) is the transfer starting at node traveling to
Equations (36) and (37) are the track capacity constraint, node and terminating at node , is the number of
these equations ensure ensures that no two trains are sched- vehicles on route (), is the capacity of vehicle on route
uled that occupy the block at the same moment . Each (, , ), 0 is the vehicle initial mass, 1 is the vehicle wet
binary variable takes the value of one if and only if the mass, is the number of packets that leave node equal to
train occupies the block . The set contains all vectors that the supply at node (()), and is the velocity change.
result in technically and logistically feasible schedules for the Equation (38) defines the main objective. The main
train . objective of the system is to minimize the initial mass of the
Journal of Applied Mathematics 7
transportation system architecture. The is the number energy system as it exists today in the United States [66] is
of vehicles that start at node , travel to node , and then formed by (48)(52):
terminate at node and 0 is the initial mass of a vehicle on
route (, , ). The initial vehicle mass (0 ) is determined by min = + +
the vehicle capacity for each route and the actual initial
mass is the wet mass ( ) plus the amount of payload
carried on that vehicle. Each route carries packages that +
each weighs . For each route, the initial mass is defined
Table 1: Continued.
Algorithm Problem Contribution
A rural routing heuristic Constructing the initial route and then improving it by using a fixed tenure Tabu
School bus routing problem
[94] search algorithm.
The solution method starts with a GRASP-like saving algorithm, after which a
variable neighbourhood search algorithm is used to improve the initial solution.
GRASP [95] School bus routing problem
A modified version of the well-known transportation problem helps the
metaheuristic to quickly assign students to stops.
Use the GENROUTER system to route school buses for two school districts. The
routes obtained by GENROUTER system were superior to those obtained by the
Genetic algorithm [96] School bus routing problem
CHOOSE school bus routing system and the current routes in use by the two
school districts.
To explore the solution space, where the revised simplex method evaluates,
selects, and implements the moves. The neighbourhood structure is based on the
Simulated annealing [97] Train formation problem
pivoting rules of the simplex method that provides an efficient method to reach
the neighbours of the current solution.
The calibration and validation of the GA model are carried out for three different
Genetic algorithm [98] Train formation problem
complexity levels of objective functions.
A training process for neural network development is conducted, followed by a
Neural networks [99] Train formation problem testing process that indicates that the neural network model will probably be
both sufficiently fast and accurate, in producing train formation plans.
The problem arises in exploration of planetary bodies where strategies
Generalized location
correspond to different technologies. A description of the generalized location
routing problem with space
Column generation based routing problem with profits and its mathematical formulation as an integer
exploration or generalized
heuristic [54] program are provided. Two solution methodologies to solve the
location routing problem
problembranch-and-price and a three-phase heuristic method combined with
with profits (GLRPPs)
a generalized randomized adaptive search procedureare proposed.
The personnel transportation within a set of oil platforms by one helicopter that
Memetic algorithm [100] Helicopter routing problem
may have to undertake several routes in sequence.
A cluster-first, the route-second approach is used to inform the multidepot
locomotive assignment of a set of single depot problems and after that we solve
Locomotive routing each problem independently. Each single depot problem is solved heuristically
Genetic algorithm [101]
problem by a hybrid genetic algorithm that in which push forward insertion heuristic
(PFIH) is used to determine the initial solution and -interchange mechanism is
used for neighbourhood search and improving the method.
Locomotive routing The proposed solution approach is tested with real-world data from the Korean
Genetic algorithm [102]
problem railway.
Branch-and-bound Locomotive routing Backtracking mechanism that can be added to this heuristic branch-and-price
method [103] problem approach.
Heuristic algorithm [50] Tour planning problem A heuristic method based on local search ideas.
Bilevel filter-and-fan method for solving the capacitated team orienteering
problem. Given a set of potential customers, each associated with a known profit
and a predefined demand, and the objective of the problem is to select the subset
Heuristic algorithm [104] Team orienteering problem
of customers as well as to determine the visiting sequence and assignment to
vehicle routes such that the total collected profit is maximized and route duration
and capacity restrictions are satisfied.
Memetic algorithm [105] Team orienteering problem The memetic algorithm is a hybrid genetic algorithm using new algorithms.
Branch-and- price Includes branching rules specifically devoted to orienteering problems and
Team orienteering problem
algorithm [106] adapts acceleration techniques in this context.
Tabu search algorithm A variable neighbourhood search algorithm turned out to be more efficient and
Team orienteering problem
[107] effective for this problem than two Tabu search algorithms.
The sequential, deterministic-concurrent and random-concurrent,and
Ant colony optimization
Team orienteering problem simultaneous methods are proposed to construct candidate solutions in the
[108]
framework of ACO.
Iterated local search An algorithm that solves the team orienteering problem with time windows
Team orienteering problem
heuristic [109] (TOPTW).
Two versions of the proposed SA heuristic are developed and compared with
Simulated annealing [110] Team orienteering problem
existing approaches.
10 Journal of Applied Mathematics
Table 1: Continued.
Algorithm Problem Contribution
A greedy randomised adaptive search Procedure for solving the Team
GRASP [111] Team orienteering problem
orienteering problem.
Guided local search (GLS) and variable neighbourhood search (VNS) are applied
Tourist trip design
GLS, VNS, ILS [112] to efficiently solve the TOP. Iterated local search (ILS) is implemented to solve
problems
the TOPTW.
The Tabu search heuristic is embedded in an adaptive memory procedure that
alternates between small and large neighbourhood stages during the solution
Tabu search [113] Team orienteering problem improvement phase. Both random and greedy procedures for neighbourhood
solution generation are employed and infeasible, as well as feasible, solutions are
explored in the process.
A solution construction method and a Tabu search improvement heuristic
Truck and trailer routing
Tabu search [114] coupled with the deviation concept found in deterministic annealing is
problem
developed.
The combination of a two-level solution representation with the use of dummy
Simulated annealing Truck and trailer routing
depots/roots, and the random neighbourhood structure which utilizes three
[115, 116] problem
different types of moves.
Truck and trailer routing
GRASP [117] A hybrid meta-heuristic based on GRASP, VNS and path relinking.
problem
A case study of a practical maritime inventory routing problem (MIRP) shows
Maritime inventory routing that the proposed neighbour and algorithmic framework are flexible and
Branch-and-cut [118]
problem effective enough to be a choice of model and solution method for practical
inventory routing problems.
The algorithms could solve the instances with 45 and 50 customers, 3 periods
Branch-and-cut [119] Inventory routing problem
and 3 vehicles.
The algorithm solves the IRP with several vehicles and with many products, each
Branch-and-cut [120] Inventory routing problem
with a specific demand, but sharing inventory and vehicle capacities.
Branch-and-cut [121] Inventory routing problem They implement a branch-and-cut algorithm to solve the model optimally.
A new branching strategy to accommodate the unique degeneracy characteristics
of the master problem, and a new procedure for handling symmetry. A novel
Branch-and-price [122] Inventory routing problem
column generation heuristic and a rounding heuristic were also implemented to
improve algorithmic efficiency.
Our model takes into account pickups, time windows, drivers safety regulations,
orders, and many other real-life constraints. This generalization of the
Local search [123] Inventory routing problem
vehicle-routing problem was often handled in two stages in the past: inventory
first, routing second.
Inventory-distribution The delivery schedule represented in the form of a 2-dimensional matrix and two
Genetic algorithm [124]
problem random neighbourhood search mechanisms are designed.
Bus Terminal Location
Genetic algorithm [125] A new crossover and mutation for the BTLP.
Problem
Branch-and-price method Maritime inventory routing The method is tested on instances inspired from real-world problems faced by a
[126] problem major energy company.
A variable neighbourhood search (VNS) heuristic for solving a multiproduct
Variable neighbourhood multiperiod IRP in fuel delivery with multi-compartment homogeneous
Inventory routing problem
search [127] vehicles, and deterministic consumption that varies with each petrol station and
each fuel type.
The branch-and-cut solver generates cutting planes based on the underlying
structure of the polytope defined by the convex hull of the feasible integer points
Airline crew scheduling
Branch-and-cut [128] and incorporates these cuts into a tree-search algorithm that uses automatic
problems
reformulation procedures, heuristics and linear programming technology to
assist in the solution.
Airline crew scheduling Computational results are reported for some real-world short-to medium-haul
Simulated annealing [129]
problems test problems with up to 4600 flights per month.
The first step uses the pilot-by-pilot heuristic algorithm to generate an initial
Airline crew scheduling feasible solution. The second step uses the Simulated Annealing technique for
Simulated annealing [130]
problems multi-objective optimization problems to improve the solution obtained in the
first step.
Journal of Applied Mathematics 11
Table 1: Continued.
Table 1: Continued.
Algorithm Problem Contribution
For a school bus routing problem, called the MV-TPP-RC, which combines a bus
stop selection and bus route generation with additional constraints on certain
School Bus Routing resources, we have developed a BCP algorithm as an implementation of a set
Hybrid algorithm [145]
Problem partitioning formulation proposed for that problem. This formulation has been
obtained from a Dantzig-Wolfe decomposition of a three-index variables model
that describes the MV-TPP-RC.
from outside the system to node ; and ,output is the energy all commodities), () is the number of blocks which may
from node to outside the system (electric demand). originate at terminal , and () is the volume which may
be classified at terminal , = 1, if commodity is flowing
3.7. Intermodal Transportation Problems. The Intermodal on block , 0 otherwise. = 1 if block is included in the
Transportation Problems using more than one transportation blocking network, 0 otherwise.
mode are as follows. The main variants of the Intermodal The objective of the railroad blocking problem (RBP) is to
Transportation Problems are intermodal multicommodity minimize the sum of the costs of delivering each commodity
routing problem with scheduled services [67], tour planning using the blocking network formed by blocks for which =
problem (TPP) [50], tourist trip design problems [68], 1 (53). In (54), for each terminal there are balance equations
railroad blocking problem (RBP) [69], and intertemporal for the flow of each commodity. For each potential block,
demand for international tourist air travel [70]. equations in (55) prevent flow on blocks which are not built
The railroad blocking problem (RBP) is a multicommod- and enforce the upper bound on flow for blocks which
ity-flow, network-design, and routing problem [71], and RBP are built. The constraints (56) enforce the terminal limit ()
is the railroad blocking problem which is one of the most for the sum of the blocks which leave the terminal. The
important decisions in freight railroads. The mathematical constraints (57), (58), and (59) model the volume of cars,
model of RBP [69] is formed by (53)(59): which may be classified at each terminal.
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