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From BPS data, it can be seen that more than 132 million, or about 55% of
Indonesia's population in 2008 lived in Java and Madura while the area of the region is
only 132.186 km2. Sumatra Island has an area of 473 481 km2, a population of 48.6
million inhabitants with population density of 100 people per km2. While the other islands
have a population density that is smaller than the island of Java, Madura, Sumatra and
Sulawesi, Papua, for example, has a population density of about 5 people per km2. This
distribution must be very uneven. Rapid population explosion give damaging impact on
people's lives, especially in the areas of socio-economic communities. As for the impact of
the population explosion is:
The limited sources of basic needs as a result, the sources of basic needs is no longer
proportional to the increase of population.
There is insufficient social and health and various other life support facilities.
There is insufficient jobs for the existing workforce, as a result there was an increase
in unemployment and decrease the quality of the social (many homeless, beggars,
crime increases and others).
It can be concluded that the imbalance of population density has resulted in unequal
development of both physical and non-physical which then resulted in a desire to move
higher. The outflow of people usually move from retarded development area to a more
advanced, so that already congested area become more dense.
The world population data show the birth rate is always higher than the death rate,
especially in developing country, the growth of population is higher than developed
country. According Widjojo Nitisastro (1976: 126), as in Booth and McCawley, 1999:
343) that the population growth in Indonesia before 1940 is approximately, 1% per year,
then in 1940 to 1950 is 1.5% and in the decade from 1950 to 1960 this growth unchanged
1% per year. In 1960 and 1970 the population growth rate is 2.1%. This growth rate
increase is cause by decline in mortality rate and nutrition improvement after the war.
Since 1970s, Indonesia fertility rate continues to decline because of the family planning
program. The family planning program plays an important role in fertility decline. In
addition, the decline was also due to changes in marriage patterns such as increased age
at first marriage, increasing the number of women who are not married and declining
divorce. Projections also show that the average population growth of Indonesia in 2000-
2005 and 2000-2025 periods will decreased and reach 1.34% to 0.92%.
By knowing the structure of the population and age groups, the nation development
can be directed according to the needs of people as an agents of development. Knowing
this structure, the government can estimate how many ages potentially become a burden
and capital in that development. To determine the age structure like this, we use Youth
Dependency Ratio which is the ratio between young people aged under 15 years who do
not have income adults who are economically productive.
In Indonesia, the youth dependency ratio is worse than developed countries but better
than other developing country. This is mean, Indonesia have heavier dependents productive
population. This phenomenon will further cause a problem and we call it as old population
and young population and the hidden population growth.
When the birth rate decreased dramatically, but the birth rate continues to increase
unabated. It is caused by two things:
1. The birth rate may not be revealed in one night because of the forces of social,
economic and institutional influences fertility rate and thus require a long time to fix
it.
2. Momentum hidden population growth is synonymous with the age structure of the
population.
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