Int J Mech Mater Des
DOI 10.1007/s10999-013-9236-8
3D FE modeling of oblique shot peening using a new
periodic cell
Fan Yang Zhuo Chen S. A. Meguid
Received: 11 August 2013 / Accepted: 11 November 2013
Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht 2013
Abstract Oblique incidence is often observed in the
peening process due to the geometric complexity of
some of the treated targets. Obliquity of the jet stream
also exists as a result of the way the shots are
propelled. It is therefore the purpose of this study to
conduct a realistic 3D finite element (FE) analysis of
the peening process involving a large number of shots
impinging simultaneously at a rate sensitive target
made from Ti-6Al-4V. A novel periodic cell model is
developed and used to examine the effect of oblique
incidence upon the induced plastic strains and residual
stresses. Some aspects of the simulation are first
validated against published work in literature. The
periodicity of the model is also examined and verified.
A parametric study is further conducted to investigate
the effect of various parameters involved in peening
process using the newly proposed model. Several
conclusions are drawn concerning the effect of
incident angle, shot diameter and friction coefficient
upon the generated residual stress and plastic strain
fields.
Keywords Shot peening
Oblique incidence

Finite element
Periodic cell model

Residual stress
F. Yang
Z. Chen
S. A. Meguid (&)
Mechanics and Aerospace Design Laboratory,
University of Toronto, 5 Kings College Road,
Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
e-mail: meguid@mie.utoronto.ca
1 Introduction
Shot-peening is a cold-working process accomplished
by bombarding the surface of the component with
small spherical shots at a relatively high impinging
velocity. It is widely used to improve the fatigue life of
metallic components in aerospace and automobile
industries (Meguid 1986; Schulze 2006). The impinge-
ment causes an indentation surrounded by a plastic
region. After peening, a field of compressive residual
stress is left in the near surface layer due to inhomo-
geneous elasto-plastic deformation. This compressive
residual stress is highly beneficial in retarding crack
growth under cyclic loading conditions. Therefore,
shot peening is a very useful treatment for improving
the fatigue resistance of critical load bearing compo-
nents such as gears, springs, compressor disc assem-
blies, bogie beam in landing gears, cylinder head,
connecting rods and crank shafts in automobiles.
The shot peening process is governed by a significant
number of parameters (Wu et al. 2012). These include
size, density, shape and mechanical properties of the
impinging shots, the geometry and mechanical proper-
ties of the treated targets, shot mass flow rate, impact
velocity, incident angle, stand-off distance from the
nozzle and exposure time. In order to control the
effectiveness of peening treatment, it is necessary to
establish quantitatively the relationship between these
parameters and the resulting residual stress pattern.
A number of experimental studies have been
devoted to investigate the residual stresses resulting
123

from the peening process. Some authors focused on
single shot impacts (Kobayashi et al. 1998; Al-Hassani
(1981). Kobayashi et al. (1998) found that the
indentation shape and residual stress distribution
caused by static compression are different from those
caused by dynamic impact. A few methods, such as the
hole-drilling (Kudryavtsev 2008) and X-ray diffrac-
tion (Noyan and Cohen 1985; Prevey 1991; Foss et al.
2013), have been developed to measure the residual
stresses caused by shot-peening. On the other hand,
Almen and Black (1963) introduced an indirect
method to measure the arc-height resulting from
peening a standard spring steel strip in order to
quantify the peening intensity. This indirect method is,
however, limited to the consistency of the treatment.
The Almen strip height does not relate to the residual
stress distribution (Guagliano 2001) in a treated
component made from another material.
Computational simulation is showing an increasing
power in investigating the shot-peening process.
Schiffner and Helling (1999) investigated the effects
of shot velocity, shot diameter and material parame-
ters on the residual stress distribution and indentation
depth using an axisymmetric model. (Meguid et al.
1999a, b) investigated the effects of shot velocity, size,
shape and inter-space upon the development of plastic
zone and residual stress. Hong et al. (2008a, b)
compared the normalized residual stress profiles for
different size, velocity, incident angle of the shots and
the initial yielding and strain-hardening properties of
targets. Kim et al. (2013) modeled the shots using
different material models and explored the effects of
material damping, element size, interfacial friction
and incident angles upon the resulting residual stress
field. For the integration algorithm, some contribu-
tions were made using quasi-static analysis (Meguid
and Klair 1985a, b; Li et al. 1991). More efforts were
made using explicit solvers to analyze the dynamic
impact process (Meguid et al. 1999a; Johnson 1972;
Klemenz et al. 2009; Sheng et al. 2012). For the
material properties of target, some authors used rate
insensitive models (Meguid et al. 1999a; Edberg et al.
1995; Frija et al. 2006). Others considered strain rate
sensitivity in their constitutive models (Meguid et al.
2002; Mylonas and Labeas 2011; Kim et al. 2013).
The results by Meguid et al. (2002) showed that the
strain rate sensitivity of the target material cannot be
neglected for modeling short duration impingements
in shot peening.
123
F. Yang et al.
An important issue in shot peening is that the real
target component often has a complex geometry
(Rahimzadeh 2009). Therefore oblique impingements
are often involved in the shot peening process and thus
need careful investigation. Single or a few shot
impacts with oblique incident angles were investi-
gated in some works. This includes the contributions
made by Hong et al. (2008a, b), Kim et al. (2013) and
Schwarzer et al. (2006). However, in real shot peening
practice, each incidence event includes a large number
of shots impinging on the target simultaneously. The
adjacent shots would influence the residual stress
distribution and make it different from that of a single
or a few shots (Meguid and Klair 1985a). For this
purpose, Meguid et al. (2002, 2007), Majzoobi et al.
(2005) developed symmetry models of square base to
describe the simultaneous impacts of multiple shots
using mirror symmetry boundary conditions. Schiffner
and Helling (1999), on the other hand, used a
symmetry cell of isosceles triangle base to investigate
the effect of adjacent shots. All these results showed
that the effect of adjacent shots cannot be ignored.
However, the symmetry cell models are only useful for
simulating normal incidence impact; they are not
applicable for the case of oblique impingements. So
far, the study of simultaneous oblique impingements
has not been covered in literature. It is for this reason
that we conduct the current investigations.
In this paper, a novel periodic cell model is developed
for simulating multiple shots impinging obliquely and
simultaneously at an elasto-plastic target made of strain-
rate sensitive material. The paper is organized as
follows. Following this brief introduction, we present
the details of the proposed periodic cell model in Sect. 2.
Section 3 provides the results of a parametric study that
addresses the effects of the pertinent parameters upon
the performance of the shot peening treatment. The
plastic zone development, the residual stress distribu-
tion, and the surface morphology were analyzed and
compared. In Sect. 4, we conclude the paper.
2 Novel periodic cell model
2.1 Finite element modeling
The three-dimensional FE model was developed using
the commercial code ABAQUS version 6.11 (2011).
The explicit solver was adopted to calculate the
3D FE modeling of oblique
Fig. 1 FE model:
(a) Schematic plot of the
simulated situation, and
(b) Mesh and the coordinate
system used
dynamic problem. The situation envisaged is that of a
large number of identical shots impinging simulta-
neously at a metallic target at an identical incident
angle h, as shown in Fig. 1a. The rigid shots are
assumed to be positioned in a periodic array with a
separation distance D between adjacent shots. Con-
sidering periodicity and symmetry, a representative
computational cell only needs to include half a shot, as
depicted in Fig. 1b. The coordinate system was
assigned so that the z-axis is along the normal to the
target surface and xz-plane is parallel to the shot
trajectory. The origin was located at the middle of the
edge of the top surface. The cell has a rectangular
columnar geometry with dimensions of D/sin(h), D/2
and H along the three coordinates, respectively. The
cell length along the x-axis changes with the incident
angle in order to feature the same flow density of the
shot flux through area perpendicular to the flux
direction. Considering the case involving shots closely
adjoining each other, D was taken to be twice the shot
radius R. The height of the cell was taken as fourth the
shot radius, since this value is large enough to screen
the effect of the bottom boundary (Meguid et al. 2002).
Instead of the symmetric boundary condition adopted
in Refs. (Schiffner and Helling 1999; Meguid et al.
2002; Meguid et al. 2007), periodic boundary condition
was used for the two lateral facets at the ends of the
x-coordinate to simulate the periodically distributed
simultaneous oblique impingements. The periodic
boundary was implemented by coupling each degree
of freedom (DOF) of the corresponding nodes on the
two opposite faces so that the two faces would deform
synchronously (ABAQUS Documentation 2011). The
two lateral facets at the ends of the y-coordinate were
constrained using symmetric boundary conditions. The
nodes were constrained against all displacements at the
bottom boundary.
The material models used by Meguid et al. (2007)
were also implemented in this paper. The target was
modeled as Ti-6Al-4V with Youngs modulus E =
114 GPa, Poissons ratio v = 0.342 and density q =
4,430 kg/m3. The initial yield stress is r0 = 827 MPa
and the strain hardening parameters were extracted
from the uniaxial stressstrain curve assuming isotropic
hardening. The strain-rate sensitivity was accounted for
using the data of Premack and Douglas (1995). These
data were incorporated in the FE model by scaling the
quasi-static stressstrain curve for different strain rates.
The shots were modeled as rigid balls with density
qshot = 7,850 kg/m3 and diameter dshot = 0.36 mm.
The impinging velocity was assumed to be V = 75 m/s
unless otherwise specified. The same value was also
used by Hong et al. (2008a) and Meguid et al. (2002).
The rigid shots were implemented in the FE model
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Fig. 2 Vertical displacement of the initial impinging point on
the target surface for different damping conditions
using an analytical rigid surface with an equivalent point
mass an equivalent point rotational inertia positioned at
its center. Convergence tests were conducted using
different mesh sizes and the element size was finally
chosen as 0.05R near the contact region of the target.
Eight-node solid element with both full integration and
reduced integration schemes were tested and were found
to show no discernable difference in the resulting
residual stress field. Thus, the reduced integration
scheme was used to save computational time.
2.2 Material damping
Shot impingement typically produces high frequency
stress waves, as can be seen in the displacement
history in Fig. 2. If these high frequency oscillations
are not properly damped without affecting the low
frequency component, the stress predictions will be in
doubt. Figure 3 shows the effect of numerical damp-
ing of the high frequency component on the resulting
stress field (Kim et al. 2013; Meguid et al. 2002).
In this paper, numerical damping was introduced in
the following way. Firstly the shot impact process was
simulated without material damping. This was followed
by a continued simulation with material damping
introduced. Since the damping specifications cannot
be changed in the middle of a simulation in ABAQUS
(2011), a two-job scheme was developed. The first
simulation job of 1.5 ls duration was carried out
without material damping for simulating the impact of
shot. Then the obtained stress, strain, displacement and
velocity fields at last time step were imported into the
second job as the initial conditions for another run of
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F. Yang et al.
Fig. 3 Residual stress rxx versus depth for different damping
conditions. The horizontal line is a guide to eye indicating zero
stress
2 ls with material damping introduced. According to
Meguid et al. (2002), the stiffness proportional damping
coefficient b was taken as 2 9 10-9 s. The mass
proportional damping coefficient a was taken to be
q
1 2E
H q , which is dependent on Youngs modulus, the
density of the target and the cell height. Figure 2
shows that in this scheme, unwanted residual oscilla-
tions can be decayed rapidly. While Fig. 3 shows that
the impact calculation was not much influenced.
Consequently, the damping coefficients were used in
all the analyses conducted. Here and in the following
studies, the residual stress is normalized by the initial
yield stress r0 and the depth is normalized by the shot
diameter dshot following Hong et al. (2008a).
2.3 Validation of novel periodic cell model
Since only one impinging event of simultaneous shots
was simulated in this study, it is not appropriate to
compare the obtained residual stress with that mea-
sured in shot peening which involve a large number of
impinging events. Therefore, we compared our results
with the existing numerical studies in literature. Three
papers were selected for this comparison (Meguid
et al. 2007; Hong et al. 2008a, b).
Firstly a comparison was made with the work by
(Hong et al. 2008a, b) for a single shot impinging at a
large plate. For this purpose, we created a simulation
model with the same geometry, material, initial and
boundary conditions as that used by Hong et al. It is
noticed that the two papers by Hong et al. used the
3D FE modeling of oblique
Fig. 4 Validation of our work with existing work by (Hong
et al. 2008a, b)
same simulation parameters except the contact prop-
erties. In Hong et al. (2008a), the impact contact is
friction free, while in Hong et al. (2008b) a friction
coefficient of 0.2 was used. The different contact
properties resulted in different residual stress profiles
along the depth direction beneath the impinging
location in these two papers. There is a close match
between our results and Hongs results for both
contact friction conditions, as shown in Fig. 4.
Second, a comparison was made with the work of
Meguid et al. of multiple shots. A symmetry cell model
was used by Meguid et al. (2007) to simulate a large
number of shots impinging simultaneously at normal
incidence. Here, we used our model of a periodic cell to
reproduce their results. The periodic cell is twice the
symmetry cell in Meguid et al. (2007). The top views of
the two models are compared in Fig. 5. Four series of
multiple impingements were simulated. Each series
includes four rows of multiple shots impinging simul-
taneously at normal incident angle. The locations of the
Fig. 5 Periodic and
symmetry cells (Meguid
et al. 2007) with the
numbers indicating the
impinging sequence
impingements in each series were depicted in Fig. 5
with the numbers indicating the impinging sequence for
both our model and the model in Meguid et al. (2007).
The final residual stress distributions along the depth
beneath four locations were compared between our
results and that in Meguid et al. (2007) as shown in
Figs. 6a, b. The residual stress results obtained from our
novel periodic cell were very close to those obtained in
Meguid et al. (2007). It is to be noted that a different
commercial code (LS-DYNA) was used in Meguid
et al. (2007).
2.4 Validation of the periodicity for the proposed
FE model
Some additional validations were conducted to ensure
that the proposed periodic cell model can accurately
implement periodicity for the simultaneous oblique
impingement. The following requirements should be
satisfied.
(i) Consistent results should be obtained at the
coupled boundaries of the periodic cell,
(ii) The generated results should be independent of
the impinging location and,
(iii) The periodic cell can be integrated into multiple
cells.
To check requirement (i), the residual stresses
along the opposite vertical edges of the xz-plane were
compared. The comparisons were made for both
normal and oblique incidence at an angle of 60. The
results shown in Fig. 7 indicate that the residual stress
profiles on the two coupled boundaries were very
close. The maximum relative difference was less than
10 %, occurred near the surface for the 60 incident
angle.
123

Fig. 6 Residual stress rxx profiles beneath the four locations indicated in Fig. 6 after four series of normal impingements: (a) current
results, and (b) earlier results shown in Fig. 12 by Meguid et al. (2007)
Fig. 7 Residual stress rxx profiles at the two coupled bound-
aries for both normal and oblique impingements
To check requirement (ii), three simulations were
carried out with the shot impinging at different
locations of the top surface of the cell. Other parameters
were kept unchanged. The angle of incidence was 60.
The impinging locations for the three tested simulations
were respectively at (a) the first quartile, (b) middle, and
(c) the third quartile of the edge along x-axis. Figure 8
compares the contour plots of the residual stress in xz-
plane for the three cases. Figure 9 compares the profiles
of residual stress versus depth between the three cases
along the two vertical lines. One is through the location
123
F. Yang et al.
of maximum residual stress shown as the black line in
Fig. 8, the other is the midline between two adjacent
impinging positions as the grey line. These results
indicate the same stress and displacement results for
different impinging locations, validating the second
requirement.
To check requirement (iii), a larger model that is 18
times as the basic cell model was created. The larger
model contained 9 shots in a 3 9 3 array. The length
was 3 times that of the original model and the width
was 6 times the original model. Periodic boundary
conditions were applied on the four lateral boundaries
to couple the corresponding DOFs. Other parameters
were kept the same as the original cell model.
Figure 10 shows the contour plot of the residual stress
rxx in xz-plane of the larger model. Comparing Fig. 10
with Fig. 8b, it shows that the larger model generated
consistent residual stress as the original cell model.
Figure 11 compares the profiles of residual stress
versus depth between the two models along the
vertical lines indicated in Figs. 10 and 8b.
3 Effect of pertinent parameters
The proposed model is then used to investigate oblique
and simultaneous impingements of a large number of
shots to explore the effect of pertinent parameters
3D FE modeling of oblique
Fig. 8 Residual stress rxx
on xz-plane for the three
simulations of different
impinging locations
Fig. 9 Residual stress rxx profiles along depth at two locations
as indicated in Fig. 8
upon the induced residual stress and displacement.
The investigated parameters include the incident angle
h, the shot diameter dshot and the coefficient of friction l
at the shot-target interface. For this purpose, a bench-
mark case was chosen such that h = 60, V = 75 m/s,
dshot = 0.36 mm, D = dshot and l = 0.3. For all the
simulations, the shot initially impinged at the coordi-
nate origin, as shown in Fig. 1b.
3.1 Effect of incident angle
We first focus our attention on the effect of the
incident angle. For this purpose five incident angles
were investigated: 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90. In
Fig. 12, we plot the contours of the obtained residual
stress rxx in the xz-plane. The magnitudes of the
maximum residual stresses are also marked at the
corresponding location for each case. It is found that a
larger incident angle results in a larger compressive
zone and a larger residual stress. These tendencies
were similar to those obtained by Hong et al. (2008a).
The residual stress ryy was also investigated. Fig-
ure 13 shows the contour plots of the induced residual
stress ryy with the maximum values marked at the
corresponding locations. Similar to the tendencies of
rxx, a larger incident angle leads to a larger compres-
sive zone and larger residual stresses, although the
detailed distribution is different from rxx. Figure 14
shows the maximum residual stresses rxx and ryy
versus the incident angle h. It indicates that the
magnitude of the maximum residual stress along the
y-direction is larger than that along x-direction. The
relative difference between the two stress components
is larger for a smaller incident angle. Figure 15
identifies the locations of the maximum residual stress
for different incident angles h. As expected, the x
distance from the impinging location decreases while
the depth increases, when the incident angle increases.
These results indicate that normal incidence is the
most effective scenario for the residual stress
generation.
The plastic strain and the surface morphology were
also investigated. Figure 16 compares the contour
123

Fig. 10 Residual stress
contours in xz-plane for the
larger model containing 9
shots
Fig. 11 Residual stress profiles rxx along depth for the original
cell model and the larger model containing 9 shots
plots of the obtained equivalent plastic strain eeq in xz-
plane for different incident angles. The magnitude of
the maximum plastic strain was also marked at the
corresponding location for each case. It is noted that
the locations of maximum plastic strain do not
coincide with those for maximum residual stresses.
Figure 16 indicates that as the incident angle
increases, the depth of the plastic zone increases,
while the magnitude of the maximum plastic strain
decreases. Figure 17 compares the surface profiles
123
F. Yang et al.
after peening with different incident angles. It shows
that a smaller incident angle resulted in a shallower
dent and a higher pile-up residing ahead of the shot.
The effect of incident angle can be clearly seen
from the energy viewpoint. The final proportions of
different types of energies are plotted versus the
incident angles in Fig. 18. It indicates that although a
smaller incident angle corresponds to a larger maxi-
mum plastic strain value, the plastic strain energy in
the target increases as the incident angle increases. It
also shows that both the translational kinetic energy
and rotational kinetic energy of the rebound shot
decrease as the incident angle increases. Therefore, the
normal incidence is the most effective peening
scenario concerning the plastic strain energy induced
in the target. It is also found that the dissipated energy
due to interfacial friction becomes larger when the
incident angle is smaller.
3.2 Effect of shot diameter
The attention is now focused on the effect of shot
diameter on the induced residual stress distribution.
Four diameters were chosen for this investigation:
0.36, 0.72, 1.08 and 2.0 mm. The dimensions of the FE
model were changed proportionally, as stated in Sect.
2.1. The normalized residual stress profiles are
3D FE modeling of oblique

Fig. 12 Contour plots of the residual stress rxx in xz-plane for different incident angles

Fig. 13 Contour plots of the residual stress ryy in xz-plane for different incident angles

Fig. 14 Maximum residual stresses rxx and ryy versus the

incident angle h
compared in Fig. 19 along the depth through the
maximum stress location. It indicates that the normal-
ized residual stress profile does not differ much for
different shot sizes. Figure 20 plots the locations of the
Fig. 15 Locations of maximum residual stresses rxx and ryy
versus the incident angle h
maximum residual stress versus shot radius. It indi-
cates that the distance from the impinging point is
proportional to the shot diameter.

123
 F. Yang et al.

Fig. 16 Contour plots of the equivalent plastic strain in xz-plane for different incident angles

Fig. 19 Effect of shot diameter on the residual stress profile rxx

Fig. 17 Surface profiles after shot impingement for different
incident angles

Fig. 18 Proportions of different kinds of energies versus Fig. 20 Linear correlation between the locations of the
incident angle maximum residual stresses rxx and the shot size

123
3D FE modeling of oblique
Fig. 21 Effect of coefficient of interfacial friction on the
maximum residual stresses rxx for different incident angles
3.3 Effect of interfacial friction
We also investigated the effect of the coefficient of
interfacial friction between the shot and the target upon
the induced residual stress field. For this purpose, the
coefficient of Coulomb friction l was varied from 0.0 to
0.5. Three incident angles 30, 60 and 90 were
investigated. In Fig. 21, we plot the maximum residual
stress rxx against the coefficient of friction. The figure
shows that for normal impingement, the maximum
residual stress converges to a steady value for a friction
coefficient larger than 0.2, a conclusion also made in
literature (Meguid et al. 2002; Kim et al. 2013).
However, for oblique impingement, the situation is
more complex. The maximum residual stress firstly
decreases and then increases as the interfacial friction
increases. For the 30 incident angle, no convergence
was observed within the considered friction range.
4 Conclusions
The novel periodic cell model adopted in this article to
treat the jet obliquity in shot peening led to the
following conclusions:
(i) A larger incident angle results in a larger residual
stress and a larger compressive zone. On the other
hand, a smaller plastic strain and a larger plastic
zone were observed for a larger incident angle.
This relates directly to the effective velocity
components.
(ii) An increase in the shot diameter does not effect
much change in the magnitude of the maximum
residual stress. However, it increases the depth of
the maximum residual stress and the compressed
layer.
(iii) Unlike normal incidence where friction does not
affect the residual stress profile when l [ 0.2,
in oblique shot stream impingement, friction
does affect the induced residual stress field.
(iv) Our new periodic cell model is capable of
treating multiple shot impingements accurately
and efficiently.
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