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EMQuest EMQ100
Users Manual
ETS-Lindgren reserves the right to make changes to any products herein to improve functioning
or design. Although the information in this document has been carefully reviewed and is believed
to be reliable, ETS-Lindgren does not assume any liability arising out of the application or use of
any product or circuit described herein; nor does it convey any license under its patent rights nor
the rights of others. All trademarks are the property of their respective owners.
Copyright 2006 by ETS-Lindgren L.P. All Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be
copied by any means without written permission from ETS-Lindgren L.P.
Internet Address
http://www.ETS-Lindgren.com
USA
1301 Arrow Point Drive, Cedar Park, TX 78613 USA
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Tel: +1.512.531.6400
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Email: info@ETS-Lindgren.com
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Tel: +81.3.3813.7100
Fax: +81.3.3813.8068
Email: info@ETS-Lindgren.co.jp
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Email: info@ETS-Lindgren.net
Table of Contents
1 Introduction to EMQuest 1
3 Introduction 5
3.1 Graphing and Report Generation ....................................................... 6
3.2 Test Packages.................................................................................... 6
3.3 Equipment Drivers .............................................................................. 7
4 Getting Started 9
4.1 Installation .......................................................................................... 9
4.1.1 License Certificates ...................................................................... 9
4.2 Registration ...................................................................................... 11
4.3 Equipment Setup .............................................................................. 12
4.4 Test Parameters ............................................................................... 13
4.5 Running a Test ................................................................................. 14
4.6 Output Templates ............................................................................. 15
5 EMQuest Revision History 17
5.1 Changes to Version 1.06 Since Version 1.05................................... 17
5.2 Changes to Version 1.04 Since Version 1.03................................... 30
5.3 Changes to Version 1.03 since Version 1.02 ................................... 34
5.4 Changes to Version 1.02 Since Version 1.01................................... 35
5.5 Changes to Version 1.01 Since Version 1.00................................... 38
6 Tips of the Day 43
1 Introduction to EMQuest
Welcome to EMQuest, a versatile data acquisition and analysis software
package. EMQuest is a modular data acquisition system consisting of the
EMQuest application and a variety of test and equipment modules. The
EMQuest application provides all of the functionality required for
parameter entry, data acquisition, data analysis, and report generation. It
utilizes all of the latest Windows capabilities to provide a powerful and
easy to navigate environment. The modular data acquisition system
makes the EMQuest software continually expandable. Test and
equipment modules provide the required data acquisition capability. New
modules can be added to enhance the data acquisition functionality as
needed. For details on each of these capabilities, see the introduction.
3 Introduction
EMQuest is a versatile data acquisition and analysis software package
marketed under a number of model numbers providing configurations for
specific applications. EMQuest is a modular data acquisition system
consisting of the EMQuest application and a variety of test and equipment
modules. The EMQuest application provides all of the functionality
required for parameter entry, data acquisition, data analysis, and report
generation. It utilizes all of the latest Windows capabilities to provide a
powerful and easy to navigate environment. The modular data acquisition
system makes the EMQuest software continually expandable. Test and
equipment modules provide the required data acquisition capability. New
modules can be added to enhance the data acquisition functionality as
needed. Specific sets of modules are grouped together to offer
functionality for a given application, and marketed under one of several
EMQ-XXX model numbers. The available EMQuest products include the
following:
EMQ-100 Antenna Pattern Measurement Software offers fully
automated 2-D (polar/linear) and 3-D (spherical/cylindrical/planar) pattern
measurement capabilities as well as frequency response measurements
for both passive antennas and active wireless mobile stations (cell
phones). This full-featured package includes all of the functionality of the
core package listed below, including a customizable report generator,
advanced graphing and data acquisition capabilities, and various tools for
an enhanced user experience.
EMQ-100 Lite Antenna Pattern Measurement Software offers fully
automated 2-D (polar) and semi-automated 3-D (spherical) pattern
measurement capabilities for passive antennas only. This entry-level
package includes only a small subset of the tests and features offered in
the full EMQ-100 package. It does not support multi-axis positioning
systems or active antenna measurements. Addition of unsupported
features requires an upgrade to the full EMQ-100 package.
EMQ-105 Network Throughput Test Package is an optional expansion
to the EMQ-100 package that adds automated 2-D and 3-D pattern and
attenuation response testing of the network throughput of wireless
networking components.
4 Getting Started
4.1 Installation
In order to proceed with the installation of EMQuest, you must be
logged on to the computer as the administrator. To start the
installation, insert the CD into your CD-ROM drive. If Autorun is
disabled, browse to the CD and double click on setup.exe. Follow
the on-screen directions provided by InstallShield. You must read
and agree to the license agreement before proceeding with the
installation. The install software will allow you to select which
options to install. Select the desired destination directory for the
application and any other required information. For updates to
existing installations, the InstallShield will automatically update the
software with the previously selected options. If new options have
been added to the install, it will be necessary to run the install again
in maintenance mode in order to add those options.
4.2 Registration
In order to permanently enable the EMQuest software with all
licensed features, it is necessary to send in a registration form and
certificate in order to receive a full registration certificate. From the
certificate entry dialog accessed under the Help : License menu
item, press the Register button to bring up the registration
dialog. Enter all of the requested information and press the Send
button to automatically e-mail the registration, or press the
Register button to allow copying the registration information to
an e-mail or file. You will then receive a registration certificate that
will permanently enable the software on that machine.
Hover the mouse over the upper right corner of a graph after reducing a data
set by one or more dimensions to highlight the button that shows the slider
bar panel.
The "Dimension Order" setting in the Graph Settings dialog allows real-time
transposing of the axes of simple data sets. Just drag the axes to the
desired order.
Graphs can be viewed on tabs or panes. The default preference of tabs or
panes is set in the Tools:Options... menu.
You can now view completed raw data files in a Batch Test by double
clicking a selection in the Data Files listbox on the Measurement Progress
screen.
Runtime Comments now have the option to prepend a timestamp.
You can now email opened documents straight from EMQuest using the
Tools:E-Mail Documents menu.
There is a "User Defined" node in most parameter files that allows the user
to add and label custom fields for report generation and tracking purposes.
The "User Defined" node also allows definition of a custom test initialization
message prompt.
There is a Preview File option in the File:Open dialog.
Printing and export functions are page dependent. Selecting Parameters
generates a report. Selecting a graph prints or exports that graph using the
graph template. Selecting a table prints or exports the tabular data.
You can change the corrections or post-processing settings on a raw data
file and update it using the Tools:Apply Updated Corrections command.
There's an "EMQuest Favorites" button in the open and save file dialogs that
jumps to a set of shortcuts to EMQuest directories and files.
You can quickly navigate to any commonly used directory by adding it to the
"EMQuest Favorites" in the open or save file dialog.
The open/save file dialogs support the full range of Windows Explorer
display modes, including list, tree, and icon views.
EMQuest supports TRP and TIS testing per the CTIAs Mobile Station Over-
the-Air Performance Test Plan.
EMQuest can automatically export various subsets of data at the end of the
test. Configure these under the Exports parameter tab.
The Correction File Generator under the Tools menu allows quick entry of
external data for use as corrections to other measurements.
Optimizations like single point poles and close surface can significantly
reduce test time and result in better looking 3-D data.
For proper integration, angle ranges in the resulting dataset must always
cover the desired range of integration. Thus, to cover a sphere, data must
exist from theta = 0-180 degrees and phi = 0-360 degrees. Use
optimizations to reduce the test time in taking this data.
When using the close surface optimization, stop the theta axis (spherical) or
angle (polar) position one step before the full 360-degree rotation.
EMQuest will automatically backup data during a test for recovery in case of
a catastrophic failure. Configure storage times and location in the
Tools:Options menu.
You can now edit existing parameter or data array point field in the report
generator via a popup menu by right clicking on the field.
You can pre-configure equipment parameter settings in the equipment
control panel and automatically select those into a parameter file by right
clicking on the parameter page and selecting the desired configuration from
the drop down menu.
Ancillary equipment allows performing specific tasks using equipment not
normally required by the test (such as positioners and switches) at certain
points in the test procedure.
Use the Transpose Frequency Dependent Data option in frequency
dependent pattern tests to see complete patterns as a function of frequency.
Use the Tools : Apply Updated Corrections menu option to change the
corrections or post processing options of a raw data file.
You can copy and paste entire parameter pages from file to file. However,
be careful not to paste parameters from different pages or unexpected
results may occur.
You can toggle a "raw data" view on or off in a raw data file. This turns on an
additional tab that shows the uncorrected and unprocessed data.
Two special fields, "Th. Src Pwr @ Boresight" and "Phi. Src Pwr @
Boresight" are provided in TIS post processing to give appropriate power
settings for intermediate channel testing. These are the corresponding
communication tester power levels at the sensitivity level of the IUT for the
best sensitivity (boresight) position.
EMQuest now supports basic band handoff for GSM and CDMA 2000
options of the Rohde & Schwarz CMU-200.
EMQuest now supports WCDMA and GPRS/EGPRS options of the Rohde &
Schwarz CMU-200.
EMQuest now has introductory support for the Agilent 8960 Communication
Tester.
There are a number of optimizations to the measurement sequence for GSM
and WCDMA sensitivity testing that can significantly reduce test time.
The trace filters for spectrum analyzers now support an Integrated Channel
Power measurement that can determine the power of a CDMA or WCDMA
across a frequency span without the need for special options in the test
equipment.
Trace filters have a number of tolerance and retry settings to ensure that
valid data is acquired.
Theres a new Time Response test that can record data as a function of time
and provide max, min, and average power.
EMQuest can automatically determine the orientation of the E- and H- plane
of a pattern and generate the appropriate cuts.
7.1.2 Acceptance
Installation of the software covered by this License
Agreement shall constitute acceptance of the terms of this
Agreement as well as all of the ETS-Lindgren L.P. Standard
Terms and Conditions of Sale, which is available upon
request from the ETS-Lindgren L.P. Sales Department.
7.6 General
This Agreement may be modified only by mutual agreement in
writing. The provisions of this Agreement are severable. Neither
party may assign this Agreement unless mutually agreed in writing,
except that either party may assign the Agreement to any third
party into which the party merges, or which gains stock and/or
asset control of the party. This Agreement is governed by the laws
of the State of Texas, United States of America and both parties
agree that the jurisdiction for all disputes shall be Austin, Texas.
Insert contains functions for inserting various objects and fields into
the current document. These functions include:
Page Break inserts a forced page break at the current cursor
location.
Field leads to a submenu that contains options for inserting
parameter, data, or document fields.
Field Editor brings up the field editor dialog, which allows
selection of fields from an available list. Fields are subdivided
into various categories by type. With the exception of
document specific fields like page numbering and current
date, it may be easier to use the other field selection features
to find the appropriate field from an existing data file.
Otherwise it is necessary to understand where and how
specific information is stored in the data file in order to
configure the fields.
Insert contains functions for inserting various objects and fields into
the current document. These functions include:
Parameter Locate minimizes the current window and
switches to a locate mode signified by the find cursor . This
tool allows locating the desired parameter field by simply
clicking on the control containing the parameter in an open
data file. Simply select the open window containing the
desired parameter and browse through the parameter tree
until the required parameter page is displayed. Then, just
click on the control containing the desired parameter. When
the cursor is hovered over a valid parameter control, it will
change to the search link cursor . Note that this feature will
allow the selection of fields from data files other than the one
currently associated with the document template. This could
cause the inserted field to not correspond to an available
parameter in the associated data file. Care should be taken to
insure that the data file used to locate the desired parameter
is of the same type as that which will be used to generate
reports with the template being edited.
Data Field brings up a tabular view of the associated data set
and allows the selection of a particular data point to insert into
the document. Remember, this option only inserts a
description of where that data point was found in the data set.
If the data set used to generate the report does not have an
identical organization, the correct data may not be inserted
into the field when the report is generated.
Graph inserts a graph object at the current cursor location.
Right clicking on the graph and selecting the appropriate
menu option can then change the properties of the graph.
Data Table displays the tabular data selection dialog for
creating a data table template for reporting tabular data. The
dialog allows navigation of the available data set to select the
desired output table view as well as specification of the
number of columns of data to display per page. Currently, this
feature can only create tables of a pre-defined size, which
means that the size of the desired output table must be known
at design time. Dynamic table generation, which will
automatically add the required number of pages at report
generation time will be added in future revisions.
Insert contains functions for inserting various objects and fields into
the current document. These functions include:
Band leads to a submenu for inserting special band functions
that can be used to place duplicate information in the same
place across multiple pages. Bands are normally only used to
generate repeated data across multiple pages when tabular
data is output from the dataset. The Data Table menu
option above will automatically insert the required band
structure, but these items are provided for flexibility.
Header inserts a header band that indicates the start of a
header section. Everything inserted after the header band up
until a text or footer band will be placed at the top of each
page if placed on a page outside a group, or at the top of the
group containing the header section.
Footer inserts a footer band that indicates the start of a footer
section. Everything inserted after the footer band up until a
text or header band will be placed at the bottom of each page
if placed on a page outside a group, or at the bottom of the
group containing the footer section.
Text inserts a text band that indicates the start of a text
section. Everything inserted after the text band up until a
header or footer band will be placed in the body (middle) of
each page if placed on a page outside a group, or in the
middle of the group containing the text section.
Group Start inserts a band group start indicator. Any
information up until the next group end will be output together.
A group will be repeated across multiple pages as long as
there is data available to output in that group.
Group End inserts a band group end indicator. Any
information between a previous group start and this group end
will be output together. A group will be repeated across
multiple pages as long as there is data available to output in
that group.
Table displays the table size selection dialog to insert a
simple table into the document.
Picture brings up a picture file open dialog to allow loading a
picture file and inserting it at the current cursor location.
Document brings up a file open dialog to allow loading
another document and pasting it into the current location in
the document.
Insert contains functions for inserting various objects and fields into
the current document. These functions include:
Bookmark brings up the bookmark editor dialog to allow
inserting a bookmark in the document at the current cursor
location.
Hyperlink brings up the hyperlink dialog that allows inserting
a web link into the document at the current cursor location.
Insert Row inserts a new row in the table after the current
row.
Delete Row deletes the table row containing the cursor.
Split Cell splits the selected cell(s) into two equal cells in the
same row.
Combine Cells combines the select cells into one cell on
each row.
Page Setup displays the page setup dialog with allows
selection of paper size, margins, and orientation of the page.
Run contains functions for running a test. This menu will only be visible
when the active window represents a valid parameter file that may be
used to run a test. The available functions include:
Run Test initiates the test represented by the active
parameter file. Communication is established with all required
test equipment and the equipment settings are adjusted as
required prior to starting the test. If a reference cable
calibration or other similar initialization step is required, and
no valid calibration exists in the instrument or driver, that
calibration is performed prior to commencing the actual
measurement process.
Run contains functions for running a test. This menu will only be visible
when the active window represents a valid parameter file that may be
used to run a test. The available functions include:
Pause Test brings up the pause test dialog and pauses test
execution at the next available step in the test sequence.
Depending on the test, this may not occur immediately.
Abort Test brings up the abort test confirmation dialog,
allowing the test to be aborted.
A list of Additional Functions may be present for a given
test. These functions may configure equipment or perform
other actions based on test parameters without actually
initiating the entire test sequence. These include:
Force Calibration performs the initialization step required for
the active parameter file, and forces any calibration
initialization step to occur, even if a valid calibration exists for
the given configuration.
X Step sets the desired gridline step size for the X-axis. The
actual setting will be adjusted to the nearest allowable value.
In logarithmic axis mode, this setting is ignored.
Y Maximum sets the desired maximum value for the Y-axis.
The actual end of the axis will be adjusted to be the nearest
inclusive value allowed based on the setting of the Stepped
Range Limits checkbox for this axis. In logarithmic axis
mode, the axis end will be set to the nearest larger
logarithmic multiple.
Y Minimum sets the desired minimum value for the Y-axis.
The actual end of the axis will be adjusted to be the nearest
inclusive value allowed based on the setting of the Stepped
Range Limits checkbox for this axis. In logarithmic axis
mode, the axis end will be set to the nearest smaller
logarithmic multiple.
Y Step sets the desired gridline step size for the Y-axis. The
actual setting will be adjusted to the nearest allowable value.
In logarithmic axis mode, this setting is ignored.
Z Maximum sets the desired maximum value for the Z-axis.
The actual end of the axis will be adjusted to be the nearest
inclusive value allowed based on the setting of the Stepped
Range Limits checkbox for this axis. In logarithmic axis
mode, the axis end will be set to the nearest larger
logarithmic multiple. This setting only effects the Cartesian
3-D plot. This setting is for future expansion and is currently
unavailable.
Z Minimum sets the desired minimum value for the Z-axis.
The actual end of the axis will be adjusted to be the nearest
inclusive value allowed based on the setting of the Stepped
Range Limits checkbox for this axis. In logarithmic axis
mode, the axis end will be set to the nearest smaller
logarithmic multiple. This setting only effects the Cartesian
3-D plot. This setting is for future expansion and is currently
unavailable.
Z Step sets the desired gridline step size for the Z-axis. The
actual setting will be adjusted to the nearest allowable value.
In logarithmic axis mode, this setting is ignored.
Log X toggles the logarithmic axis view on the X-axis. This
feature is only available on a Cartesian plot.
Log Y toggles the logarithmic axis view on the Y-axis. This
feature is only available on Cartesian and Polar plots.
10 Tools
Instrument Under Test (IUT) Type List contains the list and list
editor field. To add an entry to the list, type it into the edit box and
press Add. To remove or edit an entry, double click on the entry in
the list box and it will be removed from the list and placed in the edit
box for editing.
Manufacturers tab contains a list of instrument under test (IUT)
manufacturers that can be selected from the Manufacturer
combobox under the Test Information node of the parameter tree.
Instrument Under Test (IUT) Manufacturer List contains the list
and list editor field. To add an entry to the list, type it into the edit
box and press Add. To remove or edit an entry, double click on the
entry in the list box and it will be removed from the list and placed in
the edit box for editing.
Instrument Models tab contains a list of instrument under test
(IUT) model numbers that can be selected from the Model
combobox under the Test Information node of the parameter tree.
Instrument Under Test (IUT) Model Number List contains the list
and list editor field. To add an entry to the list, type it into the edit
box and press Add. To remove or edit an entry, double click on the
entry in the list box and it will be removed from the list and placed in
the edit box for editing.
Note: This tool has been added as a bonus feature to the EMQuest
package, and is not directly supported under any technical support or
maintenance agreements. It is provided as-is and may be enhanced as
resources allow.
11 Measurements
11.2.2.2 Parameters
Create a new parameter file and then select Batch Test
Measurements to enter the necessary test information.
Refer to the help for each page of the parameters for more
details on each parameter. Most parameters have default
settings which will allow an almost immediate "ready to run"
state. Its only necessary to select the appropriate test
parameters and press the Run button to start a test.
However, these default settings probably wont be exactly
whats required for a given application, so its necessary to
review and modify the parameters as needed.
The Batch Select node allows selection of the list of
parameter files to be run in the batch. Refer to the Batch
Select help section for more information on selecting the
parameter files.
Most of the remaining nodes provide the ability to enter
information to replace or supplement the equivalent
information in each of the selected test parameters as they
are executed. The identifying information in the Test
Information node will be used in all batch parameter files,
as well as the Operator, Temperature, and Humidity from the
Operator/Comments node. The Comments field will be
appended to the comments in each test parameter to avoid
losing any test specific comments in each file. Use the
Paths node to specify any custom output paths and/or
output templates for this data. Otherwise each test will use
those configured in its own Paths node.
The Notification tab to changes the default test completion
notification for the batch test from that configured in the
Tools : Options dialog. Notifications are suppressed from
individual tests in the batch.
ETS-Lindgren, August, 2006 103
Rev. A, P#399783
EMQuestEMQ100 Antenna Pattern Measurement Software
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
AUT with respect to the support can also help insure better
results. By making sure the support is in a null or back-lobe,
its effects on pattern related measurements can be
minimized.
Pt Pr
c2 G r
t Gr c3
l l
ga gpa
PSG PRX
c1 c4
l l
Sig
Rec
Genl
i
t
where ga is the gain of the amplifier, and cl1 and cl2 are the
cable losses of the corresponding transmit cables. The
power at the receiver, PRX, is given in terms of the power at
the receive antenna output port, Pr, by the similar equation:
Pr g pa
PRX =
cl3 cl 4 ,
where gpa is the gain of the preamplifier, and cl3 and cl4 are
the cable losses of the corresponding receive cables. If any
of the components are missing, the corresponding gain or
loss for that variable in the equation should be one. In terms
of dB, these formulae become P = P + g cl cl and
t SG a 1 2
P = P + g cl cl
RX r pa 3
, and the gain or loss of missing components
4
P
The exact definition of t is often a source of some
confusion and is somewhat dependant on what terms are
included in the definition of gain. If the antenna is perfectly
matched to the source cable, then all power applied to the
antenna is radiated (or absorbed by losses in the antenna).
However, in the more common case of a mismatch between
the source impedance and the antenna impedance, a portion
of the energy is reflected back to the source so that the net
power transmitted is the difference between the applied
forward incident power and the power reflected back to the
source:
Pnet = Pinc Prefl
P
If a theoretical gain value is used in the Friis equation, net
Pt
should be used for since the theoretical formula typically
wont be able to account for the VSWR caused by the
impedance mismatch. This requires either using a bi-
directional coupler and power meter configuration at the
P
transmit antenna in order to be able to determine net
directly, or measuring the VSWR of the antenna and
performing additional calculations to predict the net power
from the forward power. If measured gain values are used
its important to know how those gain values where
determined and whether or not they already contain a
contribution due to VSWR. Since any calibration technique
is still inherently governed by this same formula, the
resulting gain will be different depending on whether or not
the VSWR effects have been accounted for separately. If
not, the gain will be changed simply by the ratio of net power
to forward power:
Pnet Gt net Gr 2 Pinc (Gt net Pnet / Pinc )Gr 2 Pinc Gt inc Gr 2
IPr = (4r ) 2
=
(4r ) 2
=
(4r ) 2
t
should be noted that if the receive antenna has a mismatch
(equally as likely as the transmit antenna) the same issue
exists on the receive antenna but isnt as easy to directly
observe since the reflected energy is re-radiated in this case.
Theres no good way to measure the forward and reflected
receive energy! However, the VSWR of the receive antenna
can be used to determine this effect as well. Fortunately as
will be shown here, the gain of the receive antenna does not
need to be known exactly (other than to double-check the
calibration result against theoretical predictions) since it will
be measured as part of the range calibration process.
2
TRP = r 2 sin( )d d where:
=0 =0
where:
TPr is the total power received,
and
Pr ( , )
is the power measured at the receive antenna output port.
Pt Gr 2 2
TPr =
(4r ) 2
=0 =0
Gt ( , ) sin( )d d
Pt 2
=0 =0 Gt ( , ) sin( )d d
= 4 2
TRP
TPr Pt Gr 2
(4r ) 2 =0 =0
Gt ( , ) sin( )d d
TRP 4r 2
=
TPr Gr 2
Pr Gt Gr 2
C= =
Pt (4r ) 2
TRP G
= t
TPr 4C
Vmax
is the maximum voltage on the transmission line (feed
cable),
and
V refl
is the magnitude of the reflected wave.
The reflection coefficient, , (not to be confused with the
power density describe above) the ratio of reflected to
V
incident
= waves and is given by:
V + , or in terms of impedance,
ZL Z0
=
Z L + Z0
where:
V+ is the incident wave (magnitude and phase),
Vrefl VSWR 1
= =
VL Vinc VSWR + 1
2Z 0
= =
V + , or in terms of impedance, ZL + Z0 ,
where:
V L is the wave transmitted through the mismatch to the load
side (magnitude and phase).
By definition,
=1,
= Pinc (1 )
2
CVSWR = 10 log10 (1 )
2
4 VSWR
= 10 log10
2
(VSWR + 1)
, 2 Pt Gt
2
EIRP = r sin( )d d
= 0 = 0 4r 2
= Pt Gt
, EIRP
Gt =
Pt
P
where t is often referred to as the antenna port input power
(APIP). Again, there is the question of whether or not this
term should be the incident power or the net power. That
decision will affect the calculation of the efficiency of the
antenna, as will be shown shortly.
The ratio of the EIRP to the total radiated power is defined
as the directivity of the antenna:
, Pt Gt
EIRP
D= =
TRP Pt 2
4
=0 =0
Gt ( , ) sin( )d d
4
= 2
=0 =0
t ( , ) sin( )d d
( , )
where t is the relative magnitude of the AUT pattern
at any angle with respect to the maximum. For an isotropic
radiator, this would be a constant one, so that the directivity
( , )
was also one. For any real antenna, t is less than one
for much of the surface, resulting in a directivity greater than
one. Note that the directivity is the only term related to the
antenna gain which is solely a relative term. The range
calibration does not show up in this equation.
As with the TRP measurement, the measurement system is
only capable of measuring received power, so instead of
EIRP, the corresponding value calculated would be the
effective isotropic received power:
,
2
EIPr = P sin( )d d
=0 =0 r max
= 4 Pr max
P
where r max is the maximum received power from the pattern
measurement. Assuming again that the maximum received
power is the boresight transmission response, the same site
reference constant, C, can be used:
,EIRP Pt Gt Gt
= =
EIPr 4 Pr max 4 C
TRP
=
. Pt
Comparing this to the definition of gain and directivity given
earlier, its apparent that the gain is given by the product of
the directivity and efficiency:
. EIRP EIRP TRP
Gt = =
Pt TRP Pt
= D
Gt 2 Gt Pr ( , ) Gt Pr ( , )
4C =0 =0
TRP = + sin( )d d
C C
P ( , )
where AUT is the total power measured at the AUT
antenna port at each angular position.
Using the Friis Transmission Equation to represent the
relationship between the measurement antenna and the
AUT, we get:
PMA G MA G AUT ( , )2
PAUT ( , ) =
(4r ) 2
C 2
= PMA G AUT ( , ) sin( )d d
Gt =0 =0
1 1 1
= +
eirxp Net ( , ) eirxp ( , ) eirxp ( , )
4
TIS = TIPr ( Psensitivity ) =
2 1 1
=0
= 0 EIS ( , )
+ sin( )d d
EIS ( , )
Figure 16. Effect of truncating data at the two CTIA Near Horizon Partial
Power integration limits on summation vs. trapezoidal rule integrals for
data points taken every 15 degrees.
11.3.2.19 Summary
The need for antenna pattern information is increasing, as
the EMC community moves to higher frequencies and more
advanced techniques, and as wireless devices continue to
pervade our everyday RF environment. The techniques for
complex pattern measurement are rather straightforward, but
there are some pitfalls. However, the calculations involved
to determine certain antenna properties can be much more
complicated. Nonetheless, with appropriate care and
understanding of the associated quantities, it is not difficult to
obtain excellent results. The information provided here can
help even the novice RF or EMC Engineer to determine a
wide variety of antenna properties.
12.1 Introduction
EMQuest provides a variety of powerful antenna pattern
measurement tests bundled as the EMQ-100 Antenna Pattern
Measurement Software package. The pattern measurement tests
that will be available will depend on the options purchased with
your EMQuest EMQ-100 license. The available tests are designed
to perform both passive testing of antennas and active testing of
wireless devices. With the appropriate parameter settings,
measurements compliant to the Cellular Telecommunications and
Internet Associations (CTIAs) Mobile Station Over-the-Air
Performance Test Plan may be obtained. This section will describe
some of the basics for configuring each test for typical pattern
measurements. For more information on general pattern
measurement concepts, terms, and theory, refer to the Pattern
Measurement Basics section in this online manual. This section
assumes that the reader has read the Getting Started section and
is familiar with the basic operation of the EMQuest package,
including equipment configuration and parameter file generation. In
addition to the material provided here, each page of the parameters
for a selected pattern test will have additional detailed information
on those parameters. Use the context sensitive help to obtain more
information on a given parameter or page.
12.2.5.2 Parameters
Create a new parameter file and then select the desired test
to enter the necessary test information. Refer to the help for
each page of the parameters for more details on each
parameter. Most parameters have default settings which will
allow an almost immediate "ready to run" state. Its only
necessary to select the appropriate equipment and press the
Run button to start a test. However, these default settings
probably wont be exactly whats required for a given
application, so its necessary to review and modify the
parameters as needed.
In general, the Parameters node controls the basic
operation of the test. It allows setting the desired range of
motion of the positioner axes for the test, as well as
positioning step size or continuous (as fast as possible) data
1
Dependent on available spectrum analyzer resolution. Its
important that there be enough resolution to detect all peaks
and nulls in the resulting signal. The specified value should
be acceptable for a 501 point/per/trace analyzer. For
analyzers with fewer points, reduce the span to just slightly
wider than the maximum pulse width.
2
For multislot measurements, widen this span by multiplying
by the appropriate number of timeslots to be measured and
set the GSM Timeslots to the same number of slots.
3
The positive peak detector has been used traditionally for
pulsed measurements, however the benefits of the RMS
detector make it likely that it will replace the peak detector
for pulsed power measurements in the future.
4
The RMS detector is preferred, as it averages many
samples for each data point. The sample detector only
records one sample per data point. The trace is noisier,
resulting in a noisier resulting average power.
5
The trigger level should be set just above the noise floor (5-
10 dB), sufficient to avoid spurious triggers from the noise
floor, but low enough to provide maximum dynamic range.
6
The attenuation and reference level settings should be
adjusted to give maximum dynamic range (lowest noise
floor) while ensuring that the maximum signal level received
stays away from the top of the spectrum analyzer graticule.
The attenuation should be set to the minimum value possible
that still allows a reference level thats at least 5 dB above
the maximum expected input to the analyzer. For most OTA
configurations, a reference level of 0 dBm and 0 dB
attenuation work well, however for lower path losses or
stronger mobile signals, a higher reference level is required,
usually requiring the addition of some attenuation. Gain
compression is likely if the signal gets within a few dB of or
passes the top of the spectrum analyzer window, depending
on the instrument. The ceiling level setting is provided for
the filter to detect this occurrence and avoid bad data. Set
the ceiling just below the top of the spectrum window for
most configurations. The floor level is used to ensure that
valid data is detected above the noise floor. Results below
this level typically represent a dropped call. Set the floor
level a few dB above the noise floor to ensure that valid data
can be distinguished from the noise floor. If the signal
moves outside the window between the ceiling and floor, the
software will retry the specified number of times and then
pop up a dialog for user intervention.
GPRS/EGPRS and WCDMA are new test technologies that
have not be well standardized. These are preliminary
recommendations and subject to change..
13 Post Processing
At the end of a test, all post-processing is performed automatically. The
corrections are applied as specified, for dual-polarized tests, the total
power is calculated by combining the two polarizations assuming linearly
polarized signals, and then a variety of values are calculated based on the
resulting data. For single-polarization tests, the calculations are
performed on the measured polarization as though it represents the total
power. Finally, the data is reformatted as requested in the Corrections
node of the parameters. The list below describes the various antenna
attributes that are calculated. The available values are different for single-
axis and two-axis tests, and are different for scalar tests vs. sensitivity
tests or throughput tests. Note that by default the post processing
algorithms expect the and angles to be in the range of 0-360 with no
overlap anywhere on the surface (i.e. . = 0-180 and = 0-360 or vice-
versa). Deviating from this assumption may produce unexpected/invalid
results for some of the reported values.
Ant. Port Input Pwr. (dBm) is simply a re-statement of the value entered
for the APIP correction for scalar tests.
Cond. Sensitivity (dBm) is simply a re-statement of the value entered for
the Conducted Sensitivity correction for sensitivity tests.
Tot. Rad. Pwr. (dBm) is the total radiated power determined by
integrating the surface or circle or portion thereof covered by a scalar test.
EMQuest performs its integration using the trapezoidal rule as described
in Pattern Measurement Basics. If only a partial surface is covered, the
integral will indicate the partial radiated power for that surface. This
value will not be valid without proper range calibration values entered into
the corrections.
TIS (dBm) is the total isotropic sensitivity determined by integrating the
surface or circle or portion thereof covered by a sensitivity test.
Conceptually, it corresponds to the inverse of the TRP for a radiated
power test. EMQuest performs its integration using the trapezoidal rule for
sensitivity as described in Pattern Measurement Basics. If only a partial
surface is covered, the integral will indicate the partial isotropic sensitivity
for that surface. This value will not be valid without proper range
calibration values entered into the corrections.
Upper Hem. PRP (dBm) and Lower Hem. PRP (dBm) are partial
radiated power values representing the upper and lower hemispheres of
the TRP pattern. They are calculated using the same trapezoidal rule
integration as the TRP, where the endpoints have been interpolated to =
0 to 90 and 90 to 180, respectively. These values will not be valid
without proper range calibration values entered into the corrections.
Upper Hem. PIS (dBm) and Lower Hem. PIS (dBm) are partial isotropic
sensitivity values representing the upper and lower hemispheres of the
TIS pattern. They are calculated using the same trapezoidal rule
integration as the TIS, where the endpoints have been interpolated to =
0 to 90 and 90 to 180, respectively. These values will not be valid
without proper range calibration values entered into the corrections.
Partial Surface Ratios (_PRP/TRP and TIS/_PIS ratios) are provided in
both linear (%) and dB units, comparing the near horizon and
hemispherical partial surface results to the TRP/TIS results. These values
clearly indicate what percentage of the total power is included in the partial
surface results, or how much power is lost in the excluded portion(s). The
ratios for TIS are inverted to reflect equivalent quantities to those for TRP.
Front/Back Ratio (dB) is determined by taking the difference between the
peak EIRP or minimum EIS and the value on the exact opposite side of
the pattern from it.
Theta BW () and Phi BW () refer to the beamwidths along the theta and
phi polarization directions. The values + Th. BW (), - Th. BW (), + Phi
BW (), and - Phi BW () refer to the two halves of these beamwidths on
either side of the maximum. To determine these values, two cuts are
taken through the surface intersecting at the maximum EIRP or minimum
EIS point, with the first cut oriented along the theta polarization and the
second cut made perpendicular to the first (note that this cut is not the
same as a phi-angle cut, which corresponds to a conical section cut). For
each cut, the algorithm steps in one-degree increments in each direction
from the peak to find the -3 dB points or until it reaches a total of 360
degrees ( 180).
Beamwidth () refers to the beamwidth along the rotation directions. +
Beamwidth (), and - Beamwidth () refer to the two halves of the
beamwidth on either side of the maximum. To determine these values,
the algorithm steps in one-degree increments from the maximum EIRP or
minimum EIS point along the axis of rotation to find the -3 dB points. If the
beamwidth passes 180, the algorithm assumes a dipole pattern and
stops searching.
Boresight Th. (), Boresight Phi (), and Boresight Angle () refer to the
angular location of the maximum EIRP or minimum EIS.
Phi Src. Pwr. @ Boresight (dBm) indicates the raw (uncorrected) source
power setting of the communication tester at the boresight (minimum EIS)
direction and specified sensitivity level for the phi polarization. This value
is useful for determining the required communication tester power level for
intermediate channel sensitivity measurements.
Axial Ratio is only available for dual polarized vector patterns and
represents the ratio of major to minor axis for elliptically polarized signals
at boresight. A value of +INF is displayed for perfectly linearly polarized
signals.
Close Pattern duplicates the first data point as the last data
point and adds 360 to the recorded position. This results in
a closed surface and avoids the "seam" sometimes visible in
polar plots. This also allows speeding up a test by not re-
measuring the end points. The requested range of motion
can be reduced and still result in complete pattern coverage.
Without this option, reducing the range of motion would
result in a partial polar plot, which would be integrated as a
partial cut rather than the complete 360 for the post-
processing calculations. This option is only valid for polar
pattern measurements.
Options allow modifying other aspects of the test. The
available options are:
Record Actual Axis Position forces the test to record the
actual physical position of the positioner at each stepped
position instead of the target position. This is only necessary
if the positioners targeting capability is insufficient to position
to the target within the desired positioning uncertainty.
Measure Polarizations Sequentially will cause the dual
polarized test to perform two single polarization tests
sequentially, pausing in between each test sequence to
allow manually changing the polarization of the
measurement antenna. This option is only available for dual
polarized tests.
Single Point Poles are only valid for full spherical pattern
measurements using the conical section (stepped theta)
data acquisition order. When checked, the program will only
measure the points at theta = 0, 180, and 360 at the initial
phi angle. The corresponding data will then be rotated
around the Z-axis for all other phi angles. The assumption is
that the total field is constant at these points and only the
polarization direction changes. In an effort to maintain the
appearance of the 3-D plots for both polarizations, the vector
component is rotated through the range of phi values to
generate new values for each polarization. However, a
single scalar measurement is insufficient to determine the
vector direction of the resultant field, so there is a 50%
chance that the rotation will be in the wrong direction. This
can be mitigated by starting from a known polarization such
that the rotation is symmetrical (polarization at phi = 0 is
along one of the two measurement polarizations) or
increases in the expected rotation direction. These issues
will not affect the total field/power plot or any quantities
derived from it. Future revisions may offer a two-point pole
option to determine the actual vector direction.
Close Pattern duplicates the first phi-axis data point as the
last data point and adds 360 to the recorded position. This
results in a closed surface and avoids the "seam" sometimes
visible in polar or 3-D plots. This also allows speeding up a
test by not re-measuring the end points. The requested
range of motion can be reduced for the "seam" axis and still
result in complete pattern coverage. Without this option,
reducing the range of motion would result in a partial
surface, which would be integrated as a partial surface
rather than the complete surface for the post-processing
calculations. This option is only valid for polar, cylindrical, or
full spherical pattern measurements using the conical
section (stepped theta) data acquisition order.
Close Pattern duplicates the first data point as the last data
point and adds 360 to the recorded position. This results in
a closed surface and avoids the "seam" sometimes visible in
polar plots. This also allows speeding up a test by not re-
measuring the end points. The requested range of motion
can be reduced and still result in complete pattern coverage.
Without this option, reducing the range of motion would
result in a partial polar plot, which would be integrated as a
partial cut rather than the complete 360 for the post-
processing calculations. This option is only valid for polar
pattern measurements.
Options allow modifying other aspects of the test. The
available options are:
Record Actual Axis Position forces the test to record the
actual physical position of the positioner at each stepped
position instead of the target position. This is only necessary
if the positioners targeting capability is insufficient to position
to the target within the desired positioning uncertainty.
Remove Single Point Frequency Axis provides a data set
reduction that removes the frequency axis from frequency
dependent data sets having only one frequency point in the
list. The option defaults to "on".
14 Response Measurement
14.1.1 Introduction
The Response Measurement is the workhorse of the
EMQuest software package. Designed to measure a signal
as a function of frequency (frequency response) or time
(time response), the response test is a useful tool for
obtaining frequency or time dependent information on an
instrument under test (IUT).
The response file generated by a response measurement
can be used as a correction factor or reference value for
other tests. While the response test (with the appropriate
test equipment) can measure a variety of values, including
path loss, VSWR, gain, or absolute signal magnitude; when
used as a correction, most tests assume that a response file
contains relative response in dB. Care should be taken to
avoid using response files containing other types of
information in a manner that would produce erroneous
results.
A vector response measurement is a variant to the standard
scalar response measurement. It captures vector
information and can be used as a correction factor for other
vector measurements.
There are also a number of other variants to the response
measurement, that measure different types of response.
These are not covered directly in this section, but have
similar features. These include the new time dependent
response measurement, that takes multiple readings of an
instrument (either traces or single points) as a function of
time for a specified period. There are also several response
measurements included in the EMQ-105 option, including
throughput vs. time and throughput vs. attenuation response
tests. None of these response measurements are intended
for use as corrections to other measurements.
14.1.2.2 Parameters
Create a new parameter file and then select the Response
Measurement test to enter the necessary test information.
Refer to the help for each page of the parameters for more
details on each parameter. Most parameters have default
settings which will allow an almost immediate "ready to run"
state. Its only necessary to select the appropriate
equipment and press the Run button to start a test.
However, these default settings probably wont be exactly
whats required for a given application, so its necessary to
review and modify the parameters as needed.
14.2 Equipment
14.3.2.6 Network
Network Standard sets the network standard band
classification (area localization) for the given CDMA band
selection.
RF Connectors & Analyzer contains settings found under
the AF/RF and Analyzer tabs of the CMU-200 menu. These
settings control the I/O ports of the CMU and the range
control of the RF Analyzer. These settings are critical for
establishing and maintaining a call. When the RF Analyzer
is in Manual mode, the RF Max Level fixes the available
dynamic range of the measurement receiver (about 40 dB
for CDMA). Note that the behavior of the dynamic range
window of the CMU varies with respect to the RF Max Level
depending on if the power control bits are configured for
Auto versus All Up. In the other RF modes, the input
attenuation value for the selected RF port is used by the
CMU to determine the appropriate range. Refer to Tips for
using the Rohde & Schwarz CMU-200 for more information.
Custom settings under this menu are:
Auto Range fixes the RF Mode to Manual and uses the RF
Max Level parameter as an initial RF Max Level setting.
When in auto range mode, the CMU driver will perform a
quick power measurement before and/or after changing
certain control settings (i.e. channel changes or mobile
power level changes) or performing certain measurements.
If the received signal is determined to be over or under
range, or too near the edge of the available dynamic range,
the RF Max Level is adjusted automatically to attempt to
move the received power closer to the middle of the range.
MTS-1 includes data from one timeslot before the base MTS
in the analysis.
MTS 0 includes data from the base MTS in the analysis.
MTS+1 includes data from one timeslot after the base MTS
in the analysis.
MTS+2 includes data from two timeslots after the base MTS
in the analysis.
Recorded Timeslot Analysis selects the way the data from
the selected time slots will be analyzed.
Default (single timeslot) records the data from the first
selected timeslot, starting with MTS 0.
Average of all selected timeslots computes the linear
average of the power across all selected timeslots.
Peak of all selected timeslots records the maximum value
measured on all selected timeslots.
Minimum of all selected timeslots records the minimum
value measured on all selected timeslots.
The remaining tabs contain device specific settings grouped
similar to their groupings under the CMU user interface. The
most important settings are described briefly below. Refer to
appropriate operations manuals for the CMU-200 for more
detailed descriptions of each available setting. Note that
some settings may be currently disabled, either due to lack
of support in the CMUs GPIB command set or complexity of
implementation. These will be addressed when possible.
Mobile Station Signal contains settings found under the MS
Signal tab of the CMU-200 menu. Settings under this tab
primarily control the mobile power control level (PCL).
General contains general settings for the mobile station
behavior.
Slot Mode selects between single and mutlislot modes for
circuit switched communication. Selecting Multislot causes
the Slot Configuration tab to be displayed.
Single Slot Settings / Main Slot Settings contains settings
for controlling the behavior of a single slot and the main slot
of a multislot transmission from the mobile station.
PCL sets the Power Control Level of the mobile to the
specified value after establishing a call.
Pwr Ctrl at Sense Lvl allows running the coarse search for
the sensitivity level at one power control setting (i.e. Closed
Loop) as defined by the "UE Transmit Power Control" TPC
Pattern setting, and then switching to another power control
setting (i.e. All 1) at the sensitivity level. This may be useful
for preserving battery life.
TPC Pattern Type sets the mobile station power control
pattern to the specified mode during BER/BLER
measurements at the sensitivity level. This setting overrides
the equivalent settings during the BER/BLER measurement.
14.3.2.13 Signaling
RF Channel Uplink specifies the uplink RF channel
UARFCN (UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel
Number). This setting is linked to the RF Channel Downlink
by a fixed frequency separation determined by the selected
operating band.
UE Transmit Power Control sets up the power control bit
pattern and the settings for closed loop control of the power
from the mobile station.
TPC Pattern Type selects the pattern to be used to control
the mobiles output power. Normally set to "All 1" to force
the mobile to full power.
Base Station Signal contains settings found under the BS
Signal tab of the CMU-200 menu. Settings under this tab
are primarily used for setting up the initial uplink RF channel
including the output power levels.
Node-B Settings control the basic behavior of the downlink
channel.
RF Channel Downlink specifies the downlink RF channel
UARFCN (UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel
Number). This setting is linked to the RF Channel Uplink by
a fixed frequency separation determined by the selected
operating band.
Output Channel Pwr specifies the total power output from
the CMU for the downlink. The code domain power of each
of the individual code channels is represented relative to this
number. Output power measurement results (i.e. sensitivity)
are recorded based on this setting.
Level Reference controls whether the power in each of the
code channels is represented relative to the primary
common pilot channel (P-CPICH) power represented in dB,
or the total output channel power. In either case, all
measurement results are based on the total output channel
power value.
the CMU have broken the loop. Pressing this button will
attempt to re-establish normal polling operation.
Measurement Power Levels control the various CDMA
power levels affecting CMU measurements.
Overview provides a continuous overview measurement
with the same quantities as reported by the Overview tab on
the CMU.
Sensitivity allows executing a single sensitivity test point.
Refer to the Equipment Parameters help under Sensitivity for
more information. The available controls include:
Test Point Status reads out the status of the sensitivity
measurement as it progresses.
Run Sensitivity Test initiates a sensitivity measurement.
This button toggles to an abort button to cancel the test.
Last Sensitivity Value reports the actual output port power
of the CMU representing the sensitivity level determined at
the end of the last test. Any output port attenuation value
entered into the CMU is ignored.
Equipment Settings displays and sets the equipment
parameters for the particular CMU option that is active.
Changing to this tab downloads the settings. Changing back
to the User Interface tab uploads the modified settings to the
CMU. Note that the CMU cannot be in an active call for
most settings to be changed, and that a number of settings
require the registration signal to be off as well. Use the
context sensitive help to obtain information on the available
settings under this tab, and refer to the CMU-200
documentation for more information on the available
settings.
14.4 Positioners
Use Time Gating will setup and enable the time domain
gating when checked.
Center accepts the center time position of the time gate.
Span accepts the time span of the gate.
Gate Shape allows entry of the desired gate shape. The
available selections are Maximum, Minimum, Normal, and
Wide. Refer to the network analyzer documentation for
more information on these settings.
The Calibration tab contains parameter settings related to
calibration selection. These settings allow the selection of
the desired analyzer calibration type, if any, prior to initiating
a measurement. Prior to starting a test, the test parameter
settings will be compared to those already in the analyzer,
and, if they differ, the analyzer will be reset and the new
parameters downloaded prior to initiating the requested
calibration. The available parameter groups on this tab are:
Calibration Kit and Test Port Genders includes settings for
selection of the desired calibration kit and specifying the
associated genders of the test ports. The available settings
include:
Calibration Kit allows selection of one of the standard
calibration kits. The available standard calibration kits are:
7 mm, 3.5 mm, 50 Ohm Type N, and 75 Ohm Type N.
Port 1 allows the selection of the gender of test port 1 for
calibration kits that have different calibration terms for each
gender. The available selections are Male and Female. For
genderless connectors, or calibration kits with the same
corrections for each gender, this selection is disabled.
Port 2 allows the selection of the gender of test port 2 for
calibration kits that have different calibration terms for each
gender. The available selections are Male and Female. For
genderless connectors, or calibration kits with the same
corrections for each gender, this selection is disabled.
Channel 1 and Channel 2 allow the selection of the desired
calibration type and standard to be used for each channel of
the network analyzer. For single channel tests, the second
channel is ignored. For dual channel tests where one
calibration will satisfy both channels (i.e. a full two-port
calibration for S-parameter measurements) the second
channel should be set to Manual Calibration to prevent
duplicating the calibration for the second channel.
Trigger Level sets the desired video trigger level. When set
to video trigger mode and told to sweep, the spectrum
analyzer will not start a sweep until the signal rises above
the trigger level. This allows synchronizing a zero-span time
based sweep with a pulsed RF signal.
Trigger Retry controls automatic retrying on trigger related
failures. If a video triggered sweep times out (fails to trigger
in the allotted or expected time frame), the driver will
automatically retry the sweep for the requested number of
attempts prior to displaying a dialog to request action from
the user. This will allow for occasional "missed" trigger
pulses without significantly affecting a test by requiring
constant user intervention.
Trigger Offset allows moving the trigger point forward or
backwards in time to move the location of the desired pulse
into the middle of the window. This can also be used for
complicated triggering schemes where the measured pulse
is not the one that caused the trigger to occur, but rather
comes before or after the pulse that caused the trigger.
Detector Selection allows selecting the desired detector
setting of the spectrum analyzer. Note that not all spectrum
analyzers support all detector settings, and the behavior of
analyzers that do not have a particular detector option
installed is undefined. Refer to the documentation for the
individual spectrum analyzer for more information on each
detector. The available detectors include:
Default Detector causes the driver to ignore the detector
setting and use whatever setting the analyzer has at
initialization or after preset.
Auto Peak Detector currently only supported on Rohde &
Schwarz spectrum analyzers; this detector displays both
positive and negative peaks simultaneously. The visible
behavior from software (i.e. the trace transferred back to the
software) is the same as the positive peak detector.
Negative Peak Detector displays the minimum level of the
IF envelope in the frequency band represented by each test
point.
Positive Peak Detector displays the maximum level of the
IF envelope in the frequency band represented by each test
point.
Sample Detector displays a single sample of the IF
envelope in the frequency band represented by each test
14.8 Switches
address 8 for device one, and 9 for device two. Note that
the auxiliary ports can be controlled from either device one
or device two of the 2090, so the default address is usually
sufficient. Refer to the documentation for the Model 2090 for
more information on determining the GPIB address if
necessary.
Switch Array controls the actual behavior of the switch,
determining the number of available states.
Switch Array States specifies the desired number of states
for this switch. Each state will indicate a different possible
configuration of all four auxiliary ports. The switch should be
configured for the number of states (equivalent to poles of a
switch) expected in use. For instance, a dual receiver/switch
hybrid will require two states, one for each channel. Other
applications may require more states.
Unused leaves this relay in its current state when the switch
changes to this state. Since more than one switch instance
can share the same set of relays, this feature allows other
instances to use the unused relays without interference.
Care should be taken to avoid having two switch instances
switching the same relay during the same test, since there is
no guarantee as to which instance will take precedence.
RSP-BRF Plug-in tab control the state of each relay in an
RSP-BRF plug-in for the associated switch state. This tab
will only be visible if the RSP-BRF plug-in was enabled in the
equipment control panel. The RSP-BRF Relay Settings
include:
K30-K33 control the state of each relay for the associated
switch state. The available settings for each relay are:
Position 1-6 switches the relay to the selected position
when the switch changes to this state.
Unused leaves this relay in its current state when the switch
changes to this state. Since more than one switch instance
can share the same set of relays, this feature allows other
instances to use the unused relays without interference.
Care should be taken to avoid having two switch instances
switching the same relay during the same test, since there is
no guarantee as to which instance will take precedence.
Options lists other options available for this state.
Pause After Switching will hold the test sequence for the
specified period in milliseconds after switching to the
associated state. This allows for switch transition time and
bounce settling.
14.11 Hybrids
Vector Maximum
X
Figure 1. Illustration of vector maximum for data exhibiting a knee.
Y
V ecto r M axim um
data set to select the desired data point to be inserted into the
current document location. Note that this field only records the
location of the desired data point in the data set. The actual value
will be inserted from the associated dataset upon report generation.
The left hand side of the dialog contains a Data Navigation Tree,
which shows the structure of the available dataset down to each
individual element. Tabular, navigation-only nodes are indicated by
grid icons, while nodes containing a valid data field are indicated by
a checkmark. The selected tabular node of the tree shows as a
Data Table on the right hand side of the dialog. This table contains
the contents of the segment of the dataset along that branch of the
tree. At the top right of the page is a Selection: readout indicating
the contents of the currently selected data field. This represents
the field that will be inserted into the document upon pressing OK.
Note: Selecting 1 point per trace will automatically put the analyzer
in the single point mode, regardless of the Sweep Mode setting.
Sweep Mode allows the selection of the desired sweep mode for
analyzer configurations that support more than one mode. This
selection will only be visible if the Synthesized Source option is
checked in the equipment configuration panel. The available
choices are Ramp, which uses an analog synchronization signal
between the analyzer and the signal source, and Step, which uses
the system interface to step the signal source to each frequency.
Ramp mode is typically faster unless a number of traces are being
averaged, but frequency accuracy will suffer due to the analog
sweep signal. Step mode takes longer between each step due to
the digital communication required, but does not slow down much
as averaging is increased since the same frequency point is
measured repeatedly.
Note: The user must ensure that the files in the list match the
expected format, units, and required frequency range to avoid
unpredictable results. Otherwise extrapolation or other errors may
result. While it is possible to apply specialized corrections to
intentionally change the data type and meaning of the resulting
data (i.e. apply a correction of +107 dB to convert from dBm to
dBV), the data will still maintain the original labeling information.
Therefore, while the expert user can take advantage of this
capability, appropriate measures should be taken to provide
comments or other indications to document the intended effect of
the special corrections.
Note: While there may be cases where the same equipment can
be used for both the required test equipment and ancillary
equipment, this practice is not recommended, and unexpected
behavior may result.
15 Ancillary Equipment
Ancillary equipment refers to test equipment not specifically required by a
test parameter file in order to be able to perform the test functionality itself,
but which may provide an additional level of automation external to the
main functionality of the test.
Examples include positioners and switches that may be used to position a
device under test or select a signal path prior to performing a test.
Total Path
PISO
PMA
clMA-TE Test
Equipment
r
GMA PTE
Isotropic
Radiator
PRA PMA
clMA-TE
r
GRA PISO GMA PTE clTE-RX
PSG clSG-RA PRX
Signal
Receiver
Generator
where PRX is the power measured at the receiver during the cable
reference test, and PRX is the power measured at the receiver
during the range path loss measurement in Figure 2. Thus, the
path loss is then just given by:
PL = G RA + PRX ' PRX
.
Note that this formulation assumes that the effects of the reference
antenna VSWR are accounted for in the gain of the reference
antenna. For more information on this subject, refer to the topic on
Pattern Measurement Basics.
PRA=PTE
clSG-RA clTE-RX
PSG PRX
Signal
Receiver
Generator
Fully Anechoic
Chamber
Dual Polarized
Conducted Portion of
Measurement
Antenna
Positioner
Measurement
Port
Test
Equipment
Fully Anechoic
Chamber
Reference
Antenna
(in center of
Measurement Propagation Path quiet zone)
(Cables, Switches, Amps, etc.)
Measurement Signal Path
Dual Polarized
Conducted Portion of
Measurement Reference
Antenna Antenna
Cable
Measurement RX Port
Port Vector
Network
Analyzer TX Port
Flexible Loopback Cable
Fully Anechoic
Chamber
Reference
Antenna
Cable
Vector
Network
Analyzer TX Port
RX Port
Fully Anechoic
Chamber
Dual Polarized
Measurement
Antenna
Conducted Portion of TX
Measurement Signal Path
(Cables, Switches, Amps, etc.)
RX Port
Vector
Network
Analyzer TX Port
Fully Anechoic
Chamber
Positioner
Measurement Signal Paths
Conducted Portion of RX
Dual Polarized
Measurement
Antenna
Conducted Portion of TX
Measurement Signal Path
(Cables, Switches, Amps, etc.)
RX Port A
Vector
Network
Analyzer TX Port
RX Port B
Fully Anechoic
Chamber
Reference
Antenna
(in center of
Measurement Propagation Path quiet zone)
(Cables, Switches, Amps, etc.)
Measurement Signal Path
Conducted Portion of RX
Dual Polarized
Measurement
Antenna
Conducted Portion of TX
Measurement Signal Path
(Cables, Switches, Amps, etc.)
RX Port
Vector
Network
Analyzer TX Port
17 Equipment Instance
An instance of an equipment driver represents a single piece of equipment
of that type that is attached to the computer. The configuration
information associated with that instance will be used to establish
communication with that device and define any optional capabilities the
equipment may have installed. There can be any number of instances of
a device (up to the limits of the memory and communication capabilities of
your computer), each with their own communication and options
configuration.
For example, if two identical spectrum analyzers are required for a test,
two instances of the associated driver would be configured, each with the
GPIB address of one of the two analyzers.
Switch drivers are a special case, where more than one instance may be
required to control the same device. Since switch controllers may have
more switches than are needed for a particular application, each instance
of a switch driver can be used to control a different portion of the available
switches from a single switch controller.
17.1 Fields
A field is a marker or tag that is used to indicate the source of
desired information to be inserted into a document when a report is
generated. Rather than inserting the information directly, a field
acts as a place holder in a document template, and contains
information on the source and formatting of the desired information.
That way, the same template can extract the same information out
of a variety of test data files. Available field types include
parameter fields, data fields, and document fields.
18 License Certificate
A license certificate is a block of text representing encrypted binary
information necessary to enable the operation of the EMQuest package. It
must be entered into the License Certificate dialog to enable EMQuest. A
certificate will look similar to the sample below.
Index
A
Absolute/Relative Port Definitions.....................................................................418
Ancillary Equipment Frame...............................................................................101
Ancillary Equipment Parameters Agilent 11713A Switch Driver ......................368
Ancillary Equipment Parameters Agilent 3499 Switch Controller .....................374
Ancillary Equipment Parameters ETS-Lindgren 2090 Auxiliary Ports ..............378
Ancillary Equipment Parameters LPT Parallel Port Switch ..............................382
Ancillary Equipment Parameters PMJ TVi9901 RF Relay .......................384, 390
Ancillary Equipment Selection Pane .................................................................422
Ancillary Parameter Frame ETS-Lindgren Model 2005 Light Duty Azimuth
Positioner .......................................................................................................291
C
Configuration Parameters Agilent 11713A Switch Driver.................................369
Configuration Parameters Agilent 11713A Variable Attenuator .......................401
Configuration Parameters Agilent 3499 Switch Controller ...............................375
Configuration Parameters Agilent ENA Series.................................................326
Configuration Parameters Manual Variable Attenuator....................................413
Configuration Parameters PMJ TVi9901 RF Relay..................................386, 391
Configuration Settings Advantest R376x .........................................................301
Configuration Settings Agilent 8510.................................................................307
Configuration Settings Agilent 85XX Spectrum Analyzers ...............................363
Configuration Settings Agilent 8720.................................................................314
Configuration Settings Agilent 8753.................................................................320
Configuration Settings Agilent PNA Series ......................................................333
Configuration Settings Dual Receiver Hybrid...................................................403
Configuration Settings ETS-Lindgren 2090 Auxiliary Ports..............................379
Configuration Settings ETS-Lindgren Model 2005 Light Duty Azimuth Positioner
.......................................................................................................................292
Configuration Settings Generic Dual Receiver.................................................299
Configuration Settings Generic Receiver .........................................................365
Configuration Settings LPT Parallel Port Switch ..............................................382
D
Data Selector ....................................................................................................414
Data Table Component.......................................................................................75
Data Table Generator .......................................................................................413
E
EMQuest License Agreement .............................................................................47
EMQuest Revision History ..................................................................................17
Entering License Certificates ..............................................................................83
Entering Registration Information........................................................................83
Equipment Configuration Pane ...........................................................................82
Equipment Control Panel ....................................................................................80
Equipment Pane Pattern Measurement Test ...................................................213
Equipment Pane Response Measurement ......................................................225
Equipment Panel Pattern Measurement Test ..................................................213
Equipment Parameters 87XX ..........................................................................322
Equipment Parameters Advantest R376x ........................................................303
Equipment Parameters Agilent 11713A Switch Driver .....................................372
Equipment Parameters Agilent 3499 Switch Controller ...................................377
Equipment Parameters Agilent 8510 ...............................................................309
F
Frequency Range Pane ......................................................................................95
G
Getting Started......................................................................................................9
GPIB Configuration Settings .............................................................................417
Graph Component ..............................................................................................65
Graph Control Bar...............................................................................................66
Graph Page ........................................................................................................79
Graph Settings Dialog.........................................................................................69
I
Installed Options 8510 .....................................................................................418
Installed Options 87XX ....................................................................................418
Introduction ...........................................................................................................5
IUT Panes...........................................................................................................93
L
Limitation of Liability............................................................................................47
Limited Warranty.................................................................................................47
M
Making Pattern Measurements using EMQuest................................................145
Making Response Measurements using EMQuest ...........................................220
Manual Entry Dialog..........................................................................................412
Manual Positioner Dialog ..................................................................................412
Measurement Progress Page .............................................................................79
N
Notification Frame.............................................................................................100
O
Operator/Comments Pane ..................................................................................94
Options Dialog ....................................................................................................87
Output Pane........................................................................................................99
P
Parameters Frame Two-Axis Dual-Polarization Pattern Measurement............180
Parameters Pane Communication Tester Frequency Response Measurement
.......................................................................................................................229
Parameters Pane Dual-Axis Vector Pattern Measurement ..............................207
Parameters Pane Response Measurement .....................................................224
Parameters Pane Single-Axis Dual-Polarization Pattern Measurement...........167
Parameters Pane Single-Axis Sensitivity Pattern Measurement......................187
Parameters Pane Single-Axis Single-Polarization Pattern Measurement ........161
Parameters Pane Single-Axis Throughput Pattern Measurement ...................195
Parameters Pane Single-Axis Vector Pattern Measurement ...........................202
Parameters Pane Time Dependent Response Measurement..........................226
Parameters Pane Two-Axis Sensitivity Pattern Measurement .........................190
Parameters Pane Two-Axis Single-Polarization Pattern Measurement ...........172
Parameters Pane Two-Axis Throughput Pattern Measurement.......................198
Paths Pane .........................................................................................................98
Pattern Measurement Basics ............................................................................105
Performing Range Calibration using EMQuest .................................................426
Positioner Acillary Frame ..................................................................................285
Positioner Equipment Frame ............................................................................286
R
Running Batch Tests Using EMQuest...............................................................102
S
Submitting Registration Information ....................................................................85
T
Table Page .........................................................................................................79
Tabular Data Graphing Tool ...............................................................................91
Template Editor.............................................................................................76, 77
Test Information Pane Batch Test Measurements ...........................................104
Test Parameters Page ........................................................................................77
Time Gate Settings ...........................................................................................416
Tips for using the Rohde & Schwarz CMU-200 ................................................234
Tips of the Day....................................................................................................43
U
Upgrades and Revisions.....................................................................................49
W
Welcome...............................................................................................................1
Wireless Channel Tool......................................................................................450