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Transformer Principles

It has 2 electric circuits called


primary and secondary.

A magnetic circuit provides the link


between primary and
secondary.

A voltage is induced to the


secondary circuit (Vs)
according to the Fardays law.
Ideal Transformer

Induced Voltages:
The induced emf in primary winding is:
Ep = 4.44 Np m f, [V]

where Np is the number of winding turns in


primary winding, m, the maximum (peak)
flux, and f the frequency of the supply
voltage.

Similarly, the induced emf in secondary winding:


Es = 4.44 Ns m f, [V]

where Ns is the number of winding turns in secondary winding.

Turns Ratio, a = Ep / Es = Np / Ns
Ideal Transformer

If the transformer is ideal,


Pin=Pout
(Input power = Output power).

Assuming the power factor to be


same on both sides,
Vp Ip = Vs Is
Symbol Circuit
Hence, Ep / Es = Np / Ns=Is/Ip = a Of a transformer

Note that in transformers, subscripts 1 and p are used interchangeably


for the primary-side quantities. Also, subscripts 2 and s are used
interchangeably for the secondary-side quantities.
Polarity
If the primary voltage is +ve at the dotted end of the
winding with respect to the undotted end, then the
secondary voltage will be +ve at the dotted end also.
Voltage polarities are the same with respect to the
dots on each side of the core.

Polarity marked with either dots or signs


Polarity - parallel operation
Correct polarity is important when transformers are
connected in parallel to supply the same load.
Other ways, there will be internal circulating current.

correct connection wrong connection


Actual Transformers
Have resistance in the windings
Not all of the flux produced by one winding links
with the other (flux leakage)
Magnetic core has finite permeability
Core losses
Hysteresis
Eddy currents
Equivalent Circuit of Actual Transformers

Equivalent Circuit of a Two-winding, 1-phase, Transformer:


Rc1 :core loss component, This resistance models the active loss of the
core
Xm1 : magnetization component, This reactance models the reactive
loss of the core
R1 and Xl1 are resistance and reactance of the primary winding
R2 and Xl2 are resistance and reactance of the secondary winding
Equivalent Circuit - seen from primary side

The ideal transformer can be shifted to either side and the


circuit parameters reduced to the appropriate values
Approximate Equivalent Circuits
I1R1 and I1Xl1 are small
|E1| = |V1|
Shunt branch can be moved
to supply terminal

I small (5% of rated


current)
Shunt branch removed

Req1
Req 2 = 2
= R2 + R1'
a
X eq1
X eq 2 = 2
= X l 2 + X l'1
a
V1 '
V1' = ; I1 = I 2 = aI1
a
Transformer Construction (3 )
3 Single Phase Transformer

R Y B

Np1 Ns1

Transformer
Bank

Np2 Ns2

Used a lot in older transformer


adv:- each unit in the bank can be replaced
individually
Np3 Ns3
Transformer Construction
3 Transformer wound a single three legged iron core

Np1 Np2 Np3


more preferred in practice
adv:- lighter, smaller, cheaper,
slightly more efficient
Ns1 Ns2 Ns2

In 3 transformer, the primary and secondary windings can be connected either in


Y or .
The possible connection are:
Primary Secondary

Y
Y
Y Y
Delta () Delta () Connection

IL1 IL2
A A'
I1

V1
VL1
V2

B I2
B'

C C'

This connection is economical for medium voltage (15 kV)


Delta () Delta () Connection (Schematic Diagram)
A A A A

N N N N
B B B B

N N N N
C C C C

N N N N
A A

B C B C
Delta () Delta () Connection (Schematic Diagram)

Refer to primary,

IL1
I1 =
3
X01
R01

V1 = VL1 aV 2 = aVL2
Star (Y) Star (Y) Connection
A A'
IL1 IL2
C C'
I1 I2

V1 V2

VL1 VL2

B B'

If loads on the transformer circuit are unbalanced, then the


voltages on the phases of the transformer can become
severely unbalanced.
There is a serious problem with third-harmonic voltages
Star (Y) Star (Y) Connection (Schematic Diagram)

A A' A A'

N N N N

B B' B B'

N N N N

C C' C C'

N N N N
Star (Y) Star (Y) Connection (Schematic Diagram)
Refer to primary,

I1 = I L1
X01
R01

VL1 VL2
V1 = aYYV 2 = a
3 3
Star (Y) Delta ()

IL2
A A'
IL1
C
I1

V1 VL2

V2

VL1 I2
B'

B C'

This type of connection is mainly used for the system


where we need to step-down the voltage.
Star (Y) Delta () Connection (Schematic Diagram)
A A A A

N N N N
B B B B

N N N N
C C C C

N N N N
A

B C
Star (Y) Delta () Connection (Schematic Diagram)
Refer to primary,

I1 = IL1
X01
R01

VL1
V1 = aYV2 = 3aVL2
3
Three-phase transformer - Phase shift

VAB leads Vab by 30o

-Y also provides line-to-line phase shift


Y-Y and - connections have no phase shift
Delta () Star (Y)
This type of connection is mainly used for the system
where we need to step-up the voltage.

IL1
A A'
I1 IL2
C'
I2
V1
VL1 V2

VL2
B

C B'
Delta () Star (Y) (Schematic Diagram)
A A
A
A

N N
N N
B B
B
B

N N
N N C C
C
C

N N
N N
A

B C
Delta () Star (Y) (Schematic Diagram)

Refer to primary,
primary
I L1
I1 =
3
X01
R01

V1 = VL1 aYV 2 =
a VL2
3 3
A one-line diagram of a simple power system
One Line Diagram
Represent the interconnection of the power system
components.

Also referred as Single-line Diagram

Advantage: Simplicity
- One phase represents all three phases of the
balanced system.
- Equivalent circuit of the components are replaced
by their standard symbols
Per-Unit System
In a power system different power equipment with
different voltage and power levels are connected
together through various step up or step down
transformers.

However, the presence of various voltage and power


levels causes problem in finding out the currents (or
voltages) at different points in the network.

To alleviate this problem, all the system quantities are


converted into a uniform normalized platform. This is
called the per-unit system.
Per-Unit System

Power system quantities such as voltage, current and


impedance are often expressed in per unit or percent of
specified values.
Per unit quantities are calculated as:

Actual Value
Per Unit Value =
Base Value
Per Unit System

Per Unit Values

S I V Z
S pu = I pu = Vpu = Z pu =
S base I base Vbase Z base

Conversion of Per Unit Values

Z Sbase 2
Vbase
Z pu = = 2 Z Z = Z base Z pu = Z pu
Z base Vbase S base
Per Unit System

Usually, the apparent power (S) and voltage (V) are


taken as the base values for power (Sbase) and voltage
(Vbase).

The base values for the current (Ibase) and impedance


(Zbase) can be calculated based on the first two base
values.
Per Unit System

Vbase Sbase
Sbase
I base =
Vbase
2
Vbase V base
Zbase = =
I base Sbase
Transformer Voltage Base

V2
Vb 2 = V b1
V1
Per Unit in 3 Circuit

Simplified:
Concerns about using phase or line voltages are

removed in the per-unit system


Actual values of R, XC and XL for lines, cables, and

other electrical equipment typically phase values.


It is convenient to work in terms of base VA (base volt-

amperes)
Per Unit in 3 Circuit

Usually, the 3-phase SB or MVAB and line-to-line VB or kVB


are selected
IB and ZB dependent on SB and VB

S B = 3V B I B VB = 3 I B Z B
V B / 3 (V B )
2
SB
IB = , ZB = =
3V B IB SB
Change of Base

The impedance of individual generators & transformer,


are generally in terms of percent/per unit based on their
own ratings.
Impedance of transmission line in ohmic value
When pieces of equipment with various different ratings
are connected to a system, it is necessary to convert
their impedances to a per unit value expressed on the
same base.
Change of Base

old
Z pu be the per unit impedance on the power base Sold
B

& voltage base VBold

S old
old
= old =
Z B Z 1
( )
Z pu
V old 2
ZB B
new
Z pu be the new per unit impedance on the new power base Snew
B

& new voltage base VBnew


Z S Bnew
Z new
= new = Z 2
pu
ZB (
V new
B )
2

Change of Base

From (1) and (2), the relationship between the old and
the new per unit value

S V
new old 2

Z new
pu
=Z old
pu
B
old
B
new

S B V
B

If the voltage base are the same,


S new

Z new
pu = Z pu
old
Bold
SB
Advantages
The circuit laws are valid in per unit systems, and the power and
voltage equation are simplified since the factor 3 and 3 are
eliminates in the per-unit systems.

Ideal for the computerized analysis and simulation of complex power


system problems.

Transformer equivalent circuit can be simplified by properly


specifying base quantities.

Avoid possibility of making serious calculation error when


referring quantities from one side of transformer to the other.

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