A holistic projective research is used as a

vision to a solution of a problem and from

then on have the phenomenon function
along certain attainable objectives.
According to this, the researcher creates,
designs, elaborates or plans projects to
solve the problem. However, the result of
this research which is a project may or not
be proven at the end of the investigation
(Hurtado de Barrera, 2000). Moreover, the
projective research approach can work
along the quantitative or qualitative
paradigm.

HOLISTIC
PROJECTIVE
RESEARCH
APPROACH

Roxana de Trigueros
July 8, 2017
UNIVERSIDAD DE EL SALVADOR
FACULTAD MULTIDISCIPLINARIA DE OCCIDENTE
DEPARTAMENTO DE IDIOMAS

By: Msc. Roxana de Trigueros

July 8, 2017

HOLISTIC PROJECTIVE RESEARCH APPROACH

A holistic projective research is used as a vision to a solution of a problem

and from then on have the phenomenon function along certain attainable
objectives. According to this, the researcher creates, designs, elaborates or plans
projects to solve the problem. However, the result of this research which is a
project may or not be proven at the end of the investigation (Hurtado de Barrera,
2000). Moreover, the projective research approach can work along the quantitative
or qualitative paradigm.

CHAPTERS AND PHASES THAT A HOLISTIC PROJECTIVE RESEARCH MUST

HAVE

CHAPTER I

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Description of the problem

This is also called explanatory phase and as in any other research it consist
in delimiting the phenomenon to investigate. Remember to name the event or
events where a change is needed. Here the researcher recalls the findings of
the diagnosis to explain and predict the phenomenon. In other words the
evolution of the phenomenon. Go over data that justifies the existence of the
problem and since when it has been a problem, not only in the setting but in other
environments. Explain in what conditions, actions or situations the project might be
1
carry out to transform the phenomenons reality. Emphasize on the need to
introduce future changes (Hurtado de Barrera, 2000). Which characteristics would
this project have? The research questions and sub questions may be included as
well as the relationship among variables (Navas Hurtado, 2014) or concepts that
guide the research, also theories which guide, explain and clarify those variables or
concepts. You may mention the general objective and research question in the
investigation to be answered.

Justification

In this type of research it is a must to name the need to develop action plans
to modify the phenomenon. Say why you choose that particular problem. Talk
about the needs to study the units of observation and the context of the research.
Go over the evolution of the phenomenon and how people face the problem now a
days. Emphasize on the need to introduce a change in the phenomenon. Talk
about the problem itself and the ideal situation. State why it is possible to do the
research itself, as well as, possible problems you might face, and strategies,
instruments and designs you might use. Include the scope of the problem in this
section.

General and specific objectives

According to Hurtado de Barrera (2000), the general objective is driven to

formulate strategies, activities and plans to make a change in the phenomenon.
Moreover, the specific objectives may start with a diagnosis, continue with
descriptive objectives, go alone with predictive ones to estimate the possible future
changes. This last objective must have a projective character referring to the
design, proposal or plan of action in mind. Try not to confuse these research
objectives with the ones the project would have.

2
 CHAPTER II

STATE OF ART

In the State of Art you have to conceptualize the objectives, variables or

indicators of the phenomenon. Include theory that grounds your proposal, the legal
norms, the proposals action, and previous research related with your research
problem (Hurtado de Barrera, 2000). Go over theory that helps you propose the
project. As well as the evolution of the problem to compare the phenomenon and
answer the research questions with the theory you are using. Tell the reader the
need to investigate and change the phenomenon. Characterize the context of the
research as well as population involved.

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGICAL DESIGN

Paradigm and type of study

Begin with the paradigm you will use and continue with the type of study
(holistic projective research).

Definition of the event to modify and a brief explanation of the process

At this stage you must recall the event to be modified, describe its
environment. Specify the phenomenons main characteristics. It does not mean
that you will describe the project or program you plan to write at the end of the
research. Describe the characteristics of the research problem.

Units of observation

According to de Trigueros (2017), you must first of all, define what units of
observation are, and according to Zacaras Ortez (2001) it is the amount of
individuals or elements which represent certain characteristics susceptible of any

3
research study. In that manner, you might consider to talk about the inclusion and
exclusion criteria you used to observe the phenomenon or population and say why
you took those criteria into account (Grijalva, 2015). That means to precise which
units or persons share the phenomenon to be modified as well as those who
possess or generate the problem.

Sampling procedure

Delimit the context, and establish the criteria to choose the units which will
become part of the research.

4
Operationalization of variables

The operationalization of variables depends on the State of Art or Theoretical Frame Work you have. Since this
gives you the clues on what to observe from the variables, objectives or research question you have. When you do not
have a hypothesis you can get the criteria to observe from your research objectives or research question. You can add
other structural elements as hypothesis, and operational definitions if necessary (Trigueros, 2017). In the indicators
establish the characteristics you will observe from each unit of observation.
Example of operationalization of variables chart:
Criteria to observe Definition of
if it is a qualitative variables
research and Variables
Specific hypothesis if it is a (Depentent and
General objective Indicators Instruments Time
Objectives quantitative, Independent
mixmethod or variables)
action research

Source: Trigueros ( 2017)

5
Research techniques and data collection instruments

Open and flexible instruments should be used in this research as anecdote

files, in-depth interviews (an observation guide and an interview guide could work),
the observation technique (observation guide, check list, and observation scale),
participatory techniques, focus groups, collective interviews and the Delphi
technique. The documentary review is also valuable.

Approaching the field of study

This is part consists in interacting with the population, object or phenomenon

being studied. It is the way you will apply the research instruments and strategies
you will use to obtain the research data. In other words, it is to construct the
actions to obtain the information needed in the research instruments to achieve the
research objectives and the final scenario (the project) (Hurtado de Barrera, 2000).
It is to plan future events to achieve the research objectives.

Methods to analyze the information

In a holistic projective research this stage may be called confirmative face

since this stage has to conduct the researcher to the construction of the plan of
action (the project). Remember to order the information according to the objectives,
variables and indicators and remember that you have to analyze each single
specific objective. The researcher codifies, classifies and analyzes the data gotten
from the research instruments. The researcher also interprets the information
giving significance to the findings and comparing the information with the state of
art.

In the specific objectives where you describe the event to be modified and
the conditions that surround the research phenomenon you may use visual
symbols (images, figures, graphs) or math symbols (descriptive scales as medias,
statistics mode, median, percentage, frequencies or measures of dispersion)
(Hurtado de Barrera, 2000).

6
 If you used comparison in the specific objectives you may use comparison
techniques to analyze the data as t. de Student, U de Mann Whitney, Chi square or
comparison matrix. However with the analytic objectives use statistics
classification techniques as:

(1) One -way Classification:

If we classify observed data keeping in view single characteristic, this type of

classification is known as one-way classification.

For Example: The population of world may be classified by religion as

Muslim, Christians etc

(2) Two -way Classification:

If we consider two characteristics at a time in order to classify the observed

data then we are doing two way classifications.

For Example: The population of world may be classified by Religion and Sex.

(3) Multi -way Classification:

We may consider more than two characteristics at a time to classify given

data or observed data. In this way we deal in multi-way classification.

For Example: The population of world may be classified by Religion, Sex

and Literacy (emathzone.com, 2012).

With the explanatory research objectives you could use evaluation

techniques (simple correlation or multiple, covariance matrix, factual basis or to
analyze and evaluate the possible options) as well as graphs and base line of the
research problem. (Hurtado de Barrera, 2000).

When it comes to the future scenario of the research you may use Trend
analysis. It permits you to determine the tendency of the focused event and
develop the scenarios. The final specific research objective ends with the design
or development of the proposed program, design, project, or event to be held
(Hurtado de Barrera, 2000).

7
Validity and reliability of data collection instruments

This stage deals with the type, design and content of the research
instruments. The research instruments must go alone with the objectives. There
are 4 types of validity: content validity, criteria or empirical validity, construct
validity (convergent validity and discriminate validity), apparent validity.

Content validity tells you if the research instruments are measuring the
variables or indicators of each research objective established in the protocol. On
the other hand criteria or empirical validity refers to concurrent validity if the criteria
refers to present data and concurrent validity if the criteria refers to future data.
That means that you have to compare the data gotten with external criteria. The
researcher must have access to the information, it must be reliable, it must go
alone the indicators. It must be related with time and space of the research
problem.

Construct validity determines if the theory of your research helps you

measure, analyze and interpret your research instruments. Convergent and
discriminant validity are both considered subcategories and subtypes of construct
validity. The important thing to recognize is that they work together -- if you can
demonstrate that you have evidence for both convergent and discriminant validity,
then you've by definition demonstrated that you have evidence for construct validity.
But, neither one alone is sufficient for establishing construct validity (Trochim,
2006),

Face validity is when the target studied or population studied can easily
answer your research instruments. It also deals with the approval of those
authorities involved in the research process.

An instrument is reliable when you apply the same research tool to certain
population in different conditions (time and settings), and it gives the same results.
It helps you establish how exact your research instrument is.

Ethics

8
 Respect social and human conditions, personal, collective or towns. The
researcher must consider possible risks and avoid any situation that might put in
danger the target population. As well as respect authors by citations, notes, and
references. And finally respect the target populations integrity when using of
research instrument.

Time line

The time line is the sequence of actions you will carry out to plan and
develop the protocol up to the product line which in this case is the project your
plan to leave. In a holistic projective research the sequence of actions go from
present to future events.

Budget

The budget includes material, office supplies and human resources. Include
the cost of your research and if you will receive any funds. Tell the readers if the
development of the protocol will give profits.

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA

Analysis and interpretation of data

State the interpretation of the data gotten from the research tool. Order and
classify the information according to the objectives. Define the scenario to present
the final product of your research which is the project. To interpret the data means
to translate the data to meaningful statements. Tell the readers what the numbers
or categories mean and imply according to the state of art. If you have included a
hypothesis at this point you may define its approval or decline. Explain the
meaning of the results according to the objectives, variables and indicators.

9
 CHAPTER V

PROJECT PROPOSAL

Project proposal

Describe in general what the Project is about, for example a training, workshop,
laboratory, curriculum, program, or conference and more. And write about the type
of change you want to achieve. Is it a behavioral, training or institutional change?
The persons involved as well as the environment where the project will take place
are important element to include in this paragraph. What are the characters and
roles of the target population? Name their ages, sex, jobs or roles in the
community of the research, social context any characteristic that determines the
person, object or phenomenons inclusion or exclusion from the project. Number
and give a short description of the persons that are needed to have the project
running (Hurtado de Barrera, 2017).

Justification of the project

Since the project is the result of a scientific research, include a description of

the problematic situation, reasons of the importance of the project itself, interests
and motivation that justifies the programing, planning and development of the
project. Recall the previous research diagnosis to describe the problematic
situation.

Purpose and goals of the project

State the objectives of the project that you are trying to achieve. The
objective must involve the changes you are trying to get. The objectives must be
attainable and easy to measure.

Content of the project

10
 The contents you include in the project are related with objectives and
knowledge, events or situations to achieve. Keep in mind that the contents are the
ones that help change the problematic situation.

Activities to develop

The activities are related with the contents, topics and objectives of the
project. The activities deal with the strategies and tactics methodologies that
facilitate learning.

Time line of the project

Specify how long will the project last, and stages it will need from the
beginning to the ending of the project. How long will each session be? Write the
exact hour of each activity.

Place

Describe the environment where the project will take place and its social
background, too. You may also describe the physical environment where the
activities will take place.

Budget

Name material and human resources that are needed to carry out the
project, as well as, professional services, settings. In other words anything that the
project might need.

CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Conclusions

Introduce the topic recalling the general objective stating if the proposed
project is feasible. Say what technological resources are needed and that no
obstacles have been found. Also state any economical aspect included. Go over
the strategies and activities and their possible accomplishment. Talk about the
place and personal available to carry out the project.

11
 Now you may start your conclusions of each one of the other objectives
involved in the protocol.

It is in this section where you consider the limitations you found in the
protocol and you find in the proposed project.

Recommendations

The recommendations are orientations for future actions and they go alone
the research objectives. That is to guide other researcher interested in the
research problem to study deeper the phenomenon. In that manner they could do
a complete research study without the limitations this present study faced. You
could also orient other researchers in questions or aspects of interest derived from
the results gotten from this research. Recommend topic derived from the research
that could be investigated in future scenarios.

Bibliography

Appendix

Annex

Bibliography

emathzone.com, . (2012). Classification of Data. Obtenido de Classification of

Data: http://www.emathzone.com/tutorials/basic-statistics/classification-of-
data.html
Hurtado de Barrera, J. (2000). Metodologa de la Investigacin Holtica. Caracas:
Instituto Universitario de Tecnologa Caripito.
Hurtado de Barrera, J. (2017). Metodologia de la Investigacin Holstica. Caracas:
Instituto Universitario de Tecnologa.
Trigueros, R. (2017). Protocole Design. Santa Ana: UES.
Trochim, W. M. (2006). Research Method Knowledge Base. Obtenido de Research
Method Knowledge Base:
http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/convdisc.php

12