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Guideline:
A recommended limit that should not be exceeded
Standard:
A mandatory limit that must not be exceeded (often reflects legal
duty or obligation)
Why do we need
to set Guidelines
and Standards
for drinking
water?
National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) PCRWR
Mission
To protect the health
of the people
by assuring safe
and reliable
drinking water free of
all contaminants
National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) PCRWR
Safe
WHO Definition
Safe drinking water is
does not represent any significant risk to health over
the lifetime of consumption, including different
sensitivities that may occur between life stages.
National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) PCRWR
How do we know?
Drinking
Water
safe Unsafe
National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) PCRWR
Through
Water Quality Testing
What is Guidelines?
Guidelines are advisory in nature based on scientific research and
epidemiological findings and are not to be confused with legal
standards
Guidelines are not intended for absolute and direct application in every
country
1) Technical Efforts
Over 200 experts from 40 different countries
Over a period of 4 years
More than 19 review group meetings involving the participation of
numerous institutions
2) Financial Support
Organizations and countries included;
DANIDA, NORAD, SIDA, ODA, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland,
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Sweden,
UK, USA.
National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) PCRWR
P %age of the TDI (1-100%), depending on the magnitude of exposure from food and air. In
case limited information- Default value (10%) was used
C Daily drinking water consumption (For adults 2 liters, 10 kg child -1 liter and 5 kg infant -
0.75 liter)
UF Uncertainly factor (1-10000) - UF value depends on the nature of the toxic effect, size , type
of population to be protected and the quality of the toxicological informations and is
decided on case-to-case basis
By putting TDI value
GV = NOAEL x BW x P/C GV = LOAEL / UF x BW x P/C
National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) PCRWR
Uncertainty factors
The derivation of these factors requires expert judgment and
careful consideration of the available scientific evidence.
WHO GUIDELINES
Bacteriological Quality
Organisms Guideline Value
All water intended for drinking
E. Coli or thermo tolerant coliform bacteria Must not be detectable in any 100 ml sample
WHO GUIDELINES
Chemicals of Health Significance
Inorganic Guideline Value (mg/l)
Antimony 0.005
Arsenic 0.01
Barium 0.7
Boron 0.3
Cadmium 0.003
Chromium 0.05
Copper 2
Cyanide 0.07
Fluoride 1.5
Lead 0.01
Manganese 0.5
Mercury 0.001
Molybdenum 0.07
Nickel 0.02
Nitrate 50
Nitrite 3
Selenium 0.01
National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) PCRWR
WHO GUIDELINES
Other Parameters (Physical)
Parameter Level
Color 15 TCU
Taste & Odor -
Temperature -
Turbidity 5 NTU
Inorganic
Aluminium 0.2 mg/l
Ammonia 1.5 mg/l
Chloride 250 mg/l
Copper 1 mg/l
Hardness -
Hydrogen Sulfide 0.05 mg/l
pH -
Sodium 200 mg/l
Sulfate 250 mg/l
TDS 1000 mg/l
Zinc 3 mg/l
National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) PCRWR
WHO GUIDELINES
Organics
Parameter Level
Toluene 24-170
Xylenes 20-1800
Ethyl benzene 2.4-200
Styrene 4-2600
Monochlorobenzene 10-120
1,2 dichlorobenzene 1-10
1,4 dichlorobenzene 0.3-30
Trichlorobenzenes 5-50
Synthetic detergents -
Standards
Standards are fixed by law and adopted in countries to
their national priorities taking in account their economic,
technical, social, cultural and political situation
THREE EXAMPLES
(Not adopted WHO guidelines )
Sudan
Higher values adopted than WHO
NO3(N) 50 mg/l instead of 10 mg/l
F 7 mg/l instead of 1.5 mg/l
TDS 5000 mg/l instead of 1000 mg/l
Tanzania
Higher values adopted than WHO
Cadmium, Copper, Fluoride, Nitrite,
Nitrate, Sulfate, Chloride and Turbidity
Industrialized countries (More concerned regarding risks affecting health)
More strict than WHO guidelines as they can afford advanced treatment
systems and sophisticated laboratories
EU's drinking water standards
Lower values adopted than WHO
Fe 0.2 mg/l instead of 0.3 mg/l
NO2 0.5 mg/l instead of 3 mg/l
National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) PCRWR
Microbiological Limits
PSQCA
Alkalinity (m.mol/l) NGVS
Bicarbonate (mg/l) NGVS
Calcium (mg/l) 100
Carbonate (mg/l) NGVS
Chloride (mg/l) 250
Co lour (TCU) 5
Conductivity (S/cm) NGVS
Fluoride (mg/l) 0.7
Hardness (mg/l) NGVS
Iron (mg/l) 0.3
Magnesium (mg/l) 50
Odor - Unobjectionable
Nitrate-N (mg/l) 10
National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) PCRWR
Cont.
Characteristics Units Maximum Permissible Limit (ppm)
PSQCA
pH -
6.5-8.5
Potassium (mg/l)
10
Sodium (mg/l)
50
Sulfate (mg/l)
250
Taste -
Unobjectionable
TDS (mg/l)
500
Turbidity (NTU)
0.5
Phosphate (mg/l)
NGVS
Arsenic mg/l
0.010
In 2004, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources prepared a report related to water
quality in Pakistan with recommendations for establishing water quality standards.
Johri (2005) from WHO office proposed a framework of action for improving the quality of
drinking water in Pakistan
In March 2005,Health Services Academy, the Ministry of Health, in collaboration with World
Health Organization (WHO) sponsored, organized and conducted a 4-day workshop in Islamabad
to update the existing water quality standards in accordance with the quality guidelines of WHO.
The workshop was designed to seek input of experts from all important federal, provincial and
private agencies
Through a combination of lectures, discussions, intense work Sessions, and utilization of reading
literature provided by WHO and Ministry of Health, quality standards for drinking water in
Pakistan were finalized.
National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) PCRWR
NSDWQ
Alkalinity (m.mol/l) NGVS
Bicarbonate (mg/l) NGVS
Calcium (mg/l) NGVS
Carbonate (mg/l) NGVS
Chloride (mg/l) 250
Co lour (TCU)
<15
Conductivity (S/cm) NGVS
Fluoride (mg/l) 1.5
Hardness (mg/l)
<500
Iron (mg/l) 0.3
Magnesium (mg/l) NGVS
Odor - Unobjectionable
Nitrate-N (mg/l) 10
National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) PCRWR
NSDWQ
pH -
6.5-8.5
Potassium (mg/l)
NGVS
Sodium (mg/l)
NGVS
Sulfate (mg/l)
NGVS
Taste -
Unobjectionable
TDS (mg/l)
<1000
Turbidity (NTU)
5
Phosphate (mg/l)
NGVS
Arsenic mg/l
0.050
NSDWQ
Aluminium (Al) mg/1
<0.2
-
Antimony (Sb) (mg/l) <0.005 (P)
THANK YOU