Anabolism is a series of chemical reactions that was originally the substrate is a small molecule,

and the final product is a large molecule. In other words anabolism is a series that aims for the
preparation or synthesis of a molecule.

1. Photosynthesis

Photosynthesis is the event of energy use sunlight to form a basic compound carbohydrates
from carbon dioxide and water. Briefly, the reaction of photosynthesis that occurs can be
written as follows:

6 CO2 + 12 H2O C6H12O6 + 6 O2

a. Photosynthesis Componens

1.Raw materials

The raw materials required in the process of photosynthesis are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water
(H2O). Carbon dioxide is obtained by plants through the stomata by diffusion. Water is obtained
from the environment by way of absorbed and transported through transport network in plants.

2. Light

Photosynthesis requires light, generally sunlight as an energy source.

3. Pigment

Green pigment in plants used to absorb light energy. The most important pigment of plants to
perform photosynthesis is chlorophyll. In the chloroplast contains several types of pigments are
chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and carotenoids.

4. Enzyme

In addition to pigment, there are also a variety of molecules that function in the transfer of a
hydrogen atom, electron and energy transfer as well as various kinds of enzymes for chemical
reactions of photosynthesis.

b. Site of photosynthesis

Reaction of photosynthesis occurs in organelles called chloroplasts. Most of the

chloroplasts contained in the leaves. Plastids chloroplasts are organelles that contain the
green pigment found in the leaves and only green plants. Chloroplasts are composed of the
following sections:
1) Stroma, is an empty structure in the chloroplast. Stroma is also a place of glucose formed
from carbon dioxide and water.

2) Thylakoid, a disc structure that is formed from the folding of membrane and the chloroplast.
Thylakoid membranes capture light energy and convert it into chemical energy.

3) Grana, a whole pile of thylakoid.

Photosynthetic pigments contained in thilakoid there are three kinds:

- Chlorophyll A : a role in the light reaction and is able to absorb mainly red light, blue,
and purple.

- Chlorophyll B : absorb light blue and orange

- Carotenoids (also called antenna pigments): an orange-yellow pigment that absorbs

blue-green light.

c. Photosynthesis Reaction

Reaction of photosynthesis is also a redox reaction. This process takes place in two
stages, namely the light reaction (photolysis) and dark reactions (CO2 fixation). In the light
reaction (photolysis) of water by the breaking of sunlight and chlorophyll. Meanwhile, the dark
reaction (CO2 fixation) is a process of formation of carbohydrates that do not require light
energy, so-called dark reactions.

1. Light Reaction / Hill Reaction

The absorption of light energy
In this stage the electrons moved gradually through the electron transport the
energy released at every stage. Energy is mainly used for the formation of ATP and
NADPH. Initially, hundreds of pigment molecules in a photosystem accumulated
photosynthesis and gain energy from light energy is absorbed. This absorbed light
energy that will drive the electrons from the photosynthetic pigments while releasing
the excitation energy. Excitation energy will be taken by the receiving light energy into
the pigment molecules other pigment to chlorophyll A. Chlorophyll A is the reaction
center of photosystem. Reaction center receives excitation energy, but do not bring it to
the other pigments. Reaction center has been activated it gave electrons to the electron
acceptor molecule in the electron transport system.

The flow of Cyclic and Non cyclic Electron

There are two routes flow of electrons in the electron transport systems, namely
cyclic and non cyclic. And there are two types of photosystem, namely Photosystem I
and Photosystem II. Photosystem I reaction center which has can receive P700.
Photosystem II has a reaction center that can receive P680.
 In the cyclic pathway is required Photosystem I. Light energy is used to carry electrons
from Photosystem I, to the transport system, then back to Photosystem I.
In the noncyclic pathway occurs flow of electrons from water to Photosystem II via the
transport system, leading to Photosystem I. Then through the transport system, the
electrons will be given to NADP+. At the time of the entry of energy into the
Photosystem II stimulate the occurrence of photolysis.

Photolysis
Photolysis is a reaction to rupture of water molecules into
oxygen, hydrogen ions (H+), and the electrons. Electrons released by P680 is replaced by
the electrons released by the water. So, in a subsequent transport system, NADP +
will receive two electrons and one hydrogen ion to form NADPH. Movement
of hydrogen ions play a role in the formation of ATP. While oxygen is released into the
atmosphere for aerobic respiration. And photosynthetic pigments that release electrons
will accept return of electrons instead.

2. Dark Reaction / Calvin-Benson Cycle

Dark reactions do not depend directly with light. Dark reactions take place in the dark
and can only take place if there are ATP and NADPH generated from the light reaction. Dark
reaction process as follows:
Carbon dioxide is bound by RuBP (ribulose bisphosphate consisting of 5 carbon atoms)
into a 6 carbon compound which is then split into 2 Phosphoglyceric (PGA)
PGA receives a phosphate group from ATP and receive the hydrogen and electrons from
NADPH. This reaction produces PGAL (phosphorgliseraldehida). For every six molecules
of carbon dioxide is bound to be generated 12 PGAL.
From 12 PGAL, 10 molecules back to the early stages into RuBP, and so the new CO2
RuBP binding. Two other PGAL will condense into glucose 6 phosphate. This molecule is
the raw material to final product into molecules Sucrose and Starch Flour.

2. Chemosynthesis

In the manufacture of energy from inorganic material into organic material that did not
always use solar energy. There is a group of organisms that can make organic from inorganic
material without using a light but use energy from chemical reactions. More easily perform
anabolism without solar energy is by using energy derived and result from chemical reactions,
energy is the result of chemical reactions used to form the inorganic material into organic
material, biological events are known as chemosynthesis. Chemical energy used in this reaction
is energy produced from a chemical reaction, namely oxidation reactions.
 The ability to perform chemosynthesis owned only by some types of microorganisms,
such as non-photosynthetic sulfur bacteria (Thiobacillus) and nitrogen bacteria (Nitrosomonas,
Nitrobacter, and Nitrosococcus).

Nitrogen bacteria, such as Nitrosomonas and Nitrosococcus obtain energy by oxidizing

the NH 3 which has reacted with CO2 to form ammonium carbonate((NH4) 2CO3).

Other types of bacteria that can carry out chemosynthesis, among others, Nitrobacter,
namely bacteria capable of oxidizing nitrite compounds in the medium. The result is a nitrate
compound and liberating the energy which will be used to synthesize organic compounds.

Chemosynthesis example:

Establishment of sulfate by sulfur bacteria

Establishment of nitrate by bacteria of nitrate, nitrite bacteria, bacterial Nitosococcus,
Nitrosomonas, and Nicrobacter
The formation of organic nitrates from inorganic materials NH3

The following scheme with the organisms that perform chemosynthesis process