Architecture 324

Structures II

Wood Beam Analysis

and Design

Properties of Wood
ASD approach
NDS criteria
Examples using Wood

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 1/59

SIZE NOMINCLATURE
Full Sawn 2 x 4
Full Sawn Rough Sawn ~ 1 3/4 x 3 3/4

The size delivered is the full nominal Dressed S4S 1 1/2 x 3 1/2
size
Not generally available

Rough Sawn
Rough sawn condition with no surface
planing
Because no surfaces are planed, sizes
are approximately 1/8 larger than S4S

Dressed
The size after shrinkage from drying
and surface planing
Typically dressed on all 4 sides
S4S

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 2/59

 SIZE CATAGORIES

flatwise

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 3/59

Wood Properties that affect Strength

Species
Growth Characteristics
Moisture Content
Temperature
Application Factors (stability, repetitive)
Load Duration

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 4/59

 Moisture Content
MC = %water to oven dry wood
In a living tree, MC can be 200%
free water is contained in cell cavity
bound water is within the cell wall Living tree
Fiber Saturation Point (FSP) is the
MC at 0% free and 100% bound water
FSP is about 30% MC
Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC) is
reached in service

FSP
Shrinkage
Shrinkage begins once MC<FSP
Shrinkage is not the same in each
direction
Uncontrolled shrinkage results in splits
EMC

University of Michigan, TCAUP Wood Structures Slide 5/59

Yard Dry
Initial free water is removed
Air dried outdoors or under cover
Dry rate depends on humidity and circulation
Coating ends reduces splitting
Takes ~ some months

Kiln Dry
Enclosed in humidity controlled chamber
Introduction of controlled heat
Air circulation
Dried to < %18

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 6/59

Shrinkage
Is different in different directions
Longitudinal is the least
Across the grain is more
Circumferential is greatest

Cut
Plain Sawn most economical and
common
Quarter Sawn less warping
Rift Sawn least warping but more waste

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 7/59

GRADING

Visual Grading
Each member is assessed for visual
defects. (splits, knots, density, etc.)

Machine Evaluated Lumber (MEL)

Each member is assessed for density using
x-ray technology.

Machine Stress Rated (MSR)

Each member is stressed by running it
through rollers which measure the
deflection and stiffness. The E modulus in
bending can be calculated from the
deflection.

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 8/59

GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS
Annual Rings
Latewood is denser and stronger
than earlywood.
Sapwood is the actively living part of
the tree. It is younger and transports
water more readily than heartwood.
The strength of the two is about the
same.
Density can be gauged visually by
noting the % of latewood to earlywood

Knots
Knots result from tree branches
Knots weaken the member and effect
the grading

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 9/59

Checks, Shakes and Splits

All three are defects which weaken

the wood
Checks and splits are seasoning
defects
Shakes result from stress in the
growing tree

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 10/59

 Slope of Grain

The slope of the grain is taken in

relation to the long edge of the member

It is measured as a ratio
e.g. 1 in 8

Increase in slope lowers the strength

of the member

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 11/59

Engineered Wood Products

Glulam
Glue laminated lumber
Stress rated and graded
Parallel grain
Different finish grades
Standard widths and lams
Straight or curved
Size limit by transportation
Stock or custom dimensions

2005 NDS

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 12/59

Engineered Wood Products

Prefabricated Wood I-Joists

ASTM D 5055
Standard dimensions
Specifications per manufacturer

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 13/59

Engineered Wood Products

Structural Composite Lumber

Laminated Veneer Lumber (LVL)

Veneer

Parallel Strand Lumber (PSL)

Strand thickness

Specifications per manufacturer

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 14/59

Engineered Wood Products

Wood Structural Panels

Plywood cross laminated wood veneer panels

pressed and glued.

Oriented Strand Board (OSB) cross

laminated layers of wood strands or wafers,
compressed and glued

Composite Panel wood veneer and

reconstituted wood based material

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 15/59

Engineered Wood Products

Cross Laminated Timber (CLT)

Developed in early 1990 in Switzerland and

Austria Kreuzlagenholz (KLH).

Multiple cross laminated layers of solid wood

lumber, glued to make solid plates or panels

Suited for CNC finishing off site

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 16/59

NDS Analysis / Design
Dimensioned Lumber

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 17/59

Allowable Stress Design by NDS

Flexure

Allowable Flexure Stress Actual Flexure Stress

Fb fb
Fb from tables determined by species fb = Mc/I = M/S
and grade
S = I/c = bd2/6
Fb = Fb (usage factors)

usage factors for flexure:

CD Load Duration Factor
CM Moisture Factor
CL Beam Stability Factor
CF Size Factor
Cfu Flat Use
Cr Repetitive Member Factor

University of Michigan, TCAUP Wood Structures Slide 18/59

 Allowable Stress Design by NDS
Shear

Allowable Shear Stress Fv Actual Shear Stress fv

Fv from tables determined by species fv = VQ / I b = 1.5 V/A
and grade
Can use V at d from support as
Fv = Fv (usage factors) maximum

usage factors for shear:

CD Load Duration Factor
CM Moisture Factor

University of Michigan, TCAUP Wood Structures Slide 19/59

Allowable Stress Design by NDS

Compression

Allowable Compression Stress Actual Compression Stress

Fc fb
Fc from tables determined by species and fc = P/A
grade

Fc = Fc (CM CD Ct CF Ci CP)

University of Michigan, TCAUP Wood Structures Slide 20/59

Adjustment Factors

Sawn Lumber - 4

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 21/59

Adjustment Factors
Allowable Flexure Stress Fb
Fb from tables determined by species and grade

Fb = Fb (CD CM Ct CL CF Cfu Ci Cr )

Usage factors for flexure:

CD Load Duration Factor
Ct Temperature Factor

2012 NDS

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 22/59

Adjustment Factors

Allowable Flexure Stress Fb

Fb from NDS tables

Fb = Fb (CD CM Ct CL CF Cfu Ci Cr )

Usage factors for flexure:

CM Moisture Factor
CF Size Factor
Cfu Flat Use
Cr Repetitive Member Factor

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 23/59

Adjustment Factors
Allowable Flexure Stress Fb
Fb from tables determined by species and grade

Fb = Fb (CD CM Ct CL CF Cfu Ci Cr )

Usage factors for flexure:

Ci Insizing Factor

2012 NDS

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 24/59

 Adjustment Factors
Allowable Flexure Stress Fb
Fb from tables determined by species and grade

Fb = Fb (CD CM Ct CL CF Cfu Ci Cr )

Usage factors for flexure:

CL Beam Stability Factor

2012 NDS

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 25/59

CL

CL = 1.0
for depth/width ratio in
4.4.1 CL = 1.0

Otherwise

CL < 1.0
calculate factor using
section 3.3.3

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 26/59

 CL Beam Stability Factor
In the case bracing provisions of 4.4.1 cannot be met,
CL is calculated using equation 3.3-6

The maximum allowable slenderness, RB is 50

2012 NDS

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 27/59

Adjustment Factors for Shear

Allowable Flexure Stress Fv
Fv from tables determined by species and grade

Fv = Fv (usage factors)

Usage factors for flexure:

CD Load Duration Factor
2012 NDS
CM Moisture Factor
Ct Temperature Factor
Ci Insizing Factor

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 28/59

 Analysis Procedure
Given: loading, member size, material and span.
Reqd: Safe or Unsafe

1. Find Max Shear & Moment

Simple case equations
Complex case - diagrams

2. Determine actual stresses

fb = M/S
fv = 1.5 V/A

3. Determine allowable stresses

Fb and Fv (from NDS)
Fb = Fb (usage factors)
Fv = Fv (usage factors)

4. Check that actual allowable

fb Fb
fv Fv

5. Check deflection
6. Check bearing (Fb = Reaction/Abearing ) from NDS 2012
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 29/59

Analysis Procedure
Example

Given: loading, member size, material

and span.

Reqd: Safe or Unsafe?

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 30/59

Analysis Procedure

1. Find Max Shear & Moment

Simple cases equations
Complex cases - diagrams

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 31/59

Analysis Procedure

2. Determine actual stresses

fb = M/S
fv = 1.5 V/A

3. Determine allowable stresses

Fb = 875 psi
Fv = 135 psi

Determine factors:

CD = ?
CM = 1
Ct = 1
CL = 1
CF = ?
Cfu = 1
Ci = 1
Cr = 1

2012 NDS
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 32/59
Species and Grade
S-P-F No.2

Fb = 875 psi
Fv = 135 psi

2012 NDS

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 33/59

Analysis Procedure

CD Load duration factor

Use 1.6 (10 minutes)

CF Size factor

2x4
use 1.5

2012 NDS

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 34/59

Analysis Procedure

3. Determine allowable stresses

Fb = Fb (CD)(CF)
Fb = 875 (1.6)(1.5) = 2100 psi

Fv = Fv (CF)
Fv = 135 (1.6) = 216 psi

4. Check that actual allowable

fb < Fb
fv < Fv

5. Check deflection
6. Check bearing (Fcp = R/Ab )

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 35/59

Analysis Procedure
Given: loading, member size, material and span.
Reqd: Safe or Unsafe

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 36/59

 Analysis Procedure
Determine Loading
Find Tributary area, AT
Determine member selfweight

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 37/59

Analysis Procedure

Selfweight of member:

Density in PCF = 62.4 x G (dry)

To include M.C. use NDS formula.

w (PLF) = D (PCF) x Area (IN2)/144

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 38/59

Analysis Procedure

Determine Beam Forces

By diagrams
or
By superposition equations

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 39/59

Analysis Procedure

Determine actual stresses

fb = M/S
fv = 1.5 V/A

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 40/59

Analysis Procedure

Determine allowable stresses

Fb and Fv (from NDS)

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 41/59

Analysis Procedure
Determine allowable stresses

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 42/59

Analysis Procedure

3. Determine allowable stresses

Fb = Fb (usage factors)

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 43/59

Analysis Procedure
3. Determine allowable stresses
Fv = Fv (usage factors)

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 44/59

 Analysis Procedure

Check that actual allowable

fb Fb
fv Fv

Check deflection
Check bearing (Fb = Reaction/Abearing )

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 45/59

Analysis Procedure
Given: member size, material and span.
Reqd: Max. Safe Load (capacity)

1. Assume f = F
Maximum actual = allowable stress

2. Solve stress equations for force

M = Fb S
V = 0.66 Fv A

3. Use maximum forces to find loads

Back calculate a load from forces
Assume moment controls

4. Check Shear
Use load found is step 3 to check
shear stress.
If it fails (fv > Fv), then find load based
on shear.

5. Check deflection
6. Check bearing
from NDS 2012
University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 46/59
Analysis Procedure
Given: member size, material and span.
Reqd: Max. Safe Load (capacity)

1. Assume f = F
Maximum actual = allowable stress

2. Solve stress equation for moment

M = Fb S (i.e. moment capacity)

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 47/59

Analysis Procedure (cont.)

3. Use maximum forces to find loads

Back calculate a maximum load from
moment capacity

4. Check shear
Check shear for load capacity from
step 3.
Use P from moment to find Vmax
Check that fv < Fv

4. Check deflection (serviceability)

5. Check bearing (serviceability)

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 48/59

Design Procedure

Given: load, wood, span

Reqd: member size

1. Find Max Shear & Moment

Simple case equations
Complex case - diagrams

2. Determine allowable stresses

3. Solve S=M/Fb
4. Choose a section from Table 1B
Revise DL and Fb
5. Check shear stress
First for V max (easier)
If that fails try V at d distance
from support.
If the section still fails, choose a new
section with A=1.5V/Fv

6. Check deflection
7. Check bearing

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 49/59

Design Procedure

Given: load, wood, span

Reqd: member size

1. Find Max Shear & Moment

Simple case equations
Complex case - diagrams

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 50/59

Design Procedure
2. Determine allowable stresses
(given in this example)
Fb = 1000 psi
Fv = 100 psi

3. Solve S=M/Fb

4. Choose a section from S table

Revise DL and Fb

5. Check shear stress

First for V max (easier)
If that fails try V at d distance
(remove load d from support)
If the section still fails, choose a
new section with A=1.5V/Fv

6. Check deflection
7. Check bearing

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 51/59

Design Procedure

Given: load, wood, span

Reqd: member size

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 52/59

Design Procedure

Determine allowable stresses

Fb and Fv (from NDS)

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 53/59

Analysis Procedure
Determine allowable stresses

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 54/59

Analysis Procedure
Determine allowable stresses.

Since the size is not known you have to

skip CF (or make a guess).

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 55/59

Analysis Procedure
Determine Moment from Loading

First find the uniform beam load, w,

from the floor loading.

With the beam loading, calculate

the maximum moment.

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 56/59

Analysis Procedure

Estimate the Required Section Modulus.

Compare this required Sx to the actual Sx

of available sections in NDS Table 1B.
Remember CF will be multiplied which
may make some pass which at first fail.

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 57/59

Analysis Procedure
Choose a section and test it (by analysis
with all factors including CF)

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 58/59

Analysis Procedure
Check Deflection

In this case LL only against code limit of

L/360

University of Michigan, TCAUP Structures II Slide 59/59