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Induced Voltages:
The induced emf in primary winding is:
Ep = 4.44 Np m f, [V]
Turns Ratio, a = Ep / Es = Np / Ns
Ideal Transformer
Req1
Req 2 = 2
= R2 + R1'
a
X eq1
X eq 2 = 2
= X l 2 + X l'1
a
V1 '
V1' = ; I1 = I 2 = aI1
a
Transformer Construction (3 )
3 Single Phase Transformer
R Y B
Np1 Ns1
Transformer
Bank
Np2 Ns2
IL1 IL2
A A'
I1
V1
VL1
V2
B I2
B'
C C'
N N N N
B B B B
N N N N
C C C C
N N N N
A A
B C B C
Delta () Delta () Connection (Schematic Diagram)
Refer to primary,
IL1
I1 =
3
X01
R01
V1 = VL1 aV 2 = aVL2
Star (Y) Star (Y) Connection
A A'
IL1 IL2
C C'
I1 I2
V1 V2
VL1 VL2
B B'
A A' A A'
N N N N
B B' B B'
N N N N
C C' C C'
N N N N
Star (Y) Star (Y) Connection (Schematic Diagram)
Refer to primary,
I1 = I L1
X01
R01
VL1 VL2
V1 = aYYV 2 = a
3 3
Star (Y) Delta ()
IL2
A A'
IL1
C
I1
V1 VL2
V2
VL1 I2
B'
B C'
N N N N
B B B B
N N N N
C C C C
N N N N
A
B C
Star (Y) Delta () Connection (Schematic Diagram)
Refer to primary,
I1 = IL1
X01
R01
VL1
V1 = aYV2 = 3aVL2
3
Three-phase transformer - Phase shift
IL1
A A'
I1 IL2
C'
I2
V1
VL1 V2
VL2
B
C B'
Delta () Star (Y) (Schematic Diagram)
A A
A
A
N N
N N
B B
B
B
N N
N N C C
C
C
N N
N N
A
B C
Delta () Star (Y) (Schematic Diagram)
Refer to primary,
primary
I L1
I1 =
3
X01
R01
V1 = VL1 aYV 2 =
a VL2
3 3
A one-line diagram of a simple power system
One Line Diagram
Represent the interconnection of the power system
components.
Advantage: Simplicity
- One phase represents all three phases of the
balanced system.
- Equivalent circuit of the components are replaced
by their standard symbols
Per-Unit System
In a power system different power equipment with
different voltage and power levels are connected
together through various step up or step down
transformers.
Actual Value
Per Unit Value =
Base Value
Per Unit System
S I V Z
S pu = I pu = Vpu = Z pu =
S base I base Vbase Z base
Z Sbase 2
Vbase
Z pu = = 2 Z Z = Z base Z pu = Z pu
Z base Vbase S base
Per Unit System
Vbase Sbase
Sbase
I base =
Vbase
2
Vbase V base
Zbase = =
I base Sbase
Transformer Voltage Base
V2
Vb 2 = V b1
V1
Per Unit in 3 Circuit
Simplified:
Concerns about using phase or line voltages are
amperes)
Per Unit in 3 Circuit
S B = 3V B I B VB = 3 I B Z B
V B / 3 (V B )
2
SB
IB = , ZB = =
3V B IB SB
Change of Base
old
Z pu be the per unit impedance on the power base Sold
B
S old
old
= old =
Z B Z 1
( )
Z pu
V old 2
ZB B
new
Z pu be the new per unit impedance on the new power base Snew
B
From (1) and (2), the relationship between the old and
the new per unit value
S V
new old 2
Z new
pu
=Z old
pu
B
old
B
new
S B V
B