Transformer Handbook — = fers = = beCONTENTS FOREWORD. mrRoDucTiON ‘AGB-GROUP ‘ABB POWER TECHNOLOGIES BUSINESS UNIT TRANSFORMERS: TRANSFORMER TYPES AND THEIR APPLICATION POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION ‘COMMON TRANSFORMER CHARACTERISTICS DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS LARGE DISTRIEUTION TRANSFORMERS, LOT [MEDIUM DISTRIGUTION TRANSFORMERS, MOT ‘SWALL DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS, SDT DRY-TYPE DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS (OTHER TRANSFORMER TYPES POWER TRANSFORMERS GENERATOR STEP UP TRANSFORMERS STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMERS SYSTEM INTERTIE TRANSFORMERS INDUSTRIAL TRANSFORMERS. TRACTION TRANSFORMERS REACTORS SHUNT REACTORS (CURRENT LIMITING REACTORS NEUTRAL EARTHING REACTORS CAPACITOR OAMPING REACTORS TONING (FILTER) REACTORS EARTHING TRANSFORUERS (NEUTRAL COUPLERS) ‘ARC SUPPRESSION REACTORS: ‘SMOOTHING REACTORS QUALITY, INTERNAL CONTROL, SUSTAINABILITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS QUALITY INTERNAL CONTROL ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEM ‘SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (CUSTOMER REVIEW OF MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS. SAFETY PRECAUTIONS LOSS CAPITALISATION AND OPTIMUM TRANSFORMER DESIGN INFORMATION REQUIRED WITH ENQUIRY AND ORDER NORMAL INFORMATION ‘SPECIAL INFORMATION PARALLEL OPERATIONS TRANSFORMER DESIGN CORES: winoiNes TANK EARTH QUAKE WITHSTAND ABILITY ‘TRANSFORMER COMPONENTS TERMINALS. BUSHINGS CABLE CONNECTIONS: ‘SFB CONNECTIONS COOLERS RADIATORS: CORRUGATED TANKS FANS. FORCED Olt, FORCED AiR HEAT EXCHANGERS OIL WATER COOLERS Ol PUMPS, VOLTAGE REGULATION EQUIPMENT OFF CIRCUIT TAP CHANGERS ‘ONLOAD TAP CHANGERS AUTOMATIC VOLTAGE REGULATION ACCESSORIES TYPES OF ACCESSORIES POWER TRANSFORMER AND OL IMMERSED REACTOR At DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMER ACCESSORIES ESSORIE 0 0 4 2 “4 8 " 8 20 a 7 2 4 5 6 2 60 60 0 0 ae 73 73 % "5 20 30 94 92 2 2 05 se 96 7 oe 8 9 oo 100 404 104 104 109 Page 3_ Transformer Handby124 na 133 1334 1332 1933, 44, 14, 142, 144 Transformer INSTALLATION AND COMMISSIONING GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES INCOTERMS (TRANSFER OF RESPONSIUITY) INSTALLATION POWER- AND LARGE DISTRIGUTION TRANSFORVERS. DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS COMAESSIONING ENERGISING DOCUMENTATION ‘OPERATION, MONITORING AND MAINTENANCE GENERAL PRECAUTIONS OPERATION CRETE TEMPERATURE RISE AND LOAD CAPACITY PARALLEL OPERATION FREQUENCY PROTECTION MONITORING GENERAL HIGH LEVEL MONITORING COW LEVEL MONITORING INSPECTION IN ENERGISED CONOITION INSPECTION IN OE-ENERGISED CONDITION MAINTENANCE GENERAL MAINTENANCE IN ENERGISED CONDITION MAINTENANCE Il! DE-ENERGISED CONDITION INVESTIGATION OF TRANSFORMER DISTURBANCES TRANSFORMER LIQUID AND INSULATION BUSHINGS AND JOINTS OFF-CIRCUFT TAP CHANGER (ON-LOAD TAP.CHANGER MOTOR DRIVE UNIT. OIL FILTERING UNT ‘COOLERS LIQUID COMSERVATOR WITH RUBBER DIAPHRAGM GASKETS DRY-TYFE TRANSFORMERS. ‘SURFACE PROTECTION DISPOSAL AFTER USE LOCAL REGULATIONS REUSE LANDFILL LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT (LCA) PCB-CONTAMINATED OIL PHYSICAL FUNDAMENTALS INTRODUCTION CHOICE OF SYSTEM VOLTAGE BASIC PHYSICS OF THE TRANSFORMER EQUIVALENT DIAGRAM VOLTAGE RATIO AND VOLTAGE DROP (OR RISE) EFFICIENCY NO LOAD (MAGNETISING) CURRENT AND NO LOAD LOSSES LOAD LOSSES ‘SHORT-CIRCUIT IMPEDANCE ELECTROMAGNETIC FORCES TRANSFORMER SOUND THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS TRANSFORMER MATERIALS CORE MATERIALS CONDUCTOR M44 TERIALS INSULATION MATERIALS. ‘SOLID INSULATION MATERIALS FLUIDS OTHER FLUIDS TESTING OF TRANSFORMERS GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ROUTINE TESTS TYPE TESTS SPECIAL TESTS k Page 4 110 110 110 0 110 110 an 115 u15 16 ur ur iw "7 120 124 a1 321 12 12 123 4 125 125 128 126 126 726 17 12 12 123 198 133 1393 199 138 134 14 14 198 198 138 135 135 138 138 138 138 138 138 130 var 11 146 8 149 183 ist 189 19 480 160 160 18) 182 163 163 168 163 ABB