General Physics 1

Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017

Phys 13e
General Physics 1

COURSE OUTLINE, GRADING SYSTEM, POLICY, ETC

Instructor: MARLON FLORES SACEDON
Doctor of Philosophy In Physics (Candidate)
Master of Physics
BS Civil Engineering

Website: www.fsacedon08.webs.com
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
COURSE OUTLINE
COURSE NUMBER : PHYS 13E
COURSE TITLE : GENERAL PHYSICS I
COURSE DESCRIPTION : FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS ON FORCE;
KINEMATICS AND DYNAMICS OF MOTION;
WORK, ENERGY & POWER; PRINCIPLE OF
CONSERVATION OF MECHANICAL ENERGY; AND
LAW OF UNIVERSAL GRAVITATIONS; ROTATIONAL
MOTIONS; MOMENTUM; FLUID MECHANICS;
THERMODYNAMICS
Credit units : 6 hrs. per week
Credit: 4 units
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
COURSE OUTLINE

OBJECTIVE OF THE COURSE

TO STUDY AND APPLY THE LAWS OF

PHYSICS IN EVERYDAY LIFE ACTIVITIES.
 General Physics 1

COURSE CONTENT Marlon F. Sacedon

AUG 2017

CHAPTER 1. UNITS, PHYSICAL QUANTITIES,

CHAPTER 2. VECTOR ANALYSIS
CHAPTER 3. KINEMATICS: MOTION ALONG STRAIGHT LINE
CHAPTER 4. KINEMATICS: MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS
CHAPTER 3. DYNAMICS: NEWTONS LAWS OF MOTION
CHAPTER 4. DYNAMICS: UNIFORM CIRCULAR MOTION
CHAPTER 5. WORK, ENERGY, POWER, AND THE LAW OF CONSERVATION
OF MECHANICAL ENERGY
CHAPTER 6. MOMENTUM, IMPULSE, AND COLLISIONS
CHAPTER 7. FLUID MECHANICS
 General Physics 1

COURSE CONTENT Marlon F. Sacedon

AUG 2017

CHAPTER 8. THERMODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 9. ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
CHAPTER 10. GRAVITATIONS
CHAPTER 11 PERIODIC MOTION
CHAPTER 12 MECHANICAL WAVES
CHAPTER 13 FLUID MECHANICS
CHAPTER 14 THERMODYNAMICS
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017

REFERENCES
1. YOUNG & FREEDMAN 2013, UNIVERSITY PHYSICS W/ MODERN
PHYSICS, 13TH ED.
2. GIANCOLI, DOUGLAS C., PHYSICS FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS
WITH MODERN PHYSICS, 2ND ED.
3. ASPERILLA, JOSE, ET AL. COLLEGE PHYSICS, MANILA: ALEMAR.
PHOENIA PUBLISHING HOUSE, 1969.
4. WEBER, WHITE AND MANNING, ET AL. COLLEGE PHYSICS, NEW
YORK: MACGRAW-HILL. BOOK CO. 1974.
5. RESNICK AND HALLIDAY, PHYSICS, NEW YORK: JOHN WILEY AND
SONS INC. 1978
6. SMITH AND COOPER. ELEMENTS OF PHYSICS, NEW YORK:
MCGRAW-HILL BOOK CO.:1972
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
COURSE OUTLINE
GRADING SYSTEM:
PHYS 13 FINAL GRADES = 1/3 (MIDTERM GRADE) + 2/3 (POST MIDTERM GRADE)
TERM GRADES = 1/3 (LABORATORY GRADE) + 2/3 (LECTURE GRADE)
LECTURE GRADE = (OBTAIN POINTS FROM QUIZZES + ATTENDANCE + EXAMS)
TOTAL POINT X 100%
LABORATORY GRADE = (OBTAIN POINTS FROM EXAMS + LAB REPORTS + PHYSICS
RESEARCH) TOTAL POINT X 100%

Passing percentage: 60%

 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon

LAB ACTIVITY FORMAT AUG 2017

I. TITLE OF EXPERIMENT 1 pt

II. OBJECTIVES OF EXPERIMENT 1 pt

III. LIST OF APPARATUS 1 pt

IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP/ DRAWING 2 pts

V. DATA AND RESULTS 3 pts

VI. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS 4 pts

VII. CONCLUSION 2 pts

VIII. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS 1 pt

Total = 15 pts.
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017

FORMAT: PHYSICS RESEARCH IN MECHANICS

I. RATIONALE [INTRODUCTION, REVIEW OF
LITERATURE, & OBJECTIVE]
II. METHODOLOGY
III. DATA AND RESULTS
IV. DISCUSSIONS
V. CONCLUSION
VI. LITERATURE CITED
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017

COURSE REQUIREMENTS:
GRADES IN MATH 13
PROBLEM SETS AND ASSIGNMENTS (SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEM SETS
SHOULD BE WRITTEN ON SHORT SIZE BOND PAPER)
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017

CLASSROOM POLICY AND OTHER REQUIREMENTS:

CELLPHONES ARE NOT ALLOWED DURING EXAMS.
SUBMIT SOLUTIONS TO ALL PROBLEM SETS & ASSIGNMENTS
NO REMOVAL EXAMS
USE BOND PAPER TO ALL SUBMITTED REQUIREMENTS AND
YELLOW PAPER FOR EXAM SOLUTIONS
BRING SCIENTIFIC CALCULATOR EVERY MEETING AND EXAMS
BASICS DRAWING INSTRUMENTS
Website: www.mfsacedon08.webs.com
(for Exam results, grades, downloads, and other information)
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017

Phys 13e
General Physics 1

Introduction, Physical Quantities

& Measurements
Prof. MARLON FLORES SACEDON
Department of Mathematics & Physics
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
INTRODUCTION
What is Physics?
Physics is the study of interactions between particles.
Interaction of objects due Interaction of objects due
to its masses is to its charges is
Classical mechanics Classical electrodynamics
Thermodynamics Quantum mechanics
Quantum mechanics Relativity
Relativity
The result of interaction is FORCE.
Gravitational force Chemical force
Electric force etc
Magnetic force
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, the student will be able to
know the importance of Physics in everyday life
differentiate accuracy and precision.
differentiate random errors from systematic errors.
the least count of basic measuring devices.
solve measurement problems involving conversion of units,
expression of measurements in scientific notation.
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
INTRODUCTION

Why study Physics?

because everything we see, hear, &
feel are subject matter belongs to
physics
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
INTRODUCTION
Nature of Physics
Physics is an experimental science.
Physicists observe the phenomena of nature and
try to find patterns and principles that relate
these phenomena.
These patterns are called physical theories or,
when they are very well established and of broad
use, physical laws or principles
The development of physical theory requires
creativity at every stage
The physicist has to learn to ask appropriate questions, design
experiments, try to answer the questions, and draw appropriate
conclusions from the results.
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
INTRODUCTION
Five Greatest Theory in Physics
PHYSICS
1. CLASSICAL MECHANICS (sometimes called
Newtonian mechanics or classical mechanics):
the theory of the motion of material objects. Mechanics
2. CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS the theory
of heat, temperature, and the behavior of large
arrays of particles.
3. ELECTROMAGNETISM: the theory of
electricity, magnetism, and electromagnetic
radiation.
4. RELATIVITY: the theory of in variance in
nature and the theory of high-speed motion.
5. QUANTUM MECHANICS: the theory of the
mechanical behavior of the submicroscopic
world
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
INTRODUCTION
Uses of Physics
There is physics in cooking food, in ironing clothes, in writing
letters or in looking at mirrors. There is physics in running
automobiles, calluses and trains. There is physics in the flight of
airplanes and jet planes. Physics is present in the construction of
roads, bridges, and buildings. Laws and principles of physics are
used in practically every machine and everything we do. Physics
plays an important role in transportation, communications,
amusements, sports, industry and the home.
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017

How to calculate the volume of the following

Rectangular prism? =

Cylinder? = 2

4 3
Sphere? =
3
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
MEASUREMENTS
In dealing with physical quantities, the question "HOW LARGE?"
or "HOW MUCH?" is usually asked and this leads to the process of
MEASUREMENT

System of Measurements

Metric System:
CGS: centimeter-gram-second
MKS: meter-kilogram-second (SI units of International standard)
British/ English System
FPS: foot-pound-second
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
MEASUREMENTS
Fundamental units
Quantity and Name of Unit Definition of Base Unit of International System of units
Symbol and Symbol
Length (L) Meter (m) The meter is the length equal to 1 651 763.73 wavelength in vacuum
of the radiation corresponding to the transition between the levels
2p10 and 5d3 of krypton 86 atom.
Mass (m) Kilogram (kg) The kilogram is the mass of the international prototype of the
kilogram. The International prototype of the kilogram is a particular
cylinder of platinum dridium alloy, which is preserved in a fault at
Seyres, France, by the International Bureau of Weights and
Measures.
Time (t) Second (sec) The second is the duration of 9 192 631 770 periods of the
radiation corresponding to the transition between the two hyperfine
levels of the round state of caesium-133 atom.
Electric current (I) Ampere (A) The ampere is that constant current, which if maintained in two
straight parallel conductors of infinite length, of negligible circular
cross-section, and placed 1 metre apart in vacuum, would produce
between these conductors, a force equal to 2 x 10-3 newton per
meter length.
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
MEASUREMENTS
Fundamental units
Quantity and Name of Unit Definition of Base Unit of International System of units
Symbol and Symbol
thermodynamic Kelvin (K) The kelvin, unit of thermodynamic temperature, is the fraction
temperature (T) 1/273.16 of the thermodynamic temperature of the triple point of
water.
Luminous intensity (Iv) Candela (Cd) The candela is the luminous intensity, in the perpendicular direction,
of a surface of 1/600 square metre of a black body at the
temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure is 101 325
pascal.
Amount of substance Mole (Mol) The mole is the amount of substance in a system which contains as
many elementary entities as there are atoms in 01012 kg of carbon
12.
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
Metric conversion units AUG 2017
Prefix Symbol Decimal Number Power of Ten
yotta Y 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1024
zetta Z 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1021
Exa E 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 1018
Peta P 1 000 000 000 000 000 1015
Tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012
Giga G 1,000,000,000 109
Mega M 1,000,000 106
Kilo k 1,000 103
Hecto h 100 102
Deka da 10 101
BASE UNIT 1 100
Deci d 0.1 10-1
Centi c 0.01 10-2
Milli m 0.001 10-3
Micro 0.000001 10-6
Nano n 0.000000001 10-9
Pico p 0.000000000001 10-12
Femto F 0.000000000000001 10-15
Atto a 0.000000000000000001 10-18
zepto z 0.000000000000000000001 10-21
yocto y 0.000000000000000000000001 10-24
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
Metric and British/English system conversion units AUG 2017

Length Other useful equivalent

1 inch = 0.0254 m = 2.54 cm 1m = 3.28 ft
1 foot = 0.3048 m = 30.48 cm 12 in = 1 ft
1 yard = 0.9144 m 3 ft = 1 yd
1 mile = 5,280 ft = 1.60934 km 1 mi = 1.609 km
1 nautical mile = 6,080 ft 5280 ft = 1 mi
Mass 1 acre = 43560 ft2
1 lb = 0.4536 kg = 454 g 1 lb = 16 oz
1 metric ton = 1,000 kg. 1 ha = 404m2
1 slug = 14.59 kg 1 ton = 2000 lb
Force 1 lb = 1000 cc
1 pound force = 4.448 N 1 kg = 2.2 lb
1 dyne = 10-5N
1 poundal = 0.138 N
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
MEASUREMENTS
How to convert? Step 1: Recall the conversion factors
needed to convert the problem
100 lb/ft3 g/cm3
Conversion factors:
Step 2: Multiply the ratio of the factors 1 = 454
1 = 3.28
454
1 1 = 100
100 3
1
454
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
MEASUREMENTS
How to convert? Step 1: Recall the conversion factors
needed to convert the problem
100 lb/ft3 g/cm3
Conversion factors:
Step 2: Multiply the ratio of the factors 1 = 454
1 = 3.28
454 3.28 1 = 100
100 3
1 1
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
MEASUREMENTS
How to convert? Step 1: Recall the conversion factors
needed to convert the problem
100 lb/ft3 g/cm3 Conversion factors:
1 = 454
Step 2: Multiply the ratio of the factors
1 = 3.28
454 3.28 3 1 3 1 = 100
100 3
1 1 3 100 3

Step 3: Finally, calculate the fractions

= 1.60 3

 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
Metric conversion units AUG 2017
Prefix Symbol Decimal Number Power of Ten
yotta Y 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1024
zetta Z 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 1021
Exa E 1 000 000 000 000 000 000 1018
Peta P 1 000 000 000 000 000 1015
Tera T 1,000,000,000,000 1012
Giga G 1,000,000,000 109
Mega M 1,000,000 106
Kilo
Hecto
k
h
1,000
100
Example: 9,830 cm km 103
102
Deka da 10 2 101
BASE UNIT 1 9,830 10
1 100
Deci d 0.1 1 103 10-1
Centi c 0.01 10-2
Milli m 0.001
= 9,83010 [2 3 ] 10-3
Micro 0.000001 10-6
Nano n 0.000000001 = 9,830105 10-9
Pico p 0.000000000001 10-12
Femto F 0.000000000000001 = 0.0983 10-15
Atto a 0.000000000000000001 10-18
zepto z 0.000000000000000000001 = . 10-21
yocto y 0.000000000000000000000001 10-24
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017

Assignment

1. 1,723 mg kg
2. 0.8206 MW KW
3. 17.28 x 105 f f
4. 1723 mg kg
5. 124 in ft
6. 6.5 tons lb
7. 30 mi/hr ft/s
8. 62.4 lb/ft3 g/cm3
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
MEASUREMENTS
Significant figure
Rules in Determining Significant Figures:
1. All nonzero digits are significant: 112.8oC have four significant figures.
2. All zeros between two nonzero digits are significant: 108.005 m has six
significant figures.
3. Zero to the right of a nonzero digit, but to the left of an understood
decimal point, are not significant unless specifically indicated to be
significant. The rightmost a bar placed above it indicates such, zero who
is significant,: 109,000 km contains three significant figures: 109,000
contains five significant figures.
4. All zeros to the right of a decimal point but to the left of a nonzero digit
are not significant: 0.000647 kg has three significant figures.
5. All zeros to the right of a decimal point and following a nonzero digit are
significant: 0.07080 cm and 20.00 cm each has four significant figures.
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
MEASUREMENTS

Rounding off numbers

Rule for rounding. If the first digit to be dropped in rounding is 4 or

less, the preceding digit is not changed; if it is 6 or more, the
preceding digit is raised by 1. If the digits to be dropped in rounding
are a 5 followed by digits other than zeros, 1 raises the proceeding
digit. If the digits to be dropped in rounding are a 5 followed by
zeros (or if the digit is exactly 5), the preceding digit is not changed
if it is even; but if it is odd, it is raised by 1.
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
PROBLEM SET #1: MEASUREMENTS
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
PROBLEM SET #1: MEASUREMENTS
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
MEASUREMENTS
Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy refers to the closeness of a measured value to a standard or known value. For
example, if in lab you obtain a weight measurement of 3.2 kg for a given substance, but the
actual or known weight is 10 kg, then your measurement is not accurate. In this case, your
measurement is not close to the known value.

Precision refers to the closeness of two or more measurements to each other. Using the
example above, if you weigh a given substance five times, and get 3.2 kg each time, then
your measurement is very precise. Precision is independent of accuracy. You can be very
precise but inaccurate, as described above. You can also be accurate but imprecise.

For example, if on average, your measurements for a given substance are close to the known value, but
the measurements are far from each other, then you have accuracy without precision.

A good analogy for understanding accuracy and precision is to imagine a basketball player shooting
baskets. If the player shoots with accuracy, his aim will always take the ball close to or into the basket. If
the player shoots with precision, his aim will always take the ball to the same location which may or may
not be close to the basket. A good player will be both accurate and precise by shooting the ball the same
way each time and each time making it in the basket.
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
MEASUREMENTS
Random error and systematic error
Measurement errors can be divided into two components: Random
Error and Systematic Error.

A random error is associated with the fact that when a measurement is repeated, it will
generally provide a measured value that is different from the previous value. It is random in
that the next measured value cannot be predicted exactly from previous such values. (If a
prediction were possible, allowance for the effect could be made). In general, there can be a
number of contributions to each type of error.

A systematic error (an estimate of which is known as a measurement bias) is associated

with the fact that a measured value contains an offset. In general, a systematic error,
regarded as a quantity, is a component of error that remains constant or depends in a
specific manner on some other quantity.
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
MEASUREMENTS
Random error and systematic error

Two types of systematic error can occur with instruments having a linear response:

1. Offset or zero setting error in which the instrument does not read zero when the
quantity to be measured is zero.

2. Multiplier or scale factor error in which the instrument consistently reads changes
in the quantity to be measured greater or less than the actual changes.
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
MEASUREMENTS
Calculating percent difference or percent error

% Diff or % Error = 100%

% Diff or % Error = 100%

Note: %Diff or % Error should be less than 10%

 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
LEAST COUNT OF MEASURING DEVICE
The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least
count. Measured values are good only up to this value.

What is the Least Count of metric rule?

? ?
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
LEAST COUNT OF MEASURING DEVICE
The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least
count. Measured values are good only up to this value.

What is the Least Count of metric rule?

Least count of metric rule (Lc) =.

1
= = 0.1
10
0.1 cm 0.1 cm
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
LEAST COUNT OF MEASURING DEVICE
The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least
count. Measured values are good only up to this value.

What is the Least Count of metric rule?

Whats the reading?

 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
LEAST COUNT OF MEASURING DEVICE
The smallest value that can be measured by the measuring instrument is called its least
count. Measured values are good only up to this value.

What is the Least Count of metric rule?

8.5 cm

X
8.50 cm because the least count is 0.l cm
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
LEAST COUNT OF MEASURING DEVICE
What is the Least Count of Vernier caliper?

Fixed scale or
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
LEAST COUNT OF MEASURING DEVICE
What is the Least Count of Vernier caliper?
Point of coincidence Fixed scale reading = 0.70 cm
Vernier scale reading = 0.05 cm
Fixed scale
FINAL READING = 0.75 cm
Vernier scale

Whats the reading?

Least count of vernier caliper (Lc) =.
Fixed scale
1/10
= = 0.01
10
Vernier scale
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
LEAST COUNT OF MEASURING DEVICE
What is the Least Count of Micrometer caliper?

Least count of Micrometer caliper (Lc) =.

5/10
= = 0.01 = 0.001
50
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
LEAST COUNT OF MEASURING DEVICE
What is the Least Count of Micrometer caliper?

Sleeve reading = 13.000 mm

mm Thimble reading = 0.430 mm
Interpolation = 0.005 mm
FINAL READING = 13.435 mm

Least count of Micrometer caliper (Lc) =.

5/10
= = 0.01 = 0.001
50
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
LEAST COUNT OF MEASURING DEVICE
So, which of the three measuring devices is more accepted?

Metric rule Lc = 0.1 cm

Vernier caliper Lc = 0.01 cm

Micrometer caliper Lc = 0.001 cm

Therefore, the smaller the least count the more accepted is the device.
General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon

LAB ACTIVITY REPORT FORMAT AUG 2017

I. TITLE OF EXPERIMENT
II. OBJECTIVES OF EXPERIMENT
III. LIST OF APPARATUS
IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP/ DRAWING
V. DATA AND RESULTS
VI. ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS
VII. CONCLUSION
VIII. ANSWERS TO QUESTIONS
 General Physics 1
Marlon F. Sacedon
AUG 2017

eNd