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UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof.

Steven Errede

LECTURE NOTES 9
AC Electromagnetic Fields Associated with a Parallel-Plate Capacitor

Lets investigate the nature of AC electromagnetic fields associated with a parallel-plate


capacitor, e.g. with circular plates of radius a separated by a small distance d a as shown in
the figure below we will neglect edge effects here:

3-D View:

V V z d V z 0 Vo

At DC (f = 0 Hz), we know the static solution to this problem, namely that the {free} charge
Qfree on the capacitor is related to the potential difference V across the capacitors plates by:
Q free C V where the capacitance of the capacitor is: C o A d (Farads) for d a ;
the area of one plate of the parallel plate capacitor is A a 2 .
Since there is no free electric charge between the plates of the parallel plate capacitor,

then for d a , the solution to Laplaces Equation 2V r 0 {derived from Gauss Law

E r free r o 0 , with E r V r } yields:

z d
V V z d V z 0 E r d
z 0


But: E r Eo z between the plates of the parallel plate capacitor for d a

V V z d V z 0 Vo 0 Vo Eo d Side View:

E r Vo d z free o n1

where: free Q free A

Q free C V o AVo V
free z d o o o Eo
A A Ad d

Q free C V AV V
And: free z 0 o o o o o Eo
A A Ad d

Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 1


2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede

We ask:
What happens when we slowly raise the frequency from f = 0 Hz (static E-field) to f > 0?
e.g. Apply a sinusoidally time-varying potential difference across the plates of the capacitor of
the form: V t Vo eit Vo cos t i sin t single frequency, f 2 e.g. using a
sine-wave function generator , as shown in the figure below:

Function
Generator


V t Vo eit
For d a :
E r , t
z z Eo eit z with: Eo Vo d
d d

The potential difference V t and electric field E t vs. time t: E t E t Eo eit

Maxwells Equations must be obeyed in the gap-region between the parallel plates of

capacitor, where: free r , t bound r , t 0 and: J free r , t J bound r , t 0 :

1) Coulombs Law: E r , t 0

2) No magnetic charges / monopoles : B r , t 0

3) Faradays Law: E r , t B r , t t Maxwells Displacement Current:

4) Amperes Law: B r , t o o E r , t t o J D r , t where: J D r , t o E r , t t

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede

Amperes Law (with Maxwells Displacement Current) in integral form tells us that:

B r , t da

J r , t da n.b. not a closed surface!
S S o D


B r , t d J D r , t da o o E r , t t da Using Stokes
C o S S Theorem

E r, t t da
1
C B r , t d 2 where: c 2 1 o o
c t S

Let us consider a contour path of integration C1 enclosing the surface S1 as shown in the figure below:


da dan daz

da d d
(in cylindrical
coordinates)

E r, t t da
1
E r , t Eo eit z and: B r , t d c
C1 2
t S1


Note that: B r , t B , t due to the circular/azimuthal symmetry associated with this problem.

d d d , and da dan daz by the right-hand rule, da d d z , da d d

in cylindrical coordinates, thus B d , and E da , and:
1 1 2 E t E t
B , t 2 2 E t 2 B , t 2 2
c t c 2 t 2c t
E t
But: E t Eo eit i Eo eit i E t
t
i i
B , t 2 E t 2 Eo eit Bo eit
2c 2c

Bo

i
B , t Bo eit 2 Eo eit i 2 Eo eit
2c 2c

n.b. B , t also oscillates sinusoidally like E t but is 90o out-of-phase with E t .

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede


Note also that B , t is linearly proportional to (the radial distance from the axis of

capacitor) and that B 0 0 at the center of the capacitor:


NOTE: B a 0

because E a 0
for d a in our model
of this capacitor.

Thus, we see that for > 0, (i.e. there exists) an azimuthal, -dependent and time-varying
i Eo it
magnetic field B , t 2
e in the gap region of the parallel-plate capacitor,
2c
for d a . Note also that the azimuthal magnetic field is also linearly proportional to 2 f ,
thus as the frequency increases, this magnetic field also increases in strength.

Note that for = 0, B 0 as we obtained for the static limit case!

Furthermore, because the capacitor now has a non-zero magnetic field associated with it, for
> 0, the complex, frequency-dependent impedance Z R i (Ohms)
{where R = AC resistance and = AC reactance} of the parallel-plate capacitor is no
longer just: Z i i 1 C (Ohms) where 1 C = the AC capacitive
C C C

reactance of the capacitor (Ohms), with (complex) AC Ohms Law: V I Z

Because of the existence of the magnetic field in gap-region of -plate


capacitor, EM energy can also be/is stored in the magnetic field of -plate
capacitor due to the inductance, LC (Henrys) associated with the parallel-
plate capacitor and hence it has an inductive reactance of L L
and hence has an inductive complex impedance associated with it, of
Z L i L i LC (Ohms). Since the inductance associated with
this capacitor is in series with its capacitance, we add the two impedances:

1
ZCTOT ZC Z L i C i L i i LC
C
1
ZCTOT i LC
C

The {complex} form Ohms Law {here} is thus: V I ZCTOT

4 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois


2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede

Note that at low frequencies 0 for the parallel-plate capacitor with d a , the capacitive
reactance 1 C L and thus Z TOT 0 Z 0 . However, at very
C L C C C

high frequencies ( ), C L Z TOT


c Z L , i.e. in the very
high frequency limit, this capacitor instead behaves like a pure inductor!!!
Note also that the electric, magnetic and total EM energy densities in the gap-region of the
parallel plate capacitor, respectively are:

1 2 1 2
u E r , t o E r , t , uM r , t B r , t and uTOT
EM
r , t uE r , t uM r , t
2 2o
i
Now because the capacitor has a non-zero time-varying magnetic field: B , t 2 Eo eit
2c

Faradays Law E r , t B r , t t tells us that there will be an additional {induced}

electric field, because B r , t is also varying in time!!!

t


Faradays Law in integral form is: E r , t da S
B r , t da m
S t t

t B r, t da is the magnetic flux (Webers = Tesla-m2) enclosed by the surface S
where m S
t


at time t. Applying Stokes Theorem, we have: C E r , t d B r , t da m

t S t
where the contour C around a closed path of integration encloses the surface S through which

t B r, t da passes.
magnetic flux m S


Now B B (i.e. points in the {azimuthal} direction) and thus here we need B da hence

da2 da also, and thus we take the closed contour C2 line-integral path around the surface S2
as shown in the side-view figure below:
Side-View:

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede

The induced electric field, as created by the time-varying magnetic field is:


t

C2 E ind r , t d S2 B r , t da2 m

t t

t B r, t da = magnetic flux enclosed by contour C2 passing through surface S2
where m S2
2


Then: Eind r , t d Eind r , t d 1 Eind r , t d 2 Eind r , t d 3 Eind r , t d 4
C2 (1) (2) (3) (4)


d 1 d z

d 2 d ( y here in y z plane)

d 3 d z d z

d 4 d d


Now Eind r , t B r , t t tells us that if B B direction, then in cylindrical coordinates:

0 0 0 0


1 Ez E
E
Ez 1 0
E E z r , t
Eind r , t

E
z

z z




0 0


Thus, we see that E r , t E r , t only, for all points , , z in the gap region of
-plate capacitor and for all times t. However, we see that due to the azimuthal / rotational

symmetry associated with the cylindrical -plate capacitor, neither Eind r , t nor B r , t can
have any explicit -dependence, thus E 0 and E 0 , which in turn respectively
z

imply that E z 0 and E 0 . Note further that Faradays Law tells us that we

must also have Eind r , t B r , t .

For d a , the electric field in the gap region of the -plate capacitor cannot explicitly

depend on z either. Thus, E z 0 the only surviving term in Eind r , t is:

E z r , t
Eind r , t .


Eind r , t Eind r , t z i.e. the induced E -field points in the z direction (must be B B )
which is satisfied because z .

6 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois


2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede


Thus, if the induced electric field Eind r , t Eind r , t z {only}, then we see that:

Eind r , t d Eind r , t d 1 Eind r , t d 2 Eind r , t d 3 Eind r , t d 4
C2 (1) (2) (3) (4)

E ind z dzz E ind z d E ind z dzz E ind z d


(1) (2) (3) (4)

0 0
z z

E ind z dzz E ind z dzz


(1) (3)
z=d z=d
Eind 0 dz E ind dz
z=0 z=0


But Eind r , t has no explicit z-dependence, thus:
z d z d
Eind r , t d E ind 0, t dzE nd , t dz E ind 0, t d E ind , t d
C2 z o z 0


Or: Eind r , t d E ind 0, t E ind , t d where: Eind , t E ind , t z
C2


But: C2 ind
E r , t d B r , t da2 where S 2 surface enclosed by contour C2
t S2

and da2 dan2 da (i.e. S2 lies in the y-z plane) dax {here} and da dydz d dz

i
Now: B , t Bo eit 2 Eo eit and x ( S2 lies in the y-z plane)
2c
z d i
S2 , t da2 0 z 0 2c 2 E0e d dz but: 1
it
B

i z d i d 1
2 Eo eit d dz 2 E0 eit d and: d 2
2

2c 0 z 0
2c 0

i 2 d
S2 2 4c 2 E0e
i t
B , t da

i 2 d i 2 d

t S2
it i t
Then: B r , t da2 E0 e i E0 e
t 4c
2
4c
2

And: i i i i 2 1 2 2 {since i 1 and i 1 }

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede

2 2d
B r , t da2 E0 eit .
t 2 S 4c 2


Then: Eind r , t d B r , t da2 yields:
C2 t 2 S

2 2 d
d Eind 0, t Eind , t E0 eit z
4c 2
Note that the ds cancel on both sides of the above equation. Note also that because of the

explicit 2 dependence on the RHS of above equation, we see that Eind 0, t 0 .

2
2 2
Hence: Eind , t it
Eo e z it
Eo e z
4c 2 2c

Thus the total E -field in the capacitor gap is:


2
2
EToT , t E t Eind , t Eo e z
it it
Eo e z 1
it
Eo e z
2c 2c
Thus, we see here that the induced electric field caused by the time-varying magnetic field

points in the direction opposite to the initial/original E -field, reducing the overall E -field for
0 , as we would expect from Lenzs Law.

However, note that we now also have an additional contribution to the B -field inside the gap-region

of the parallel plate capacitor, due to the presence of the induced E -field contribution, Eind , t .

Before we proceed further on this discussion, it would be best for us change our notation:

Call our original time-dependent E -field, E r , t Eo eit E1 r , t .

This E -field in turn creates a time-dependent B -field by Amperes Law:

E1 r , t 1 E1 r , t
B1 r , t o o 2 .
t c t

However, because B1 r , t also varies in time, it turn creates another induced time-dependent
electric field by Faradays Law:

B1 r , t
E2 r , t .
t

But E2 r , t is also time-varying, and so it in turn produces another time-varying contribution to

the magnetic field B2 r , t .

8 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois


2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede


But because B2 r , t is also time-varying, it in turn will induce another contribution to the

electric field E3 r , t and so on i.e.:

A. L. F .L. A. L. F . L. A. L. F . L. A. L. F . L.
E1 r , t B1 r , t E2 r , t B2 r , t E3 r , t B3 r , t E4 r , t B4 r , t . . . .



Then: ETOT r , t E1 r , t E2 r , t E3 r , t E4 r , t E5 r , t ... En r , t
n 1


And: BTOT r , t B1 r , t B2 r , t B3 r , t B4 r , t B5 r , t ... Bn r , t
n 1

So thus we see that:


1
C1 B1 r , t d c 2 t S1 E1 r , t da1


C2 2
E r , t d B 1 r , t da2
t 2
S


1
C1 B 2 r , t d E 2 r , t da1
c t 1
2 S



C2 E3 r , t d t S2 B2 r , t da2

1
C1 B3 r , t d c2 t S1 E3 r , t da1


C2 4
E r , t d B 3 r , t da2
t 2
S

. etc.
Algorithmically, this infinite sequence can be written as:

n 1,E1 r , t


1
C1 B n r , t d 2 En r , t da1 Bn r , t
c t S1

Infinite Loop



En 1 r , t d Bn r , t da2 En 1 r , t
C2 t S2

n n 1


Where contour C1 enclosing surface S1 and area element da1 are associated with the figure drawn

on page 3 of these lecture notes, and where contour C2 enclosing surface S2 and area element da2
are associated with the figure drawn on page 5 of these lecture notes.

Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 9


2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede

It can thus be shown for the parallel-plate capacitor with d a that:

1
2
1
4
1
6
V
ETOT , t 1 2 2 2 ... Eo eit z with: Eo o
1! 2c 2! 2c 3! 2c d
1
2
1
4
1
6
i
BTOT , t 1 2 2 2 ... Bo eit with: Bo 2 Eo
1! 2c 2! 2c 3! 2c 2c

and where: n ! n n 1 n 2 ...21 , 0! 1 , 1! 1 , 2! 2 , 3!= 6, 4! = 24, etc.

2
i i i i
We also see that: Bn 2
En and: En 1 Bn 2 En En
2c 2 2 2c 2c
2
i i i
and: Bn 1 2 En 1 2 Bn Bn
2c 2c 2 2c
Due to the cylindrical geometry / azimuthal symmetry associated with this problem, it should
not come as a surprise that:

Defining: x k where k = wavenumber
c c
2 c
k f
f 2

Then the quantity in square brackets on the previous page becomes:


2 4 6 2 4 6
1 1 1 1 x 1 x 1 x
1 2 2 2 ... 1 2 2 2 ...
1! 2c 2! 2c 3! 2c 1! 2 2! 2 3! 2
The so-called ordinary Bessel function of the first kind, of order zero has a series expansion of
the form:
2 4 6
1 x 1 x 1 x
J0 x 1 2 2 2 ...
1! 2 2! 2 3! 2
1 1 x 1 x
k 2k k 2k k 2k

x
J0 x 2
k 0 k ! k 1 2 k 0 k ! k ! 2 k 0 k ! 2

k ! k k 1 k 2 ...321 where: k 1 k ! (for k = integer)

In general, the series expansion of the ordinary Bessel functions of the first kind, of order n are:

1
k n2k

x
Jn x
k 0 k ! n k 1 2

10 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois


2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede

Thus, for the cylindrical -plate capacitor with d a the electric and magnetic fields in the gap
region are of the form:
V

E , t J 0 c Eo eit z J 0 k Eo eit z with k
c
and Eo o
d

B is 90o out-of-phase with E {here}:
i
B , t J0 B e

c o
it
J 0 k Bo eit with Bo
2c 2
Eo i 2 Eo
2c

Note that for 0 that: E 0, t Eo eit but: B 0, t 0 .


The {Radial} Zeroes of J0(x): x k
c

n.b. the zeroes of Jn(x) are not integer related!!



Since E , t J 0 k Eo eit z and B , t J 0 k Bo eit we see that the zeroes xn

of J 0 x are physically where the electric and magnetic fields vanish (!!!), i.e. E , t 0 and

B , t 0 when n xn k cxn with x1 2.4048 , x2 5.5201 , x3 8.6537 , etc.!!!

So lets now examine the frequency-dependence of the E and B fields of the -plate capacitor:
Vo
E , t J0 E e

c o
it
z J 0 k Eo eit z with: k
c
and: Eo
d
i ik
B , t J0 B e

c o
it
J 0 k Bo eit with: Bo
2c 2
Eo
2c
Eo


a.) When: = 0, f = 0 then: k 0 (static case). Then: x k 0 and J 0 0 1
c
V V
E , t Eo z o z with: Eo o and: B , t 0 n.b. Same result as original
d d static calculation

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede

b.) When: 0 , e.g. f = 60 Hz = 2f = 120 rad/sec


2 120 rad / sec
Then: k 1.257 106 rad /meter
c 3 10 m / sec
8

Suppose the radius of the capacitor is a = 1 cm = 102 m (reasonable/typical diameter)

Then: ka 1.257 108 x (dimensionless)

And: J 0 ka J 0 1.257 108 1.0 (n.b. see/refer to above graph of J0(x) vs. x)

Thus, we see that at f = 60 Hz, the E -field is that of the DC E -field, and e.g. if Vo = 10 V and
V 10 V
d = 0.1 mm a = 1 cm, i.e. d = 104 m a = 102 m, then: Eo o 4 105 Volts /m
d 10 m
a ka 1.257 10 8
and: Bo a 2 E0 E0 105 2.11012 Tesla {i.e. is very small}.
2c 2c 2 3 108

Another way to see this: c Bo a 6.3 104 Volts /m Eo 105 Volts /m

c.) Now suppose: f = 1 MHz = 106 Hz and 2 f 2 106 rads / sec


2 2 106
Then: k 2.1102 0.021 radians /m and if a = 1 cm = 0.01 m
c 3 108

Then: (ka) = 0.021 x 0.01 = 2.1 x 104 and J0(ka) = J0 (2.1 x 104) 1 (still).
Vo ka
Eo (constant), and: Bo a Eo 3.5 108 Tesla 35 nT (still very small)
d 2c
for Eo 10 Volts/meter and {still} c Bo a 10.5 Volts /m Eo 105 V /m
5

for Vo = 10 Volts, d = 0.1 mm and a = 1 cm = 102 m.

d.) Now suppose: f = 100 GHz = 1011 Hz and = 2f = 6.3 x 1011 rads/sec
2 6.3 1011
Then: k 2.1103 radians/m
c 3 10 8

Then: (ka) = 2.1 x 103 x 102 = 21 J0 (k) has 5 zeroes in it !!!



EEK!! the E -field points in the reverse direction depending on 0 a value !!!
(see above graph of J 0 x vs. x on page 11 of these lecture notes)

Suppose instead that we pick: ka = 2.4048 = x1 = 1st zero of J0(x) = J0(k) (a = 102 m = 1 cm)

Then: k = 240.48 radians/m = f = 1.15 x 1010 Hz = 11.5 GHz (in the microwave region)
c
2 ik
Then: E , t J 0 k Eo eit z and 2.61 cm , B , t J 0 k Bo eit , Bo Eo
k 2c

12 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois


2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede


E
Eo
Electric field
= 0 at a f = 11.5 GHz
when a = 0.01 m
ka 2.4048

0
a

c B

cBo 12 kaEo

Magnetic field
= 0 at a f = 11.5 GHz
when a = 0.01 m
ka 2.4048
B 0 0
0

a

The Inductance of a Parallel-Plate Capacitor


1 2 1 2
Equate: Wm LI B d V IZ
, I V Z V Vo eit
2 o
ToT ToT
2 v

o A 1
Capacitance: C for d a ZToT ZC Z L i L
d C

Vo eit Vo e it Vo2
I , I *
2
then: I II
1 1 1
2
i L i L L
C C C

1 1 Vo2 1 2 k
2 2

B d J 02 k 2 Eo2 d ddz
2
Thus: Wm LI L
2 2 o 1
2
2 o v 4c
L
C

1 d Vo d 2 d k 2 2 a 2
2 2 2

= L Eo J 0 kp 3 d
2 1
2
2 o 4 c 2 0

2
C L
Eo2 d o o k 2 Eo2 a 1
= L J 02 k 3 d with o o , ck , k c
1
2
2 o o c2
L
C

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2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede

L o 2 a
2
2 J 02 kp 3 d A
1 2c d o

L
C
2 2 2
1 1 L 1 L
L A L A 2A A 2 L2 A 2A A L
2 2

C C C C C
2
2A 1
or: A L 2
1 L A
2
0
C C
a
b c

b b 2 4ac
Quadratic equation of the form: aL2 bL c 0 , solve for L: L .
2a


2
4A
2 2 2 2
1 2A 1 2A 1 2A 1 2A 2A
C C 2 C2 C C C
L
2A 2 2A 2

1 2A C
2 2
1 2A 1 4A 4A 2 4A 2 1 4A
C C C C C
L
2A 2
2A 2

Physically, we want L 0 when 0 must choose (negative) sign in above formula!

1 2A C 1 4A C 1 1 4A
L Now: 1 1 2 ... for 1 , thus:
2A 2
2 8 C
1 4A
2
o 2 a
J 02 k 3 d
8 C A 2c 2 d d o d
L
0 a a
J 02 k 3 d J 02 k 3 d
2A 2 2C 2 A2 2
2c 2 o A2 0 2A 2 0
2 o

d2
Where the capacitance and inductance of the parallel-plate capacitor, for d a are:

o A o d 4A 2 2
J 02 k 3 d for
a a
C and L 2 2 J 02 kp 3 d 1 .
d 2A 0
C Ac o

Note that for ka = 2.4048 1st


5.5201 2nd
8.6537 3rd
11.7915 4th
14.9309 5th zeroes of J0(ka)
18.0711 6th
.
.
.

14 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois


2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede

2
The electric field E a 0 for these values of ka, corresponding to wavelengths
k
c ck
and frequencies f
2 2
Compare with radius 1 = 2.61 cm f1 = 1.15 x 1010 Hz = 11.5 GHz
a = 1.0 cm and 2 = 1.14 cm f2 = 2.64 x 1010 Hz = 26.4 GHz
diameter D = 2a = 2.0 cm 3 = 0.73 cm f3 = 4.13 x 1010 Hz = 41.3 GHz
of -plate cylindrical 4 = 0.53 cm f4 = 5.63 x 1010 Hz = 56.3 GHz
capacitor, as well as 5 = 0.42 cm f5 = 7.13 x 1010 Hz = 71.3 GHz
the gap dimension of 6 = 0.35 cm f6 = 8.63 x 1010 Hz = 86.3 GHz
d = 0.1 mm = 0.01 cm . . .
. . .

Note that because the electric field E a 0 for these specific frequencies
(corresponding to the zeroes of J0(x)=J0(ka)), this means that physically, we could actually short
out the capacitor at = a and it wouldnt make any difference to the behavior / physics of this
capacitor at these specific frequencies f1, f2, f3, . .!!!
For ka = zero of J0(ka) {i.e. J0(ka) = 0), we can short out the capacitor by wrapping it e.g. with
sheet metal at = a , thus turning it into a cylindrical, fully-enclosed can with d a !
No change in physics for frequencies f1, f2, f3, . .

because E a 0 for these frequencies!
Thus, at these frequencies f1, f2, f3, . . fn corresponding
to the zeroes of the Bessel Function J0(ka) (i.e. J0(ka) = 0),
a cylindrical conducting metal can of radius a and height
d a is actually a resonant cavity with electric field:

E , t J 0 kn Eo eint z and magnetic field:

B , t J 0 kn B0 eit
subject to the boundary conditions that:
E a, t E z a, t 0 and also that:
B a, t B a, t 0

n
for: kn , n 2 f n , n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
c
ik V
with: Bo Eo and: Eo o
2c d

Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois 15


2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.
UIUC Physics 436 EM Fields & Sources II Fall Semester, 2015 Lect. Notes 9 Prof. Steven Errede

We will see shortly in the next set of P436 Lecture Notes (# 10) that the resonant frequencies
of a resonant cavity and the allowed modes of EM wave propagation in wave guides can be
derived directly from the wave equation for EM waves in these structures, as determined by the
boundary conditions imposed on the EM waves by the conducting walls of these devices and also
the allowed polarization states of these EM waves.

Here in these lecture notes, we obtained harmonic EM wave solutions for E and B in the gap
region of a parallel plate capacitor (and cylindrical can capacitor, subject to boundary condition
E = 0 at = a) via a perturbative technique, analogous to what we did last semester in P435 for

the E -field associated with a dielectric sphere immersed in an initially uniform external E -field

and the B -field associated with a magnetizable sphere immersed in an initially uniform external

B -field. (See/work Griffiths Problems 4.23 and 6.18).
Homework Exercises:

1.) Calculate the electric, magnetic and total energy densities u E , , z , t , um , , z , t and
uTot , , z , t and their time averages; make e.g. plots of these vs. . Investigate/plot their
behavior for low frequencies 0 and at higher frequencies, when n ckn c xn a
where xn kn a = zeroes of J 0 xn 0 .

1
2.) Calculate Poyntings vector S , , z , t E , , z, t B , , z, t and its time average;
o

make plots of S vs. , investigate/plot its behavior for low frequencies 0 and
when n ckn c xn a .


3.) Calculate the linear EM momentum density, EM , , z , t o o S , , z , t and angular

momentum density, EM , , z , t r EM , , z , t , and their time averages; make plots

of EM and EM vs. ; investigate/plot their behavior for low frequencies

0 and when n ckn c xn a .

16 Professor Steven Errede, Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois


2005-2015. All Rights Reserved.

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