0 if tex.enableprimitives thentex.

enableprimitives(pdf@,primitive,
ifprimitive, pdfdraftmode)tex.enableprimitives(, luaescapestring)end

fillcolor=white Method 2. Convert to sines and cosine:

sin3 sin (1 cos2 )

Z Z
3 3
tan sec = d = d
cos6 cos6
1 u2
Z
= du (u = cos )
u6
u5 u3 sec 5 sec 3
= +C = + C. N
5 3 5 3
Certain other integration problems yield to the use of the addition formulas:

sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y, (1a)

cos(x + y) = cos x cos y + sin x sin y, (1b)

and the product formulas:

1
[sin(x y) + sin(x + y)] ,
sin x cos y = (2a)
2
1
sin x sin y = [cos(x y) cos(x + y)] , (2b)
2
1
cos x cos y = [cos(x y) + cos(x + y)] , (2c)
2
R R
Example 4 Evaluate (a) sin x cos 2xdx and (b) cos 3x cos 5xdx.
R 1R cos 3x cos x
Solution (a) sin x cos 2xdx = (sin 3xsin x)dx = + +C.
2 6 2
(see product formula (2a))
R 1R sin 8x sin 2x
(b) cos 3x cos 5xdx =(cos 8x cos 2x)dx = + + C.
2 16 4
(see product formula (2b)). N
R
Example 5 Evaluate (a) sin ax sin bxdx, where a and b are constants.

Solution If we use identity (2b), we get

Z Z
1
sin ax sin bxdx = [cos(a b)x cos(a + b)x] dx
2
1 sin(a b)x 1 sin(a + b)x if a 6= b,


2 ab 2 a+b



1




x 1

= sin 2ax + C if a = b


2 4a





 Trigonometric Substitutions

1. If a2 x2 occurs, try x = a sin ; then dx = a cos d and a2 x2 =
a cos ; (a > 0 and is an acute angle).



a
 a sin = x


C
 C

a cos = a2 x 2

2. If a2 x2 occurs, try x = a sec ; then dx = a tan sec d and a2 x2 =
a tan .




x = a sec

 x2 a2 = a tan
 
 CC


a

If a2 x2 or a2 + x2 occurs, try x = a tan ; then
3. dx = a sec2 d and
a + x = a sec (one can also use x = a sinh ; then a2 + x2 = a cosh )
2 2





a2 + x2 = a sec

 a tan = x
 



a

9 x2
R R dx
Example 6 Evaluate: (a) 2
dx, (b) .
x 4x2 1
Solution (a) Let x = 3 sin , so 9 x2 = 3 cos . thus dx = 3 cos d
and

2
 Z
9 x2
Z
3 cos
dx = 3 cos d
x2 9 sin2
cos2 1 sin2
Z Z
= 2 d = d
Z sin sin2
csc2 1 d = cot + C


=

9 x2 1 x
 
= sin + C.
x 3
In the
last line, we used the first figure in the preceding box to get the identity
cot = a2 x2 /x with a = 3.