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(n + 1) bit number
Sign magnitude representation
occurs if the carry into the sign bit is not equal to carry iut if the sign-bit.
i.e. Cn 1 O Cn = 0 [ For no overflow]
Xn - 1 Registor X0
Cn
F/A Adder
0
Cn - 1 Xn 1
1- overflow Yn - 1
Registor
Y0
Accumulation
0- no overflow
Arithmetic shifts
Representation = 0 1101
0 1101 0 0110
After right shift= =>
0
Floating Point Numbers
The range of numbers that can be represented by a fixed-
point number is insufficient for many applications.
In Scientific applications, very large and very small
numbers are encountered.
Scientific notation permits us to represent such numbers
using relatively few digits.
For e.g. 2.5 1010
Represent a fixed point integer 25000000000.
The floating-point codes used in computers are represented
in binary.
Floating Point Numbers
Format of representation :
Three numbers are associated with a floating point number:
1. A mantissa (M)
2. An exponent (E)
3. Base (B)
The mantissa M is also referred to as the significant or fraction.
These three components together represent the real number.
Exponent
M BE
Mantissa Base
Floating Point Numbers
For e.g.,
in 2.5 1010
Mantissa = 2.5
Exponent = 10
Base = 10
Instruction Codes
Every digital computer has a fixed set of instructions.
A program is a set of instructions.
The control reads each instruction from memory and place
it in a control register.
The control then interprets the instruction and executes it
by issuing a sequence of control functions.
A instruction code is a group of bits that the computer to
perform a specific operation.
An instruction code is divided into parts, each part has its
own interpretation.
Instruction Codes
(a) Implied
Operation-Code
(b)Immediate operand
Operation-Code Operand
(c)Direct address
Operation-Code Address of Operand
Instruction Codes
1. Instruction format in (a) is based on implied addresses.
It can be used to specify operations such as clear a
CPU register, complement a register, or transfer
the contents on register to another register.
2. It has an operation code followed by an immediate
operand. It can be used to initialize a CPU register or
operation such ads add the operand to the present
contents of a register.
3. It has an operation code followed by an address.
Operand must be fetched the memory location
specified by the address parts of the instruction.