J U LY 2 0 17

PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM

SYSTEMS
The Leading Magazine for Pump Users Worldwide

Regulations & Equipment in

FOOD
SAFETY
UNDERSTANDING PUMP CURVES INDUST RY SAL ARIES, BENEFITS & HIRING
 THE ONLY THING MORE
RELIABLE THAN THE PUMP
IS THE COMPANY
BEHIND IT.

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2 FROM THE EDITOR

W elcome to our annual food and beverage issue.

This one is always enjoyable for us, as we
learn more about different types of pumps used in
this industry and about strict sanitation regulations.
Our cover stories feature eccentric disc pumps
at a French winery, progressive cavity pumps with
macerating blades at a beet plant in New York, and
submersible pumps at a dairy in West Virginia. We
also take a look at durability and hygiene issues and
how to address them with an article about pistons
and inflatable seals.
In recent months, Pumps & Systems questioned
readers through a few surveys online, and our team
curated the answers in our special section.
We wanted to know more about how companies
EDITORIAL
SENIOR EDITOR, PUMPS DIVISION: Alecia Archibald
aarchibald@cahabamedia.com 205-278-2843
SENIOR TECHNICAL EDITOR: Mike Pemberton
mpembertmp@gmail.com
MANAGING EDITOR: Georgia Duke
gduke@cahabamedia.com 205-278-2826
MANAGING EDITOR: Savanna Gray
sgray@cahabamedia.com 205-278-2839
ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Melissa Brown
mbrown@cahabamedia.com 205-314-8264
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS: Lev Nelik,
Ray Hardee, Jim Elsey
Pumps editors Melissa Brown and
Savanna Gray at a recent SKF event
CREATIVE SERVICES
in Philadelphia.
DIGITAL PROJECT MANAGER &
SENIOR ART DIRECTOR: Greg Ragsdale

are addressing the skills gap, including information about benefits, on-the-job training ART DIRECTOR: Elizabeth Chick

and other opportunities available to todays end users. Thanks to the Hydraulic WEB DEVELOPER: Greg Caudle

Institute, we also have some salary numbers that we believe our readers will find DIGITAL COMMUNITY MANAGER: Amy Cash

interesting and relevant. PRINT/DIGITAL ADVERTISING TRAFFIC: Krystal Parker

kparker@pump-zone.com 205-561-2600
The Pumps & Systems team also traveled to an SKF press meeting in Philadelphia
where editors Melissa Brown and Savanna Gray learned more about bearings. We CIRCULATION
enjoy getting out and seeing readers. Look for us at upcoming industry trade shows AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER: Lori Masaoay
Turbomachinary/Pump Symposia and WEFTEC. Please come see us, and tell us how lmasaoay@cahabamedia.com 205-278-2840
were doing. ADVERTISING
As always, thanks for reading! NATIONAL SALES MANAGER:
Derrell Moody
dmoody@pump-zone.com 205-345-0784
SENIOR ACCOUNT EXECUTIVES:
Senior Editor, Alecia Archibald Mary-Kathryn Baker
aarchibald@cahabamedia.com mkbaker@pump-zone.com 205-345-6036
Mark Goins
mgoins@pump-zone.com 205-345-6414
Garrick Stone
EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD gstone@pump-zone.com 205-212-9406
THOMAS L. ANGLE, P.E., MSc, Vice WALT ERNDT, VP/GM, Crane Pumps & HENRY PECK, President, Geiger Pump &
President Engineering, Hidrostal AG Systems Equipment Company ADMINISTRATIVE ASSISTANT:
BRYAN S. BARRINGTON, Machinery JOE EVANS, Ph.D., Customer & Employee MARIANNE SZCZECH, Director, Global Krystal Parker
Engineer, Lyondell Chemical Co. Education, PumpTech, Inc. Marketing and Product Management, kparker@pump-zone.com 205-561-2600
Pump Solutions Group
RUSSELL SMITH, Business Dev. Manager LARRY LEWIS, President, Vanton Pump
- Wastewater, Grundfos Americas and Equipment Corp. SCOTT SORENSEN, Oil & Gas Automation
Corporation Consultant & Market Developer, Siemens
WILLIAM LIVOTI, Business Development Industry Sector
R. THOMAS BROWN III, President, Manager/Energy Efficiency Specialist, WEG
Advanced Sealing International (ASI) Electric Corporation ADAM STOLBERG, Executive Director,
Submersible Wastewater Pump
CHRIS CALDWELL, Director of Advanced TODD LOUDIN, President/CEO North Association (SWPA)
Collection Technology, Business Area American Operations, Flowrox Inc. PUBLISHER: Walter B. Evans Jr.
Wastewater Solutions, Sulzer Pumps, JERRY TURNER, Founder/Senior Advisor,
ABS USA MICHAEL MICHAUD, Executive Director, Pioneer Pump VP OF SALES: Greg Meineke
Hydraulic Institute
JACK CREAMER, Market Segment Manager
JOHN MALINOWSKI, Senior Manager of
DOUG VOLDEN, Global Engineering CREATIVE DIRECTOR: Terri J. Gray
Pumping Equipment, Square D by Director, John Crane
Schneider Electric Industry Affairs, Baldor Electric Company CONTROLLER: Brandon Whittemore
KIRK WILSON, President, Services &
BOB DOMKOWSKI, Business Development WILLIAM E. NEIS, P.E., President, Solutions, Flowserve Corporation
ManagerTransport Pumping & Northeast Industrial Sales
Amusement Markets/Engineering JAMES WONG, Associate Product Manager P.O. Box 530067
LEV NELIK, PH.D., P.E., APICS, President, Bearing Isolator, Garlock Sealing
Consultant, Xylem, Inc., Water Solutions PumpingMachinery, LLC Birmingham, AL 35253
USA Flygt Technologies
EDITORIAL & PRODUCTION
Pumps & Systems 1900 28th Avenue South, Suite 200
is a member of the following organizations: Birmingham, AL 35209
205-212-9402
PUMPS & SYSTEMS (ISSN# 1065-108X) is published monthly by Cahaba Media Group, 1900 28th Avenue So., Suite 200, Birmingham, AL 35209. Periodicals
postage paid at Birmingham, AL, and additional mailing offices. Subscriptions: Free of charge to qualified industrial pump users. Publisher reserves the ADVERTISING SALES
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to publish your submission yourself or to allow others to republish your submission. Submissions will not be returned. Volume 25, Issue 7.

J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
 High Pressure Wash.
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4
This issue
SPECIAL WORKFORCE SURVEY
SECTION
20 INDUSTRY EMPLOYMENT ANALYSIS
By Pumps & Systems Staff
COVER
SERIES FOOD & BEVERAGE
26 ECCENTRIC DISC PUMPS
OFFER RELIABILITY IN A
FRENCH WINERY
By Vincent Lejeau, Mouvex
These sealless pumps designed
specifically for the food and beverage
industry provide high flow rates and
excellent product recovery.
29 MACERATING BLADES KEEP
BEETS MOVING
By Kathryn DeWell, SEEPEX Inc.
Sanitary requirements are met
even for waste materialsin this
New York facility.
32 UNLOADING HIGH-VISCOSITY
FOOD INGREDIENTS SAFELY
AND EFFECTIVELY
By Jeff Shaffer, Graco, Inc.
Piston pumps and inflatable seals
create a system that protects
employees and products.
36 WHY EQUIPMENT SHOULD
MEET IP69K
JULY
Volume 25 Number 7
COLUMNS
PUMPING PRESCRIPTIONS
Yes
43%
10 By Lev Nelik, Ph.D., P.E.
No
57%
Pumping Machinery, LLC
Failure Prediction with Online
Monitoring
PUMP SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT
12 By Ray Hardee
Engineered Software, Inc.
38 DAIRY PLANT SELECTS Methods to Improve
SUBMERSIBLE PUMP FOR Pump Operation
HIGH-TEMP WASHDOWN SUMP
By James Ward, United Dairy; Ron COMMON PUMPING MISTAKES
Keesee, Service Pump & Supply;
Jay Gallagher & Keith Grgurich, 16 By Jim Elsey
Summit Pump, Inc.
BJM Pumps LLC
A West Virginia bottling facility faced Pump Curves: Hydraulic Performance
frequent pump replacements. vs. Published Curve
41 REGULATIONS IN THE U.S.
FOOD & BEVERAGE INDUSTRY
By Vincent Jack Shiplet, NPSH
Versa-Matic Pumps
SPECIAL
REPORT BASICS
Choosing pumps that comply with
FDA FSMA standards 42 THE BASICS OF NPSH &
J U LY 2 0 17
PUMPSANDSYSTEMS.COM
PUMP OPERATING REGIONS
SYSTEMS
The Leading Magazine for Pump Users Worldwide
By Peter Gaydon, Hydraulic
Institute
Identifying inefficient units is
one thing, but fixing them can be
Regulations & Equipment in time consuming, frustrating and
FOOD expensive.
SAFETY
UNDERSTANDING PUMP CURVES INDUST RY SAL ARIES, BENEFITS & HIRING

By David Steen, Baldor

This rating can help end users choose
ON THE COVER PRACTICE & OPERATIONS
This bottling and corking equipment
equipment to prevent food safety includes a sanitary pump system.
issues. (Courtesy of Mouvex) 58 CHOOSING A CONTROL VALVE FOR
OPTIMAL IRRIGATION
By Brad Clarke, Singer Valve
Learn equipment options for
DEPARTMENTS agricultural applications.

46 EFFICIENCY MATTERS 52 MOTORS & DRIVES

The Role of Efficiency in Avoiding New Motor Pitfalls
Pump Selection By William Kruger, 2 FROM THE EDITOR
By Jerry Connolly, Cummins-Wagner ALL-TEST Pro, LLC
6 NEWS
50 MAINTENANCE MINDERS 54 SEALING SENSE
Machinery Maintenance Modeling
60 PRODUCTS
Overview of Multiple Lip Seals
& Diagnostic Advancements By Alfred Cooper, FSA Member, 61 PUMP USERS MARKETPLACE
By Massimiliano De Febo & Ergoseal, Inc. 64 PUMP MARKET ANALYSIS
Pasquale Paganini, IPC

J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
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6 NEWS

NEW HIRES,
PROMOTIONS & RECOGNITIONS
WILLIAM FAUBEL, BORETS U.S. CATHY MANZATO, MUELLER CANADA
HOUSTON Electric submersible pumps company Borets has named a ONTARIO Mueller Canada has named Cathy
new senior vice president for its U.S. business development and sales. Manzato as customer service supervisor at its Barrie,
William Faubel will lead the companys business development initiatives Ontario office. Manzato has more than 20 years of
from Houston, in addition to expanding Borets global client base. customer service experience. She holds a bachelors
Headquartered in Moscow, Borets specializes in artifical lift engineering, degree from York University in Toronto.
manufacturing, sales and servicing of electric submersible pump muellercompany.com
systems. Borets has more than 9,000 employees based in more than 24 Cathy
countries around the world. borets.com Manzato
BOB SMITH & SHEILA
ALEXANDER PAVLOV, ATLAS COPCO GAILLORETO, DURA-BAR
HEMEL HEMPSTEAD, England Atlas Copco has WOODSTOCK, Ill. Dura-Bar has
appointed Alexander Pavlov as general manager of named two new additions to its
its compressors technique business in the United commercial branch. Bob Smith joins
Kingdom and Ireland. Pavlov previously managed the sales team as national account
Atlas Copcos compressors business in Ireland. He manager. His primary responsibility
joined the company in Antwerp in 2003, and has also is overseeing the companys Bob Sheila
been based in Greece. According to an Atlas Copco Alexander national distributor, EMJ, in addition Smith Gailloreto
release, aftermarket business will be one of Pavlovs Pavlov
to developing new and growing
main focus areas. atlascopco.com business. Smith has more than two decades experience in mechanical
tubing, industrial PVF and commercial plumbing. Sheila Gailloreto
ROGER FIX, FLOWSERVE has come aboard as marketing manager, responsible for marketing
DALLAS Flowserve has elected Roger Fix as its new chairman strategies and new applications. She has more than two decades
following the retirement of previous Board of Directors chair Bill experience developing and implementing strategic growth plans at
Rusnack. Fix has served as a Flowserve director since 2006. He was companies like Fairbanks Morse and GE Power & Water. dura-bar.com
president and CEO of Standex International Corporation from 2003
to 2013. flowserve.com

AROUND THE INDUSTRY

ABB Lands $30 Million Contract
in Democratic Republic of Congo
for Power Link Upgrade
ZURICH, Switzerland ABB has won a $30
million order for a HVDC power link upgrade
in Democratic Republic of Congo.
Socit Nationale dElectricit (SNEL),
the national electricity company of the
DRC, awarded ABB the contract to boost
transmission capacity and supply clean
hydro power.
The upgrade will benefit the Inga-Kolwezi
high-voltage direct current (HVDC) power
transmission link.
The link connects the Inga hydropower
station on the Congo River to Katanga, a
mining district in the southeast. Excess
power is exported to the Southern African
Power Pool countries.
According to an ABB release, the company
built the original 1,700-kilometer link
in 1982. The power link was previously
updated in 2009.
During the upgrade, ABB will increase
transmission capacity from 520 megawatts
(MW) to 1,000 MW.
We are pleased to continue our long
association with the Inga-Kolwezi HVDC
Link and contribute to the strengthening
of the DRCs power infrastructure. This
upgrade will boost supply of clean
hydropower to industrial and domestic
customers, said Claudio Facchin, president
of ABBs Power Grids division.
This order reiterates our leading HVDC
position, strategic focus on the service
business and our growth drive in Africa. It
also reinforces our position as a partner of
choice for enabling a stronger, smarter and
greener grid.
More than 80 percent of the DRCs 80
million residents lack electricity access.
Most of the countrys generation capacity
is used by the mining sector.
ABB employs around 5,000 people
in Africa, with operations spanning 23
countries. Globally, ABB is found in 100
countries abb.com

To have a news item considered, please send the information to Melissa Brown, mbrown@cahabamedia.com.

J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pum ps & S y st e m s
8 NEWS
AROUND THE INDUSTRY
demonstrate Wrtsils ambitions and
active role in helping its customers
to benefit from smart technology
initiatives, Ryan said in a release.
Wrtsils recruits include Mikko
Tepponen, appointed as vice president
for digital portfolio management; Toby
White, tapped as vice president of
digital engineering; and Selina Heiska,
who will lead the communications
teams as vice president of
digital transformation.
The company plans to particularly
emphasize cyber security, and as
such has built the team to cover cyber
assurance, cyber operations, cyber
policy, information security and
cyber as a service. Andrew Ross and
Kim Eklund have been appointed
as directors.
Additional digital management
team appointments include Andrew
Morgante as head of digital in marine
solutions and Saku Mihniemi as head
of digital in services. The company says
they plan to hire for dozens of vacancies
in the digital organization this year.
wartsila.com
Xylem Honored for
Employee Service Work
RYE BROOK, N.Y. The Halo Awards,
one of North Americas highest honors
for corporate social initiative, have
awarded Xylem Inc. with its Gold Halo
Award for employee engagement.
In 2016, Xylem launched an employee
service initiative through Xylem
Watermark, its corporate citizenship
program. Watermark is aimed at
providing and protecting water
resources for vulnerable communities
around the globe.
According to a Xylem release,
employees volunteered more than
21,000 hours in 2016. Nearly 4,000
employees across 35 countries built
water towers, tested water sources,
maintained water sheds and provided
educational training on water,
sanitation and hygiene issues.
Highlights of Xylems service include
building water towers in China,
Cambodia and the Philippines with
the Planet Water Foundations, and
sending volunteers to work in the
field with nonprofit partners in India
and Cambodia.
To have a news item considered, please send the information to Melissa Brown, mbrown@cahabamedia.com.
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pum ps & S y st e m s
At Xylem, water is more than our
business; it is our passion. Engaging our
colleagues through service has helped
strengthen our ability to leverage their
time and talent to address water-
related issues in communities around
the globe, Patrick Decker, President
and CEO of Xylem, said in a release.
I am very proud of the dedication
and commitment our colleagues have
demonstrated to this initiative and
honored that we have been recognized
with this award. xylem.com
Blue-White Celebrates
60th Anniversary
HUNTINGTON BEACH, Calif. Blue-
White Industries this month is
celebrating its 60th anniversary.
The metering pump, flow meter
and water treatment accessory
manufacturer was founded in 1957 by
Ozzie King.
King was originally a pool builder
and inventor before switching his
focus to manufacturing in 1957.
The company now specializes
in peristaltic, diaphragm and
hybrid pumps for municipal and
industrial water treatment, irrigation,
semiconductor, and food and beverage
applications. blue-white.com
Grundfos Releases 2016
Sustainability Report
BJERRINGBRO, Denmark Grundfos
cut year-over-year carbon dioxide
(CO2) emissions by 7.2 percent in 2016,
according to their newly released
annual sustainability report.
The company has cut CO2 emissions
by 30 percent overall since 2008, part of
an ongoing commitment to reduce its
environmental impact.
Grundfos also reduced water
consumption by 5 percent and energy
use by 2 percent.
Acting in a sustainable way is much
more than water to Grundfos. We
see it in a holistic perspective, and
thats why we also focus on the way
we do business, the way we treat our
employees and the way we interact
with our surrounding societies, Pia
Yasuko Rask, senior engagement
and responsibility manager, said in
a release.
In addition to sustainability
measures, the company introduced
new health and safety standards
and approaches.
According to the report data, Grundfos
reduced lost time due to injuries by 34
percent. grundfos.com
Amarinth Wins North
Sea Project Bid
WOODBRIDGE, England Amarinth
has secured a $500,000 order for
booster pumps to a North Sea
oil platform.
Amarinth will provide API 610 OH2
process water booster pumps for the
Solan platform, which is west
of the Shetland Islands in 125-meter
deep waters.
Premier Oil expects to increase
production to between 20,000 and
25,000 barrels of oil per day .
Amarinth secured the bid on a quick
turnaround, as Solan added them to the
project at a late stage and the pumps
had to fit tight space restrictions.
We are delighted that Amarinth
has once again been selected for an
important North Sea field development
project. We appreciate that business in
this sector has been difficult over the
past few years but we continue to work
actively with and support the North
Sea operators with the best technical
solutions delivered on the short lead
times that are often required as these
projects come back on-stream, said
Oliver Brigginshaw, managing director
of Amarinth. amarinth.com
MERGERS &
ACQUISITIONS
Wrtsil acquires Greensmith Energy
Management Systems Inc.
May 15, 2017
Sulzer to acquire Simcro
May 17, 2017
Spirax-Sarco acquires Chromalox
May 26, 2017
10 PUMPING PRESCRIPTIONS
Troubleshooting & repair challenges
By Lev Nelik, Ph.D., P.E.
Pumping Machinery LLC, P&S Editorial Advisory Board

Failure Prediction with Online Monitoring

Figure 1. Vibrations tracking to avoid failures (Courtesy of the author)

I
n my June 2016 Pumps & Systems
column, I presented the results of
vibration-trending analysis of six
cooling water pumps over the course of
eight years. Many readers were surprised
the plant had few actual failures despite
continual, elevated vibration levels.
Bearing housing vibrations exceeding 0.3
in/sec (velocity, RMS) have reached the
warning level, and over 0.5 in/sec have
reached alarm level.
There is little data to determine when
such badly vibrating pumps would fail:
today, next month or within the year.
Because of this, plants tend to rely
on a few common strategies. The first
approach is to pull the pump as soon
as vibrations are over the alarm (or
warning) level. These plants would rather
spend money on (perhaps too-frequent)
overhauls rather than experience
catastrophic failure. The second approach
is to allow the pump to fail and either
repair or replace it. With no time for
proactive measures, the plant pays a
higher cost when the pump does crash.
We obtained data from an eight-year
study to illustrate how long a double-
suction horizontally split pump in
distress can remain operational, even
with excessive vibrations. Figure 1 shows
monthly vibration trends over eight
years for one of these six pumps. (Note:
Zero values mean the pump was not
operational during the data route due
to some operational constraints. This
downtime was not critical to the data
gathered due to the extended length of
the study.)
Pump D operated at elevated vibrations
between February 2008 and November
2008, when the outboard pump bearing
failed catastrophically. The plant decided
to adopt a strategy to take future action
Failure Failure in the making?
after a pump maintained elevated
vibrations for six months. The next such
occurrence took place in March 2013,
and the following September the pump
outboard bearing was replaced on-site.
Unfortunately, no other attention was
given to the unit (alignment, etc.), and
thus it resumed a high vibration trend
soon after the pump bearing change.
The plant replaced the bearings again
about six months later (May 2014).
This time, however, better care was
taken to realign the pump to the motor,
significantly reducing vibration levels.
The six-month rule appears to have
worked for this plant, allowing proactive
maintenance on the pump at the usual
planned outage periods.
It must be emphasized that the six-
month rule may be only applicable for
the type of pumps monitored in this
study. Other pump types may or may
not follow the same rule. Axial flow
turbine pumps, for example, would not
survive for six months at such elevated
vibration levels. It might only take a
few weeks for a different type pump to
fail, and monthly monitoring intervals
may not detect the upcoming issue
soon enough. For those cases, on-line
live pumps reliability and efficiency
Failure Avoidance 1
Failure Avoidance 2
monitoring system (PREMS) 2A should
be used for continual monitoring
would be a proper approach. Our next
objective is to apply PREMS to high
energy pumps installation for a study
to correlate reliability (vibrations) with
energy (efficiency). We aim to assess not
only imminent failures and economics
of prevention, but also economics of
efficiency degradation and methods to
rectify these issues. For those interested
in participating in such a study, please
contact me with questions and ideas.
There is a note Failure in the making?
on Figure 1, although the vibrations,
given the history, do not suggest that.
Can you think of the reason why? The
best answer(s) will be published in the
follow-up column(s) on this topic.
Dr. Nelik (aka Dr. Pump) is president
of Pumping Machinery LLC, an
Atlanta-based firm specializing in
pump consulting, training, equipment
troubleshooting and pump repairs. Dr.
Nelik has 30 years of experience in
pumps and pumping equipment. He
may be reached at pump-magazine.
com. For more information, visit
pumpingmachinery.com/pump_school/
pump_school.htm.

J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
 www.hyundai-electric.com

Providing Market with Superior

Quality Products at a Competitive Price
API/NEMA/IEC Standard & UL/CSA/ATEX/TRCU Certified Products
Ensuring Products and Processes to meet the Global Quality Certification
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Verifying through Various Tests for Motor Serviceability and Low
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12 PUMP SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT
A better understanding of complete system operation
By Ray Hardee
Engineered Software Inc.

Methods to Improve Pump Operation

I Simulations
n my two most recent Pumps &
Systems columns, we discussed
methods for sizing pumps
according to the design scenario.
In many applications, the normal
flow rate is less than the design
flow rate for pump selection.
Previously, we discovered that
the flow rate through the sample
system operates as outlined in
Table 1, below.
This system was designed to
meet maximum flow conditions
of 400 gallons per minute (gpm),
but as we can see from Table 1,
this occurs in 5 percent of the
operation. The remainder of the
time, the flow rate through the
system varies from 200 gpm to
80 gpm.
Our system controls consist of
the pump starting on high-tank
level and stopping on low-tank
level. In this column, we will
simulate the operation of the
entire system. This will allow us
to optimize the system under the
full conditions outlined in Table
1. Further, we will assume the
system will be in operation for
8,000 hours per year.
Normally, one must wait for the
system to be placed in operation to
see how the total system operates.
Using the methods outlined in
previous columns, we can simulate
how the system will operate during
the design process.
Since the maximum inflow of
the system is 400 gpm, the
transfer pump was sized for 500
gpm at approximately 22 hp. This
allows the collection tank to be
pumped down.
The collection tank is a vertical
cylinder with a 10-foot diameter
and 12-foot height. The pump
starts with a high tank level of
11 feet, and shuts off when the
tank level reaches one foot. The
inflow in the tank is based on the
Table 1. Load profile showing flow rates and percentage of time at each operating
condition. (Graphics courtesy of the author)
Operating Conditions Flow rate in gpm
Maximum flow 400
Normal flow 200
Low flow 150
Minimum flow 80
operating conditions outlined in
Table 2.
A simulation was performed
on the design condition, and the
level in the collection tank was
calculated. Figure 2 shows how
the level changes with a 400 gpm
influx (see page 14).
We can see it takes 15 minutes
to fi ll the collection tank before
the high-level control is activated.
The pump starts and runs for
58 minutes until the level in the
collection tank returns to the
low level. This takes one hour
and 13 minutes (or 1.2 hours) to
cycle completely through a tank
operation. At 1.2 hours per tank
cycle, the pump goes through
338 pump starts per year under
maximum flow conditions.
Percent of time at
operating condition
5%
40%
25%
30%

Table 2. Pump characteristics for various inlet conditions with existing transfer pump.
Conditions Inflow (gpm) Hours / year Cycle time (h) Starts/yr Pump power
(hp)
Max flow 400 400 1.2 338 22.3
Normal flow 200 3,200 0.86 2,752 22.3
Low flow 150 2,000 0.98 2,352 22.3
Min flow 80 2,400 1.54 1,558 22.3
Total 8,000 7,050

J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
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14 PUMP SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT

When operating at lower flow rates, the system with smaller pumps
consumes less power for the operation. Additionally, the single pump
system goes through more pump starts than the two-pump system.

Evaluating Two-Pump Notice how using the design Conclusion

Operation
In the next example, we will
evaluate the same system
with changes to the pumping
characteristics.
Rather than a single pump,
there are two identical pumps
sized so each provides a design
flow of 210 gpm with 100 feet
of head.
The system controls are set
up so the first transfer pump
starts on a level in the collection
tank of 10.5 feet, with the second
transfer pump starting slightly
higher at 11 feet. The pumps
are both stopped when the one
foot liquid level is reached in the
collection tank.
After performing the system
simulation, the multiple pump
scenario results are displayed in
Table 3.
conditions with the maximum
inflow of 400 gpm, both pumps
are required to lower the tank
level, resulting in a cycle time of
3.4 hours as seen in Table 3.
Looking at the normal flow
condition of 200 gpm, only one
pump is running with a tank cycle
time of 1.1 hours.
This system with multiple
pumps operates for a longer time,
but generally with just one smaller
pump. When using just one pump
there are additional power savings.
Each of the smaller transfer pumps
consumes 12.35 hp when operating
compared to the larger pump at
22.3 hp. Further, since the controls
alternate pump starts between
the two pumps, the total number
of starts for each pump is less
than the operation of the larger
single pump.
When comparing the operation
of the system with one large
transfer pump and the system
with two small transfer pumps,
their performance is similar in
the design case of maximum
flow. However, this only occurs
during 5 percent of the operating
hours. Commonly in these types
of systems, most operating hours
are spent well below the maximum
designed flow rate.
When operating at lower flow
rates, the system with smaller
pumps consumes less power for
the operation. Additionally, the
single pump system goes through
more pump starts than the two-
pump system.
The cost of the second pump and
Figure 2. Collection tank level with one main pump and
inflow of 400 gpm. Figure 3. Collection tank level with two
pumps and inflow at 400 gpm.

Figure 1. This graphic shows the system with a single pump and varying
operational flow rates. The system controls have the pump start at a high level
in the collection tank, and shut off on a low tank level.

J u l y 2 0 1 7 | Pu m p s & S y s t e m s
 15

Table 3. Pump characteristics for various inlet conditions while operating two pumps in parallel.
Conditions Inflow (gpm) Hours / year Pumps Cycle time Starts/yr per Pump Power
running (h) pump (hp)
Max flow 400 400 2 3.4 117 21
Normal flow 200 3,200 1 1.1 1,454 12.35
Low flow 150 2,000 1 1.1 909 12.35
Min flow 80 2,400 1 1.51 794 12.35
Total 8,000 3,270

driver will most likely add to the
initial cost. Knowing how the total
system will operate we can see
that the two smaller pumps will
consume less power and have fewer
pump starts.
This will save energy and
maintenance costs each year.
In the past, one would have to
wait until the system was designed,
built and placed in operation to
look for ways to improve that
system. Then it is already too late conditions during the design phase
changes are difficult and costly and, ultimately, discover ways to
after the plant is already operating. improve the system.
Using the simulation techniques
Read more from
discussed in this series, users can Ray Hardee at
analyze how a system will operate pumpsandsystems.com/
over a wide range of expected tags/ray-hardee.
Ray Hardee is a principal founder of Engineered Software, creators of PIPE-
FLO and PUMP-FLO software. At Engineered Software, he helped develop two
training courses and teaches these courses internationally. He may be reached
at ray.hardee@eng-software.com.

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p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
16 COMMON PUMPING MISTAKES
Simple solutions for end users
Pump Curves: Hydraulic Performance vs.
Published Curve
W
hy does a pumps
hydraulic performance
differ from its
published curve?
This is one of the most common
questions I receive about pump
performance.
The answer to the question is
often simple but can be difficult to
sort out given the myriad possible
causes. I offer the following
discussion points as a guideline.
First, check for the simple things,
such as a restricted suction line,
and make sure the pump is primed
and not air bound. Remember, you
cannot vent a running pump. The
lighter air will stay in the middle of
the casing and the heavier fluid will
move to the outside. Does the pump
have the correct rotation direction?
Depending on the specific speed
of the impeller, a pump running
backwards will deliver about half the
flow and head.
Air entrainment, even at just
two to four percent, will air bind
a standard pump. Ascertain
adequate submergence (distance
from liquid surface to intake
centerline) to prevent vortexing
(vortices lead to air binding) and a
sufficient net positive suction head
available (NPSHA) margin. For
further explanation of NPSHA and
submergence difference, please refer
to my column in Pumps & Systems,
April 2016.
In the case of American National
Standards Institute (ANSI) pumps,
check to see that the pump impeller
clearance is properly set. Note one
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
style of ANSI pump sets the impeller
clearance to the stuffing box, while
the other style sets to the casing.
The pump may simply be worn out
and the clearances have opened up,
which will manifest as if the pump
has a smaller impeller. The volute
cutwater (aka tongue) will wear,
resulting in reduced efficiency, and
move the published best efficiency
point (BEP) to the right on the
curve. The cutwater is a pump
flow regulation point and works in
concert to match the volute flow to
the impeller flow.
In the case of a suction lift (where
the fluid source is below the impeller
centerline) check for air leaks into
the suction system. Remember, the
fluid will not leak out, but air will
leak in. In a perfect scenario, the
maximum suction lift at sea level is
less than 34 feet. In the real world
with friction and vapor pressure, it
is less. Problems are more likely at
higher altitudes above sea level, with
warmer fluids and with vertical lifts
approaching 30 feet. Practical lifts
are usually under 26 feet.
When troubleshooting
malfunctioning pumps, I often
find the wrong impeller has been
installed during maintenance, or the
correct impeller is installed at the
wrong diameter.
A centrifugal pump is dumb and
will operate where the system curve
dictates. If a pump is not operating
where it should, review the validity
of the system curve. The system
curve is an absolute summation of
the systems static head, pressure
By Jim Elsey
Summit Pump Inc.
head, velocity head and friction
head. The geometry of the system
curve is directly related to the flow
rate, pipe size, elevation changes
and losses due to friction of all the
components in the system. Note
the system curve is dynamic and
will change with tank elevation and
system pressure changes. It will also
change with valve position, system
age, fouling and corrosion. Reliance
on a system print to determine the
system curve can also lead to errors.
It is best to actually walk the system
and see what is really there. I often
find unauthorized piping branches,
valves and elbows.
When a pump is operated at
either end of its curve, there are
issues like cavitation, separation
and recirculation. A manufacturers
pump performance curve is based
on pumping water at ambient
temperature (usually around 68 F),
a specific gravity of 1.0, a viscosity
of less than 30 centipoise (cP) and
the assumption that the fluid is not
a slurry. When pumping a fluid other
than water, the curve may need to be
adjusted/corrected for viscosity. The
horsepower requirements (power
consumption) will be different for
different specific gravities.
Sometimes overlooked, the
manufacturers curve is typically
based on a stated speed, and the
actual speed in the field is different.
This speed differential will happen
with induction motors that are not
fully loaded or properly specified,
since the motor speed will typically
increase at lower loads. Speed
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18 COMMON PUMPING MISTAKES
differentials can also occur due
to voltage variations. Look at the
motor nameplate or contact the
manufacturer for full load speed
and the expected percent of slip.
The advent of variable speed drives
over the last two decades has made
the speed difference issues more
prevalent. Even 30 to 50 rpm
will make a difference in the
pump performance.
Electrical frequency (hertz)
variations and settings can also
cause issues. These variations are
usually from on-site power sources
such as diesel engines.
Equipment driven by steam
turbine can have issues with the
governor/throttle settings. In all
cases, the best way to determine
the actual speed is with a strobe-
tachometer. When using the
strobe be careful to pick a singular
reference point on the rotor that
is unique like a key, keyway or a
color-coded coupling bolt. Do not
use items like nonspecific coupling
bolts, as it is very easy to pick up on
multiples/dividers of the
actual speed.
This article is based on the
assumption that the flow
measurement is accurate. Unless
there is metering and/or transfer
of custody situation, most flow
measurement is not accurate.
This issue is usually not the fault
of the flow meter manufacturer.
Incorrect flow meters are installed
and/or correct meters are installed
incorrectly. Empirical measurement
of tank levels or containers is
another method that will yield
satisfactory results for flow rates if
conducted properly.
Sometimes an end user will install
a pump and note the discharge head
does not correctly match where the
pump should be on the curve. In
that case, some likely issues to look
at are:
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
The suction side (absolute) Field test the pump by operating
pressure has not been taken at a few different places on the
into consideration. You must curve. You can accomplish this by
know the differential pressure manipulating the discharge valve.
across the pump, not just the Carefully operate the pump at
discharge pressure. shutoff (maximum head at zero
The gauges are not accurate flow) just long enough to record a
due to age, are out of discharge pressure. Operate at a
calibration or the gauge range few more points of increasing flow. If
is incorrect. Additionally, the the measured performance does not
gauge location/position must meet curve expectations at shutoff
be compensated for elevation or anywhere else on the curve, then
differences above or below the issue is likely wear, opened
the pump centerline. Gauges clearances, wrong size impeller or
can only read pressure and do incorrect speed. If the performance
not read velocity head or the meets curve expectations at shutoff
elevation difference. but drops off from the curve as the
flow increases, then the issue is
The fluid velocity in the piping is likely a starved suction, insufficient
often ignored or misunderstood. NPSHA, inadequate submergence or
If the system is properly designed/ air binding.
operated, the velocity head can Most pump manufacturers in
usually be dismissed because it is North America test and report
such a small component. In recent pump performance in accordance
years I have noticed an increase in with Hydraulic Institute / ASME
issues where the wrong size pipe specification 14.6, where depending
is installed (usually an issue on on the selected test grade the
the suction side). As a general rule, specification will offer some small
the suction pipe should be one size acceptable tolerance between the
larger than the pump suction, except published curve and actual
in cases of self-primers (suction pump performance.
lift conditions), where they may be
the same size. The suction pipe size Jim Elsey is a mechanical
will depend on length of the run engineer who has focused on
and other friction losses. A general rotating equipment design and
rule for flow rates and velocities applications for the military and
is that the pipe diameter squared, several large original equipment
multiplied by 20 will yield the manufacturers for 43 years in
normal flow rate for an 8 foot per most industrial markets around
second velocity. If you know the flow the world. Elsey is an active
rate, you can use the same equation member of the American Society
to solve for the proper pipe size. of Mechanical Engineers, the
The pump curve must be corrected National Association of Corrosion
for fluid properties like viscosity. Engineers and the American
Keep in mind that viscosity changes Society for Metals. He is the
directly with temperature, and many general manager for Summit
fluids are also reported at the wrong Pump Inc. and the principal of
viscosity. In the event of a higher MaDDog Pump Consultants LLC.
specific gravity, the horsepower will Elsey may be reached at
also increase. jim@summitpump.com.
 publisher of

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 21

90%
84

BENEFITS 80%

Which employee benefits does your company provide? 70%

64

57 59 60%
55

47 46 50%
43
40
40%
34

30%

20%

10%
ra lth

ra Life

bi m

bi m

in se

in ite

in for

en n
a

sio

em io
nt
s a er

s a er

tra hou

tra ff-s
su a
e

t
rs Tuit
tra off
in He

De
di rt-t

di ng-t

Vi
nc

nc

lit

lit

in

in

in
o
-
In

e
o

id
Lo

Tim
Sh
su

Pa
in

I was looking for engineering positions, consulting engineers
in research labs, because I have research experience, Pas said.
After the first interview, I really liked Geiger, specifically, and I
really liked the pump world. I thought I would be able to apply
my engineering knowledge to it and also be able to provide a
service and sell to customers, not just be at a computer, but have
customer interaction.
She found that her interest in the pumps business, with the
myriad equipment and applications involved, grew as she learned
more about the industry.
I saw all the variety there isthe positive displacement pumps,
the gear pumps, the hose pumpsand that makes it interesting,
she said.
We, as a human species, need pumps to function, not just
for water but gas for your car. You need to irrigate crops so you
need to get well water. So many pumps are in the food-processing
industry. Its a lot when you start thinking about it, she said. Its
exciting in that youre providing a service for the world.
In her role at Geiger, Pas works with customers to learn about
their needs and what equipment would best help them. Working in
municipal market sales complements her college experience: Her
graduate project for her bachelors degree involved the design of
a water reclamation facility in a municipal wastewater treatment
bu
im
re
plant for agricultural reuse, while her masters thesis focused on
developing a chemical fingerprint for detecting untreated human
sewage pollution in surface water.
Pas emphasized the importance of her education in her Geiger
role, pointing to her college studies to obtain her chemical and
environmental engineering degrees. We had a lot of chemistry
classes that helped me to be able to see a fluid and know what that
is going to do to a pump, she said. With my masters degree in
environmental engineering, my focus was water and wastewater.
Now that Im going to be doing municipal sales, that is going to
help me.
Her advice to college students looking to enter the pump world?
Be ready to learn because we dont learn enough in school
about pumps. Be open and be able to learn because youre going
to learn a lot for sure, she said. Be ready to ask questions. Dont
be discouraged by it Youre not going to be successful if you
dont ask.
Another piece of advice she offered to engineering students
preparing to enter the workforce: Be open-minded about the pump
world, she said.
Its always going to be there. Its going to be steady. It may
increase or decrease depending on the years and the economy, but
the pump world is always going to be present.

p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
22 SPECIAL SECTION WORKFORCE SURVEY

SALARIES Manufacturing Department:

I Mfg/Industrial Engineer $70,000 $90,000

n todays competitive job market for highly
skilled positions, its essential that a companys
compensation package be designed to attract
and retain key employees. To address this need, the
Purchasing Manager $70,000 $100,000
Hydraulic Institute conducts an annual salary survey of
U.S. pump manufacturers and issues a detailed salary Mfg/Industrial Engineering Manager $85,000 $125,000
report to participating members. The report covers
36 key positions in the manufacturing, engineering,
technical support, administration, and sales and Plant Manager $115,000 $165,000
marketing departments. Salary figures given in the
report include the average base salary as of January
1, minimum and maximum salaries, the first, second
(median), and third quartiles, and whether the position
was typically eligible to receive incentive compensation.
Engineering, Design & Devlopment Department:
Also shown in the report are the minimum, average and
maximum incentive compensation for each job title and
the average salary percentage increase. Design Engineer $70,000 $105,000
Salary figures range widely and are dependent on
many factors, including years of experience in the
job and the part of the country where the employer is
Engineering Manager $105,000 $145,000
located. To effectively benchmark your compensation
package against others, take each influencing factor
into consideration. Thats why, for each job title in HIs
Annual Salary Report, base salaries are broken out
by annual sales volume, geographic region, city size
of the reporting companys primary plant, number of
full- and part-time salaried employees, and number of
Technical Support Department:
years in that position. Its this level of granularity about
positions in the pump manufacturing industry that Application Engineer $70,000 $90,000
makes the report uniquely valuable as a planning and
budgeting tool.
The information to the right highlights some of the Product Manager $80,000 $105,000
positions covered in the report using salary figures from
2016. Where you see that a regional sales managers
Marketing Manager $80,000 $120,000
annual base salary is in the range of $95,000 to
$120,000 the report would tell you, for example, the
average salary for a regional sales manager in pump
manufacturing companies with more than $100 million
in sales, whose plant is located in the northeastern U.S.,
in a small city, in a plant with more than 150 salaried
workers, and for individuals with more than 10 years of Sales & Marketing Department:
experience on the job. That level of detail about jobs in
the pump industry is not available elsewhere.
The Annual Salary Report is part of HIs overall Sales Office Application Engineer $60,000 $95,000
statistics program and is offered at no cost to
participating members. For more information Regional Sales Manager $95,000 $120,000
contact Mary Silver at msilver@pumps.org or visit the
membership section at pumps.org. Data provided by Hydraulic Institute
 23

MARKETPLACE
Which of the following products and services
50%
50%

46%
does your company plan to purchase/rent/lease 45%
in the next 12 months? 40%
40%

33%
32%
30%
30%
29%
26%

20%

10%

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p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
24 SPECIAL SECTION WORKFORCE SURVEYS

EXPERIENCE Degree
track
8%

One class
11%

If you received pump training

in college, what did it look like? None
41% Several
classes
18%

0-1
Years
4%
2-5 Mentioned
Years in class
11% 22%

6-10 Years
More than 7%
30 Years
37%

How long have you been in the

11-20 Years
19% pump industry?

21-30 Years
22%

50%
53%
51%

40%

Where do you
30%
typically find the most
valuable information 27%
about business
strategy, best 20%
practices, industry 22%
news and new 18% 18%
products?
10%

Sales Trade E-Mail Word of Internet Trade

Representatives Shows Newsletters Mouth Research Magazines

J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
 25

HIRING
Is anyone
in your
department
specifically
new to the No
INCREASE
pumps
industry?
46%
Yes
OPERATING LIFE,
54%
PRECISION AND
CONFIDENCE.

In the last
year, has
Yes someone
43% in your
department
No retired?
57%
NSKHPS ANGULAR CONTACT
BALL BEARINGS
NSKHPS Angular Contact Ball
Bearings,designed for demanding
pump and compressor applications,
feature advanced internal
geometry that deliver higher
Still looking
accuracy with increased load
to fill position ratings and limiting speed.
Left 12% Their advanced cage design
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position vacant
If employees 20% improves strength for longer
left your operating life.
department, No
whether employee
departure
retiring or 20% www.nskamericas.com
otherwise,
what
did your
company do? Filled the position
47%

p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
26
FOOD & BEVERAGE
Eccentric Disc Pumps Oer
Reliability in a French Winery
These sealless pumps designed specically for the food and beverage
industry provide high ow rates and excellent product recovery.
BY VINCENT LEJEAU
MOUVEX
I
n the Yonne Valley near the village of Saint-Bris-le-
Vineux, France, Bailly Lapierre is a producer of Crmant
de Bourgogne, a white or ros sparkling wine made
predominantly from Pinot Noir and Chardonnay grapes.
As is the case with many European wineries and vineyards,
Bailly Lapierre exudes history and tradition. Winemaking
in this region can be traced back to the late Roman Empire,
when vineyards first began to flourish here. The companys
day-to-day operations are 165 feet underground in an ancient
quarry that supplied the stone for some of the greatest works
in Frances architectural heritage: the Pantheon, Notre-Dame
de Paris and Chartres Cathedral. The location was also used
as a German airplane hangar during World War II and as a
mushroom-cultivation center until 1970.
Inheritors of a long winegrowing tradition, the local
men and women who founded Bailly Lapierre combined
their winemaking efforts in 1972 to produce Crmant de
Bourgogne. Since then, Bailly Lapierre has brought together
430 winegrowers, and more than 70 wine-growing families
who devote themselves to the vines year-round.
The average annual production of Crmant de Bourgogne
is nearly 3.5 million bottles (25,000 hectoliters) or roughly
290,000 cases. Additionally, a permanent stock of five million
bottles is retained in the companys underground cellar.
A Traditional Process
With subterranean galleries that extend more than 10 acres,
the location of Bailly Lapierres winery serves the company
well in its winemaking efforts because caves provide natural
conditions ideal for the production of Crmants:
A naturally cool temperature at a constant 12 C (54 F)
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
A naturally high level of moisture (about 80 percent
humidity at the heart of the cellars)
Soft diff used light that helps preserve fl avor and color
Inside the winery, the grapes are weighed and the quality
of the berries assessed. The grapes are emptied into the
designated hopper and channeled to the corresponding press.
The presses, renovated in 2007, provide gentle processing.
We have four presses with different capacities, between
six and 12 metric tons, said Mathieu Cerveau, cellarman for
the winery. We can press an average of 250 metric tons a day,
with each press devoted to a single grape variety. Completing
the pressing process in a gentle manner is important because
the different juices need to be kept apart. The cuve (the juice
from the initial pressing) is run into separate tanks from the
juice of subsequent pressings, or taille. It is also important
that we are able to drain all of the juice from the piping
system. This juice is the lifeblood of the wine.
After the pressings take place, Bailly Lappiere makes its
Crmants using the traditional method, the same method
used for making Champagne. Known as vinification, it is a
long process that demands rigor and precision.
New Technology
While its Crmant de Bourgogne is produced in the
traditional fashion, Bailly Lapierre prides itself on being
a company of innovation. Within the last decade, it has
overhauled its production facility, installing equipment that
includes a variety of modern and automated machines. Not
only does this equipment make the production process easier
to complete, it does so in a more precise manner.
 Some of our newer equipment was custom-built
specifically for us, explained Cerveau. We use stainless
steel equipment, as well. We do this for a variety of reasons,
but one reason is because stainless steel is easier to clean. In
addition, all of the equipment that touches the wine must be
compatible with food products because making wine needs to
be a flawless and hygienic process.
Pumps are used for a variety of applications during
winemaking and are critical to the process. Pumps are
important pieces of equipment for us, said Cerveau. Because
we use our pumps in a variety of locations, we usually have a
few that are mounted on a mobile cart so we can easily move
them around the winery. We use them in our pressing center,
where its a 24/7 operation, as well as around the winery to fi ll
tanks or transfer wine from one tank to another. In addition,
Image 1 (top). The pumps were specifically designed for use in the
we use a pump to fi ll all of our wine bottles. If our pumps go food and beverage industry, which requires exceptionally hygienic
down, the operation stops. operations. Image 2 (bottom). The underground facility creates a
When selecting pumps, wine producers like Bailly Lapierre sophisticated atmosphere for a tasting room and provides natural
conditions ideal for the production of Crmants. In the tasting room,
must choose a pumping technology that offers the following wines are poured by Bruno Denis. (Images courtesy of Mouvex)
attributes: gentle product handling, volumetric consistency,
ability to recover expensive products and ingredients, and This design has helped the pumps earn certification from
low slippage. After evaluating pumping technologies, Bailly EC 1935/2004, EHEDG, 3A and FDA for use in food-
Lapierre chose to install eccentric disc pumps. processing applications.
The pumps were specifically designed for use in the food The pumps offer benefits including strong vacuum and
and beverage industry, which requires exceptional hygienic compression effect for enhanced line stripping and optimized
operations. What sets the pumps apart is a sealless design product recovery; low shear rate; self-priming and dry-run
that incorporates a hermetic pump head with a self-adjustable capabilities; exceptional volumetric consistency; no slip; and
eccentric shaft protected by a double-wall stainless steel almost completely pulsation-free operation. Because the
bellows that ensure long life and product safety. pump includes only two wear parts, maintenance is easy and
The pumps also reduce the risk of product contamination can be performed while the pump is inline.
and costly leakage thanks to the way they are constructed, The high flow rates are a key feature; since we deal with big
eliminating mechanical seals, packing and magnetic drives. volumes of liquid, we need a big flow. Another great feature

p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
28 COVER SERIES FOOD & BEVERAGE

is the strong suction, Cerveau said.
Because the pump is located in the
pressing area, it has to suck the liquid
from a lower level and send it through
about 40 meters of piping. This isnt
possible with some other pumps.
Additionally, just as we have designed
our presses to handle the grapes as
gently as possible, we love the fact that
the pumps feature no excessive shear
that puts friction on the wine. But the
best benefit for us is the higher rate
of product recovery. The pumps can
completely drain all of the juice from
the piping and from inside the tanks.
A key to the pumps enhanced
product-recovery capability is their

The Calming Effect of Griffco

unique conveying principle. This
principle is based on two stainless-
steel componentsthe static cylinder

Pulsation Dampeners and the moving pistondriven by

an eccentric shaft, which generates
a circular movement. Through
this movement the inner and
outer chambers are formed, which
displace the liquid from the suction
side to the discharge side with an
impressively consistent and accurate
flow. Given that the pump can run
dry, the rotation of the parts creates a
compressor effect that facilitates the
stripping of discharge lines.

Conclusion
While Bailly Lapierre is a company

F
that relies on history and tradition
to bring its award-winning Crmant
de Bourgogne to the masses, its
or 25 years you have relied on also not afraid to implement new
Griffco back pressure and pressure and innovative technology into
relief valves. Now you can rest its operation.
same
assured that you will enjoy the sam
This new technology makes life
quality and reliability with Griffco pulsation
dampeners on the job.
easier for employees and helps ensure
that each batch of Crmant sparkles in
From the tank to the process, Griffco offers just the right way.
a full line of chemical feed accessories that
will give you confidence in the safety and
performance of your system. Ask about our
calibration columns, gauge guards, injection
quills, corp-stops, y-strainers, and more. Vincent Lejeau is the regional sales
Visit our website to: managerFrance for Mouvex and
Download free datasheets and 3D CAD drdrawings
gs PSG, and can be reached at vincent.
Find your nearest distributor lejeau@psgdover.com. Mouvex,
Request detailed info or a quote incorporated in 1906, manufacturers
Use our Pulsation Dampener Sizing Calculator

Griffco Valve, Inc.

25 positive displacement pumps, screw
compressors and hydraulic coolers
YEARS OF for use in a variety of industries, and
1-800-GRIFFCO
sales@griffcovalve.com
SERVICE is a product brand of PSG, a Dover
company. For more information on
www.GriffcoValve.com Mouvex or PSG, visit mouvex.com or
psgdover.com.
ISO CERTIFIED MADE IN USA
Circle 114 on card or visit psfreeinfo.com.

J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
 FOOD & BEVERAGE COVER SERIES 29

Macerating Blades Keep

Beets Moving
Sanitary requirements are meteven for waste materials
in this New York facility.

BY KATHRYN DEWELL
SEEPEX INC.

F
or Guy and Katherine
Shropshire, whose family
has been growing salad
vegetables on their land in
the United Kingdom for more than 60
years, the health benefits and family
tradition associated with beets were
worth sharing. So in October 2010,
the husband-and-wife duo ventured
across the Atlantic to a food festival
where they introduced their specialty
marinated beet recipes to America. The
event was wildly successful, leading the
Shropshires to start a beet business in
the U.S. They called it Love Beets.
Image 1. The pumps are low to the ground and can be rolled under production equipment
The company began selling packaged to capture waste and pump it out of the facility. (Images courtesy of SEEPEX Inc.)
products shipped from its U.K. parent
company Gs. But when business began to boom, the pebbles, dirt and other waste products produced during
60,000-square-foot U.K. facility could no longer keep up. the processthey needed a pumping system that could
Theres a finite capacity of the number of tons that can be handle the flow of disparate materials while maintaining
put through that facility, said Simon Woods, Love Beets a hygienic and sanitary environment.
quality assurance manager. We were at that capacity. We
had to do something. The Challenge
The companys long-term goal was to grow and process With America being about seven times larger than
beets in the U.S., so this was an opportune time to England, population-wise, the math was right to build
expand operations into North America. here and serve 300 million Americans on their doorstep,
In 2016, Love Beets invested in the construction of Woods said.
a production facility in Rochester, New York, where To ensure the process maintains a hygienic and
each week they would process, cook, marinate, spice, sanitary environment required for food production, the
and package about 130 to 140 tons of beets. To handle Rochester facility includes separate rooms, segregated
this volume of the vegetablealong with the peels, air-flows, stainless steel walls, a nonslip floor and

p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
30 COVER SERIES FOOD & BEVERAGE
Image 2. The facility processes between 130 and 140 tons of beets every week.
high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) fi ltration. The
temperature is set to 38 F at all times, and the production
team maintains food-grade safety protocol. Woods says
the facility is nearly as clean as surgery rooms.
The facility runs three factory lines where the beets
undergo processing, and a fourth line where waste
product is handled and pumped out of the facility.
When designing the plant, the company needed pumps
that could handle waste product while maintaining food-
grade sanitary conditions throughout so that the actual
waste product could be recycled for animal feed.
A combination of water, beet waste, dirt, silt, small
rocks and other debris that adheres to the beets when
they are harvested comes out of the processing line. All
must be separated before the beets can be cooked and
packaged. You have this variety of materials falling
down off the conveyer belt and other equipment in the
plant, and they want to collect it, contain it and transport
it back to a different section of the plant where it is
processed as a waste product, says Bruce Javits, sales
engineer for Siewert Equipment, part of the design team.
The facility also required equipment that could handle
the nearly nonstop production process. We pack (the
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
beets) fresh every dayfive or six days a week, 24 hours a
day, Woods says.
The Solution
Javits and his team at Siewert considered the distinctive
challenges of this application and recommended three
stainless steel progressive cavity pumps, each equipped
with a basic set of cutter knives. Two of the pumps would
operate for 24 hours, five days a week, and the third
would act as a spare.
The pumps are low to the ground and can be rolled
under the production equipment to capture waste and
pump it out of the facility. According to Woods, virtually
none of this waste touches the facility floor.
Designed to handle varying-consistency, high-viscosity
material with a low degree of flowability, the pumps
are equipped with a feed hopper and an auger feed
screw to ensure the product is efficiently fed into the
pumping elements.
Its not a grinder- or a chopper-type pump, but it has
the abilityif a larger piece of material is transferred to
itto break it up to the point where it can be successfully
pumped, Javits says.
 31

A special feature of the pumps The Results For the company, highly engineered,
is a macerator integrated into the The first product came off the Love reliable equipment that maintains the
compression zone. The knives on the Beets U.S. factory floor on February 16, New York facilitys strict sanitation and
rotating conveying screw, along with 2016. The pumps have been operating hygiene requirements while enabling
the cutting tools in the compression trouble-free ever since, other than waste recycling is part of what makes
housing, macerate the fed products. routine maintenance and the occasional the U.S. business successful.
This feature effectively chops the adjustment. After about a year and
material and reduces the solids volume a half of operation, theyre just now
by up to 60 percent, resulting in hitting their first maintenance cycle, Kathryn DeWell is marketing
substantial savings of transport costs. he says. administrator for creative content
The pumps can operate with flow Woods emphasized the importance management for SEEPEX Inc. She
rates of 1.1-572 gallons per minute of the reliability of the pumping may be reached at kdewell@seepex.
(gpm) and pressures up to 360 pounds equipment. We put about 130 or 140 com. For more information on SEEPEX
per square inch (psi). The materials they tons of beets into our factory, and we progressive cavity pumps used in
handle range in composition, requiring make about 60 tons of finished goods food and beverage applications, visit
the pumps to handle viscosities of every week. The rest of it is going into seepex.com. SEEPEX sanitary pumps
5,001-15,000 centipoise (cps), pH of 5 these pumps, so theyre handling tons meet the U.S. 3-A Sanitar
Sanitary
to 9, and temperatures ranging from of beets plus probably another 400 tons Standards requirements
32 to 113 F. The pumps operate with a of water that keeps it flowing. So if that and are designed in
differential pressure of 70 psi at stops, within about five minutes well accordance with EHEDG
five horsepower (hp). have a big pile of beets on the floor and and FDA guidelines.
The pumps are supplied with a large, a flood.
rectangular open hopper, which makes
it easy to collect the material falling
into the pump. The pump has a metal
feed auger, and it also had a set of
cutting blades that are able to macerate
large pieces before they are pumped.
Other positive displacement pumps
could have been used, Javits said, but
none of them incorporated the hopper
feature, which was essential for
this application.
Furthermore, the units are
wash-down rated, with simple
pipe connections and component
adjustments that are easily
accessible by maintenance personnel,
says Mark Brunson, Love Beets
maintenance manager.
Because this model pump was
developed specifically
for processing fruit and vegetables,
it incorporates sanitary design and
construction that maintains the
required hygienic environment. The
pumps also prevent waste material from
touching the facility floor, making the
waste product food-grade and further
ensuring a sanitary environment.

Circle 140 on card or visit psfreeinfo.com.

pu mpsand syste ms .com | J ul y 201 7

32 COVER SERIES FOOD & BEVERAGE

Unloading High-Viscosity
Food Ingredients Safely
& Eectively
Piston pumps and inatable seals create a system that protects
employees and products.

BY JEFF SHAFFER
GRACO, INC.

I
magine scooping and scraping a 55-gallon drum of
tomato paste by hand. Imagine doing this five, 10 or
even 20 times per day. Surprisingly, this is how many
food producers unload ingredients from containers.
Not only does this seem inefficient and labor-intensive,
but with arms scooping into drums about three feet deep,
this method is taxing to the human body and not ideal
from a sanitation perspective. Even more surprising
is that hand scooping is used for many high viscosity
ingredients that are thick, sticky, and will not pour or fi ll
back in when scooped. Some examples are peanut butter,
tomato paste, icing, caramel and fruit fi lling.
There are four general methods typically used for
unloading high viscosity ingredients: scooping, dumping,
pumping with a stand-alone pump and unloading with a
container unloading system. There are pros and cons to
each option.
Manual Scooping
Manual scooping was once the only option available to
food manufacturers. It is becoming less common for four
main reasons: labor costs, ergonomics, sanitation and
waste. Scooping is the most labor intensive of the four
options and is not usually feasible from an economic
standpoint in areas where labor is more costly, such as the
United States, Canada and Europe. It is more prevalent
in areas where labor is less expensive, such as South
America, Asia and Mexico. In the latter areas, manual
Image 1. Peanut butter transfer via piston pump container unloading
system technology (Courtesy of Graco, Inc.)
scooping can be the least costly option when compared to
purchasing equipment.
One drawback for manual unloading is the effect it
has on employees. Ergonomics can be an issue, and it is
not uncommon for employees to become injured from
performing this task repeatedly. Compensation claims
can quickly negate any cost savings realized by not
investing in other equipment.
In addition, manual unloading exposes the ingredients
to the atmosphere and allows employees to introduce
contaminants into the food product. A person who has
been scooping tomato paste all day would understandably
be dirty and sweaty and can easily introduce bacteria and
contaminants into the food products.
Lastly, manual scooping can leave material waste in
the drum.

J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s

Dumping Systems
One solution to replace manual unloading is dumping
ingredients into a mixing kettle or hopper for further
processing. There are several options for products that lift
an entire drum or tote of material and dump it into the
kettle. Another option for dumping is to grab the aseptic
liner or plastic bag liner inside the drum or tote and cut
it open over the kettle or hopper. This allows all products
from the bag to fall into the kettle for the mixing process.
Some facilities also use squeegees or rollers to remove any
residual material left in the liner, which reduces waste.
Overall, the dumping process is a quick and efficient
method to remove the product from the container.
However, there are several concerns with dumping
product out of containers or liners. First, when material is
dumped it is exposed to airborne contaminants and can
introduce bacteria. The weight of the material can damage
the mixer blades or other equipment.
From a safety standpoint, a bag or drum being
suspended in the air means a lot of weight off the ground,
potentially over workers in the area. Workers often need
to cut the bag open and allow the material to dump out,
Positively Positive Displacement
Performance Assured
Customers worldwide trust Cat Pumps for their
high-pressure pumping needs. Every design detail
is optimized for long life and reliable performance.
See our Product Selector at www.catpumps.com
Email: info@catpumps.com | (763) 780-5440
2017 Cat Pumps All Rights Reserved. 17237 6/17
Circle 108 on card or visit psfreeinfo.com.
33
which can create safety concerns. For systems to raise
and lower hundreds to thousands of pounds, hydraulics
are often involved. The industrial components can get
dirty and drop debris into the mixing kettle while holding
the bags for dumping. Even though the dumping process
happens quickly, it introduces other issues into the food
manufacturing facility.
Stand-Alone Pumps
The third option is to use a stand-alone pump, such as a
progressive cavity pump or rotary lobe pump. A stand-
alone pump may have issues dealing with higher viscosity
materials because it is difficult to load the pump without
watering down the product to allow flow. Adding water
is acceptable, but it is typically done with an open top
drum and a pump on a winch and chain hung over the
open drum (which can drop debris into the product). This
method can also leave a large amount of residual waste in
the container and still be labor-intensive for users. Pumps
and equipment can also be damaged when not loading
properly and dry-run conditions can create additional
costs and time in maintenance repairs.
Product Specification Range:
Flow: 0.13 to 240 gpm (0.49 to 908 lpm)
Pressure: 100 to 10,000 psi (6.9 to 689 bar)
Manifold Materials: Brass, Nickel Aluminum Bronze,
304 and 316 Stainless Steel, Duplex Stainless Steel
p u m p s a n d s y s te ms . com | J u l y 20 17
34
Minimize
Water Flow
Maximize
Cash Flow
The EcoFlow Seal Flush
thermal relief valve drastically
reduces water consumption
and costs by automatically and
reliably controlling seal water
flow and temperature from
double mechanical seals.
Decrease seal water consumption
Maximize water conservation
Automatically modulates water flow
Self-actuating with no external power
Easy to install
Fail safe design
EcoFlow Seal Flush modulates open when seal
water exceeds the specified factory set point,
discharging hot water and displacing it with
cool water, all while eliminating the need for
Circle 138 on card or visit psfreeinfo.com.
user monitoring. It requires a simple installation
to reduce water usage, waste water treatment
and costs.
Learn more at ThermOmegaTech.com/EcoFlow
(877) 379-8258
THE WORLD LEADER IN SELF-ACTUATED TEMPERATURE
CONTROL SOLUTIONS
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
COVER SERIES FOOD & BEVERAGE
The ram plate covers and seals
the container and material,
blocking airborne contaminants
from entering the product
during evacuation.
Container Unloading Systems
The fourth option is to use a container unloading system with a
pump mounted to it. The main difference between this method
and the stand-alone pump is that the container system uses a
ram system to feed the product into the pump. The ram plate
covers and seals the container and material, blocking airborne
contaminants from entering the product during evacuation.
This helps prevent contamination and bacteria growth.
Ram units consist of a ram plate and an infl atable seal to
seal the plate with the outside of the drum. This inflatable
seal does not require any fasteners to affi x it to the ram plate,
which makes cleaning easy. The infl atable seal also allows for
evacuation of 99 percent or more of the material from the
container to minimize potential product waste for end users. It
allows for easy removal of the ram plate from the drum since
users have the ability to defl ate the seal at the bottom of the
container before moving the ram plate.
Container unloading systems include a pneumatic piston
pump mounted on the ram plate, which can generate up to
1,200 psi of outlet pressure. This pressure is often required to
move higher viscosity materials such as peanut butter. Piston
pumps are self-priming and can be run dry without damage.
Container systems to unload totes can be outfitted with
multiple piston pumps (up to four) to unload the large volume
in seven to eight minutes if required.
Summary
There are several methods for unloading high viscosity
ingredients within the food manufacturing process. Arguably
the most flexible, cleanest and most ergonomically safe option
would be the container unloading systems that address many
concerns with other methods employed within facilities.
Jeff Shaffer is worldwide product manager at
Graco, Inc., for the process division. He may
be reached at jshaffer@graco.com or 612-379-
3702. For more information, visit graco.com/
containerunloading.
36 COVER SERIES FOOD & BEVERAGE
Why Equipment Should
Meet IP69K
This rating can help end users choose equipment to prevent
food safety issues.
BY DAVID STEEN
BALDOR
I
n recent years, food processing companies have incurred
serious damages, including loss of sales and brand
reputation, related to food recalls. Some individuals
working for these companies with knowledge of potential
contamination have been convicted of criminal liability,
which can come with stiff fines or serious jail time. The reason
is simple: food safety is a matter of life or death.
The primary driver of the increase in food recalls is not
relaxed operational controls by food processing plants.
Instead, it is higher safety standards and new legislation,
such as the Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA), designed
to improve food safety through prevention. Signed into
law on January 4, 2011, the FSMA empowers the Food and
Drug Administration (FDA) to monitor the U.S. food supply
through prevention, inspection and compliance. More
importantly, this law gives the FDA the authority to shut
down a food processing facility or invoke mandatory recalls of
any product deemed a threat to the food supply.
Food Industry Standards
Identifying what makes equipment a threat to food safety
has led to the creation of food industry equipment standards,
or principles that outline food-safe characteristics when
designing products for food processing equipment. The
North American Meat Institute outlines two sanitary
design principles. First, equipment should be cleanable to
a microbiological level and made of compatible materials.
Second, equipment must be constructed for effective cleaning
over the life cycle of use, and the materials comprising the
equipment must be compatible with required sanitation
materials. Adhering to these principles means that equipment
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
in areas that require strict washdown must also maintain
its integrity. Equipment that meets IP69K for water meets
these requirements.
IP69K is an ingress protection designation indicating
protection against dust particles as well as water ingress from
high temperature, high pressure sprays at close proximity.
Originally established as a standard for road vehicles that
faced the spray of dust, dirt and water during travel, the
IP69K rating has quickly become a standard for washdown
environments in the food and beverage industry.
In the early years of the industry, manufacturers of
equipment and the products used on that equipment
developed components that were designed for longevity. As
time went on, specifying engineers that provide direction
on projects, as well as those in maintenance, repair and
operations (MRO) looked for ways to determine the best
suitability of a product. While processing facilities can see a
vast array of cleaning methods and chemicals, it is hard to
know which product will work best.
The closest designation to guide them in the right direction
is the ingress protection (IP) code. This is a system developed
by the International Electrotechnical Commision (IEC) and is
a simple coding system that identifies the ability of a product
to withstand varying levels of solid objects, as well as its
ability to withstand a variety of exposures to water. IP69K is
the highest level of protection.
IP69K Requirements
For a product to meet IP69Kthe highest sanitized
cleaning methodthe product must pass an extreme test
of being sprayed at close proximity with high pressure,
 37

umps
high temperature water. As the product is rotated on a
turntable at a rate of 5 rpm, spray nozzles induce water at a Seal-less P
pressure of 1,160 to 1,450 pounds per square inch (psi) and a
temperature of 176 F, within 4 to 6 inches of the product at a
flow rate of 4 gallons per minute. Once the test is done on the
horizontal for 30 seconds, it is then repeated at 30, 60 and 90 A Pump Like No Other
degree angles for 30 seconds each. Upon completion of the
test, the product must be opened up to demonstrate that no
water entered the enclosure.
While IP69K is an important measure to get the highest
sanitation components in the areas of the plant that most
need it, a number of other types of motors and gearing are
available specifically designed for the different zones of a
typical food processing facility.
The National Sanitation Foundation (NSF) define these as
Zones 1, 2 and 3. Zone 3, the non-food zone, would include
areas of the plant that are essentially dry and do not have
any direct contact with food. Zone 2 is called the splash zone
in which products may have incidental food contact or may
not come into direct contact with food, but are expected to
be able to handle a reasonable amount of light washdown or
splashing. The most stringent area, Zone 1, is where product
may come into direct contact with food and require heavy
sanitation. Zone 1 would be synonymous with products that
meet IP69K.
In addition to the food sanitation benefits of motors and
gearing meeting IP69K, facilities can remove a number of
obstacles that impair their ability to produce food. Water
inside of mechanical equipment leads to rusty bearings or
grease washout, and water intrusion in motors that are not
properly sealed can lead to winding failure. Because IP69K-
rated components do not see water intrusion that can cause
No leaks or VOC emissions
No dynamic seals, packing or cups to leak, wear or
premature equipment failure, these components can prevent
replace. No leak path so there is full containment of
costly downtime that inhibit a facilitys productivity.
liquids, vapors, and gases.
With productivity at risk and the potential liability and
litigation of a food recall, food facility managers should be
on the forefront applying the safest products available in the No pulsations
marketplace where they are most needed, including IP69K- Hydraulically-balanced, multiple diaphragms provide
rated components. virtually pulse-free flow and accurate metering. No need
to buy expensive pulsation dampeners.
Circle 147 on card or visit psfreeinfo.com.

David Steen is a product manager at Baldor Electric No problem

Company, a member of the ABB Group. Steen has worked Runs dry without damage to the pump. Minimal mainte-
for Baldor for more than 24 years and has a background in nance avoids costly downtime common to other types
mechanical design engineering. He works closely of pumps.
with the food and beverage industry, and has
electr
Need to know more? Visit our new website.
published a number of articles related to electric
requirement
motors including motor efficiency requirements,
motor selection, motor shaft grounding and
washdown motors. Visit baldor.com
612-332-5681 www.Hydra-Cell.com
p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
38 COVER SERIES FOOD & BEVERAGE
Dairy Plant Selects
Submersible Pump
for High-Temp
Washdown Sump
A West Virginia bottling facility faced frequent pump replacements.
BY JAMES WARD, UNITED DAIRY,
RON KEESEE, SERVICE PUMP & SUPPLY &
JAY GALLAGHER & KEITH GRGURICH, BJM PUMPS LLC
H
igh-temperature applications are common
in the food and beverage industry. Whether
handling heated liquids or pumping cleaning
solutions in clean-in-place (CIP) systems,
many of types of pumps struggle to operate reliably when
high temperatures are involved. When one West Virginia
bottling facility was experiencing frequent replacement
of its wash-down sump pumps, its maintenance team
contacted a trusted service provider for support.
Service Pump & Supply (SPS) has supported industrial
equipment owners in the Ohio River Basin and
Appalachia regions of the U.S. by providing pump and
motor remanufacturing services since 1980. One of the
companys five service centers, based in Huntington, West
Virginia, has a history of providing reliable service to the
United Dairy plant in Charleston, West Virginia, a facility
known for selling milk free of antibiotics and artificual
growth hormones.
Due to their long-standing relationship with the United
Dairy plant, SPS makes regular site visits to the facility.
In February 2015, Ron Keesee, an SPS support rep, was
visiting with James Ward, maintenance manager at the
United Dairy plant. During their plant tour, Ward spoke
with Keesee about frequent pump replacements for one
of their wash-down sumps. Each submersible pump that
had been placed into the wash-down sump would work for
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
three to six months before it needed to be replaced. Ward
asked Keesee if they could find a pump better suited for
the facilitys high-temperature application.
The three-foot-deep wash-down sump in the roll-
receiving area collects wash-down water, which is very hot
and contains chemicals used during the cleaning process.
The cleaning process first uses a solution to sanitize the
tanks and trucks, then a clean water wash down using
water heated to a maximum of 140 F. The hot liquid from
this cleaning process collects into the wash-down sump.
During their conversation, Ward and Keesee discussed
the major requirements for a new submersible pump for
the wash-down sump:
1. Because the wash-down water flowing into the sump
was consistently at 140 F, the new submersible pump
had to handle high temperatures. Most submersible
pumps cant withstand liquids at temperatures
higher than 104 F, because the high temperatures
typically cause motor failure. In this case, the hot
liquid had been causing the previous pumps to fail
regularly over a two-year period.
2. The submersible pump would need to be capable of
handling any debris that might get into the wash-
down sump. While the wash down process primarily
sends liquids into the sump, mop strings or plastic
tags also get washed into the sump. It was important
 39

Provided to Our Customers

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for all Industries!

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Image 1 (top). United Dairy bottles milk from family farms

Balancing Service
located within 100 miles of the plant. Live Website Chat
Image 2 (above. The process requires a cleaning solution to
properly sanitize the tanks and trucks, followed by a clean- Schenck Academy Seminars & Training
water washdown using hot water heated to a maximum Repairs
of 140 F. All the hot liquid from this wash-down cleaning
process collects in the wash-down sumpsometimes along Spare Parts
with mop strings or plastic tags. (Images courtesy of BJM Equipment Upgrades
Pumps LLC)

Visit us at Booth #1728 at

to select a pump that would keep operating in the
event any solid materials unintentionally entered
Pump/Turbo Symposia 2017
the sump.

The Dierence is Quality

Circle 132 on card or visit psfreeinfo.com.

After his discussion with Ward, Keesee

recommended a submersible shredder pump for the
United Dairy plants wash-down sump. The selected The Dierence is
pump was designed to pump temperatures up to 200 F
and handle up to 3.5-inch solids.
Using winding protection and National Electrical
Manufacturers Association (NEMA) Class R
motor insulation, the pumps motor can withstand
temperatures up to 220 C. An automatic switch turns
the motor off if the temperature or amp draw gets too 1-888-873-2352
high. When the motor cools, the switch automatically schenck-usa.com
resets, and the pump resumes operating. sales@schenck-usa.com

p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
40 COVER SERIES FOOD & BEVERAGE

Engineered After reviewing the specs with Keesee, Ward purchased the
to shred solids, 7.5-horsepower (hp) submersible shredder pump.
the pump uses a SPS did a great job rebuilding some of our motors, so
cutting impeller I trusted Rons recommendation, Ward said. Buying
with a tungsten new pumps every few months gets expensive, so I was
carbide tip. This determined to find the right pump for our sump and save
design allows the our maintenance dollars by installing a more heavy-duty
pump to rip apart submersible pump.
Image 3. Service Pump & Supply worked
solids against a Wards in-house maintenance team installed the pump
closely with United Dairy bottling plant tooth-edged, spiral- into the wash-down sump, using a steel cable to suspend the
to find a longer-lasting solution for the shaped diff user pump into the three-foot-deep pit and elevate it only inches
facilitys washdown sumps, which
collect very hot, chemical-laden fluids.
plate. The pump is from the bottom of the sump. Im pleased to report that the
The original pumps were lasting three to manufactured from (pump) has been operating reliably in our wash-down sump
six months. hardened cast iron for about 16 months now, and the high temperatures dont
to withstand rough seem to bother it one bit, Ward said.
handling and is built with a 304 stainless steel motor housing
to provide both abrasion and corrosion resistance.
The pumps motor is protected with double mechanical James Ward is maintenance manager at United Dairy, Ron
seals, comprised of a lower seal made of silicon carbide/ Keesee is a support representative at Service Pump & Supply,
silicon carbide and upper seal faces made of carbon/ceramic. Jay Gallagher is regional manager at BJM Pumps LLC, and
An additional lip seal is installed above the impeller to help Keith Grgurich is director of sales at BJM Pump LLCs. For more
prevent unwanted materials from entering the seal chamber. information, visit bjmpumps.com.

HYDRAULIC INSTITUTE NPSH MARGIN GUIDELINE

Available Now Applies to all worldwide markets

Pumps will not achieve acceptable service life without an adequate NPSH Margin
that ensures pumps operate without excessive vibration and cavitation. This ANSI/HI
guide serves as a reference for NPSH margin for rotodynamic pumps with absorbed
power levels up to 5300 hp and impeller tip speeds less than 130 feet per second.

Guideline Highlights:
Understand why it is essential to apply an appropriate NSPH Margin
Know requirements of pump design to ensure performance
Learn about the negative aspects of specifying an excessive NPSH Margin
Available in hardcopy or secure, electronic PDF

For more info on HIs entire catalog of pump standards, guidelines, guidebooks, training, & industry initiatives, visit:
WWW.PUMPS.ORG

Circle 116 on card or visit psfreeinfo.com.

J u l y 2 0 1 7 | Pu m p s & S y s t e m s

Regulations in the U.S. Food & Beverage Industry
Choosing pumps that comply with FDA FSMA standards
By Vincent Jack Shiplet
Versa-Matic Pumps
O
n January 4, 2011, President
Barack Obama signed the Food
and Drug Administration
(FDA) Food Safety Modernization
Act (FSMA), a reform designed to
encourage proactive prevention
rather than reactive response to
food contamination. While there are
many companies within the mature
air operated double diaphragm
(AODD) market, very few offer
product lines that conform to the
strict regulatory guidelines of the
FDA. To manufacture pumps used
in this industry, companies must
devote the necessary resources to
education as well as research and
development. This process starts in
the engineering department where
the correct materials are specified
and dimensional drawings are
created. Quality assurance evaluates
the parts, ensuring correct surface
finish, dimensions and materials
requirements have been implemented.
The FDA does not certify pumping
equipment. In the case of AODD
pumps, materials and processes that
comply with FDA standards include:
Water chambers, manifolds and
outer diaphragm places are made
from CF8M (Cast 316) stainless
steel that has been electropolished
per ASTM B912.
Valve seats are made from 316
stainless steel, virgin PTFE, Hytrel
4069 or Santoprene 273-40.
Valve seat O-rings are made from
virgin PTFE.
FOOD & BEVERAGE COVER SERIES 41
Diaphragms and balls are
made from virgin PTFE,
Hytrel 4069 or Santoprene
273-40.
Center sections, air
chambers and air valves
are made from nickel
plated aluminum or
polypropylene.
AODD pumps do not
face the issue of alignment
or close tolerances other
technologies require to
perform efficiently. This can
allow quick disassembly Image 1. A 1-inch pump at a food processing plant
(Courtesy of Versa-Matic)
for disinfection and ease
of maintenance. Recently,
diaphragm assemblies were created The location of the pumping
that use an outer plate molded into the technology in a facility or process will
diaphragm, eliminating leak paths and determine the equipment needed.
simplifying sanitation. By removing In many food and beverage facilities
the outer plate, it created a part that you will also find water treatment
can be installed without tools or areas, sumps and general transfer
torque specifications. opportunities where pumps that meet
This is especially important FDA standards are not necessary. In
when pumping chemicals used for these cases a standard duty pump
sanitation. If chemicals or cleaners may suffice with consideration given
seep through the center hole of a to residual chemicals and abrasives
diaphragm and exhaust into the air, within the material being moved.
they can harm people or contaminate
product. This can potentially be
avoided with the correct education. Vincent Jack Shiplet is the western
While the initial investment district sales manager and
may be more than a traditional two- a product specialist at
piece PTFE diaphragm configurations, Versa-Matic pumps.
benefits include extended mean He may be reached at
time between failure (MTBF) and vshiplet@idexcorp.
improved cleanability. com.
p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
42
SPECIAL REPORT

NPSH BASICS

The Basics of NPSH &

Pump Operating Regions
Identifying inecient units is one thing, but xing them can be
time consuming, frustrating and expensive.

BY PETER GAYDON Figure 1. Pressure & head for static system

HYDRAULIC INSTITUTE Figure 2. Determination of NPSH3 (Graphics courtesy of HI)

0 psig

T
he terms net positive suction head (NPSH),
preferred operating region (POR) and allowable
23 ft
operating region (AOR) are common in the Water 68 F
pumping industry, but many pump users do not
fully understand the concepts or their impact on pump 10 psig =
reliability. This article is aimed at defining the terms so 24.7 psia =
57 ft abs
that pump users understand their meanings. Users can
also learn about resources available to better understand
the requirements and why it is important to operate a
pump within its POR and with adequate NPSH margin. Constant flow rate
Head with
surplus NPSHA

Industry Standards
To address these two important issues of required
3% drop
NPSH margin and operating regions, the Hydraulic
Head

Institute published and recently revised two American

National Standards covering the topics, providing
recommendations on the NPSH margin required for
pumps by market used design and the POR for pumps of NPSH3

different designs.
ANSI/HI 9.6.1-2017 Rotodynamic Pumps Guideline for NPSHA

NPSH Margin
ANSI/HI 9.6.3- 2017 Rotodynamic Pumps Guideline
for Operating Regions
Pressure & NPSH Terminology
To understand these points, the terminology used to
describe energy in a system is critical. In the rotodynamic
pump industry, energy is described by total head in
meters (m) or feet (ft) added to a system. There is a direct
relationship between head and pressure. If we focus on
U.S. customary units, 1 pound per square inch (psi) is
equivalent to 2.31 feet of water at 68 F (specific gravity
= 1.0). To adjust for other liquids or water at a different
temperature, specific gravity is used and 1 psi is equal to
2.31/(specific gravity) (feet).
This is described in Figure 1, showing that a tank with
a 23-ft level of water will have a pressure of 10 psi gauge
(psig) at the bottom of the tank when there is 0 psig at the
water surface. The pressure units are psig, indicating that
they are gauge pressure, meaning they are in addition
to the atmospheric pressure around us. The atmospheric

J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s

NPSH Margin & Operating Region
To understand the NPSH margin required, it is important
to understand the NPSH requirements (NPSHR) of the
pump. NPSHR is defined as a minimum NPSHA, provided
by the manufacturer, which is required of a pump to achieve
a specified performance at a specified rate of flow, speed
and pumped liquid. This definition requires engineering
judgement and is not easily documented. Therefore, as
early as 1932, the Hydraulic Institute implemented a 3
percent reduction in head at a constant flow rate caused by
a reduced suction head as the NPSHR of the pump. This is
because this value was the smallest head drop that could be
consistently and practically measured (see Figure 2, page 42).
Historically, and still today, manufacturers pump curves
show plots of NPSH3 and pump flow rate.
If a pump is applied with an NPSHA equivalent to the
NPSH3, the pump is operating with reduced head due to
cavitation. The general consensus in 1932 was that pumps
operating under conditions of 3 percent head drop would
achieve generally acceptable service life. This was probably
true at the time, when pumps for a given application
were typically larger and slower than pumps for the same
application today. Todays higher speed, higher energy
density pumps may not achieve acceptable service life under
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PumpWorks manufactures API-610 and ANSI B73 Process
Pumps that are not just made in the USA theyre Made
Right in the USA.
Combining the products and services of PumpWorks 610
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45
suction conditions without an adequate NPSH margin
above the NPSH3. For this reason the guidance provided
in ANSI/HI 9.6.1 should be followed to ensure reliable and
efficient operation.
The topics of operating regions and NPSH margin go
hand in hand because when a pump is operated away from
BEP and outside the POR, the required NPSH margin is
increased. See Figure 3, which illustrates the amount of
NPSHR required needed to limit the head drop to specific
levels. Additionally, Figure 4 illustrates the POR and AOR for
a pump along with the NPSH3 curve and the NPSH margin.
To limit the potential cavitation damage that can occur, the
NPSH margin must be increased at flows beyond the POR.
Reference ANSI/HI 9.6.3 to determine the POR.
Peter Gaydon is technical director at the Hydraulic Institute
(HI). He is a pump engineer who formerly held design,
development, and testing positions with several
pump manufacturers. With HI he oversees
development and publication of all standards,
guidebooks, program guides and other
technical content. For more information, visit
pumps.org.
Only PumpWorks provides:
l Extensive inventory with available same day shipments
l Heavy duty design features and advanced manufacturing
processes
l Company owned foundry in TEXAS for complete quality
assurance
l Fast delivery custom pumps and parts
For more information, visit www.pumpworks.com or
call 1-800-405-0209
p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
46 EFFICIENCY MATTERS
The Role of Efficiency in Pump Selection
Understand centrifugal pump basics to make the best purchasing and design decisions.
By Jerry Connolly
Cummins-Wagner
Editors Note: An extended version of this article can be found at pumpsandsystems.com.
I
magine watering flowers in your
yard. When your thumb is halfway
over the opening of the hose, the
water sprays out 10 feet or so onto your
petunias. But when you move your
thumb three-fourths of the way over
the opening, does the water spray out a
longer or shorter distance, and does more
or less water come out of the hose? Of
course, the water goes a longer distance,
and less water comes out of the hose. The
reverse is true when you cover less of the
hose opening.
If you understand this very simple
concept then you also understand how
99 percent of centrifugal pumps work.
A centrifugal pump uses a rotating
impeller to convert input power (usually
from a motor) into kinetic energy.
Fluid enters the eye of the impeller and
is transferred radially into, in most
cases, an expanding volute. There is a
conversion of velocity energy to pressure
energy in the volute, and voila, pressure
is generated and the fluid goes out of the
pump and into the downstream piping.
Figure 2. TDH example
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
Centrifugal pumps can deliver high or
low flows at low or high pressures, all
depending on the application and what
specific pump is applied.
Regardless of manufacturer or style,
most centrifugal pumps have several
common parts: impeller, casing, packing
or seal, and bearings. The impeller is the
component that adds energy to the fluid.
Most impellers are either enclosed, which
means that they have a front shroud
covering the vanes of the impeller, or
open, meaning no front shroud.
The casing is manufactured with
either flanged or threaded connections.
The casing transfers the liquid from the
impeller through the volute to discharge.
Most pumps use an expanding volute
with a casing cutwater. At point A, the
area within the volute is smallest, the
velocity is highest and the pressure is
lowest (see Figure 1). As the fluid travels
through into the expanded area B, the
area within the volute increases, the
velocity decreases and the pressure
increases. This is the velocity energy to
Figure 1. Pump casing (Graphics courtesy of
Cummins-Wagner)
pressure energy conversation.
The packing or mechanical seal is
used to seal the pump and prevent fluid
from leaking into the environment. The
bearing housing is mounted to the back
of the casing and carries the bearings
that are mounted on the pump shaft,
used to absorb radial and axial thrusts
generated by the pump.
The Pump Curve
Ninety nine percent of centrifugal pump
curves look similar, which also means
that 99 percent of centrifugal pumps
operate the same way. Flow, usually
expressed in gallons per minute (gpm)
Figure 3. Pump curve
48 EFFICIENCY MATTERS

Figure 4. Pump performance curve Figure 5. Pump 1, 3 x 1.5-6

Figure 6. Pump 2, 3 x 206
PUMP PERFORMANCE DATA
NPSH TH
FEET CAPACITY M3/HR
FEET
DIA.-in. 20 40 60 BHP TDH
(FT)
200
100
150
90

80 100

70 50

60
0

50
15
40 40
10
30 30

20 20 5

10 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 US GPH
0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 BHP TDH

(FT)
200
x SG)/ (3960 x pump %). Lets use the simple, one-line curve that we showed
150
example of 175 gpm at a TDH of 70. The initially. The pump impeller can be
SG of the fluid being pumped is 0.95 and trimmed to a minimum diameter of 7 100
the efficiency from the manufacturers inches and has a maximum diameter of
pump curve is 68 percent. 10 inches. Theoretically, there can be an 50

infinite number of impeller diameters

(175x70x0.95) supplied; however, most manufacturers 0
= 4.3 BHP Equation 1
(39600.68) trim in 1/8-inch increments. 15
With the impeller diameter selected,
the pump can now run anywhere on that 10
Efficiency impeller diameter curve, but only on
Every pump exhibits internal losses that impeller diameter curve, assuming 5

while pumping. The amount of loss constant speed.

0
depends largely on the size and design of The parabola-shaped lines are the 0 100 200 300 400 500 US GPH
the pump, as well as where the pump is efficiency lines. So, with a 10-inch
operated on its performance curve. Each diameter impeller, the maximum
pump is designed for a specific flow and efficiency for this pump is 70 percent example of 175 gpm at 70 TDH, you can
pressure (TDH) at a specific rpm. When while the minimum shown efficiency is estimate the BHP by plotting the point
the flow deviates from the design flow, 55 percent. However, once the impeller on the curve. The point is in-between the
the liquid does not enter the vanes at is trimmed, the BEP changes. The BEP 3 hp and 5 hp lines but closer to the 5 hp,
the correct angle, and extra turbulence using an 8-inch impeller is approximately so a reasonable estimate would be 4 to
and hydraulic losses occur. Losses are 67 percent, in-between the 65 percent 4.5 BHP. Our calculation above revealed
lowest and efficiency is highest at the and 68 percent efficiency lines but closer 4.3, proving that a good estimate can
best efficiency point (BEP). This is also to the latter, hence 67 percent. The be visually obtained from the curve,
where the pump is most hydraulically and corresponding gpm and TDH would be assuming that SG is close to 1.0.
mechanically stable. 155 and 55 respectively. All users want to run the most
Figure 4 shows a typical pump The straight, dashed lines running efficient pump(s) possible. That said,
performance curve. You will notice that from upper left to lower right on the in this authors opinion, what is more
its general shape is very similar to the curve are the BHP lines. Using our earlier important is where the pump is operating

J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
 49

on the performance curve. The best way to

illustrate this is the simple example below.
Lets pick an arbitrary rating of 200 Gpm
at 130 TDH. Both pumps in Figures 5 and
6 can do this rating. Pump 1 is at BEP and
has an efficiency of 70 percent. Pump 2 is
running to the left of the curve but has an
efficiency of 74 percent. Which pump do you
select? Thats an easy one.
The 74 percent efficient pump, right? WHEN SPEED & CUSTOMIZATION
After all, its more efficient. Well, Id
pick the first pump and sacrifice the four
ARE TOP PRIORITIES
percentage points in efficiency. Why?
Because that pump is running at its You choose Singer Valves
hydraulically and mechanically most stable LCP-TP Level Control Panel
point on the curve. Innovative electronics that produce
That is not to say that the 3x2-6 is better results with none of the usual
running at a terrible point on the curve. headaches.
And, regarding efficiency, and assuming
a water application, the BHP difference is
only 0.5 (9.4 BHP vs. 8.9 BHP). I am not VISIT US TODAY! SINGERVALVE.COM
understating the importance of energy
conservation in the 21st century; however, Circle 135 on card or visit psfreeinfo.com.
I will gladly sacrifice 0.5 BHP for a more
reliable, stable operating pump.

MOBILE
With larger flow applications this may
not be as straightforward. At 16,000 gpm
at 240 TDH, the difference between 86 and
83 percent efficiency is over 40 hp. Imagine
plugging in a 40 hp motor and letting it CONNECTIONS
run 24/7 over in the corner of your facility
for the next 25 years. So, my point here is,
ON THE GO
efficiency is not the be-all and end-all. It is
one consideration when selecting a pump.
facebook.com/pumpsandsystemsmag

twitter.com/PumpsSystemsMag
Jerry Connolly is vice president of sales at
Siewert Equipment, a division of Cummins- linkedin.com/groups/1592537
Wagner, Co., Inc. With extensive exposure
to global, national and local markets
for standard and complex engineered
equipment, Connolly has in-depth
knowledge of application engineering,
pump and system assembly and
integrated systems
manufacturing. He may be
reached at 585-482-9640 or
jconnolly@siewertequipment.
com. For more information,
visit cummins-wagner.com.

p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
50 MAINTENANCE MINDERS
Machinery Maintenance Modeling
& Diagnostic Advancements
Software can support experience when decisions about system
optimization are made.
By Massimiliano De Febo & Pasquale Paganini
IPC
T Method Description
oday, maintenance professionals
are looking for better ways to
evaluate machine conditions. One
critical task for plant management is
making the decision of whether to stop a
machine for unplanned maintenance or
run until the next planned plant outage.
These evaluations and decisions are often
based on expert experience alone, and
therefore subjective.
Software can support and assist end
users in making critical decisions. One
example is a new software platform used
in high-pressure compression plants. It
is based on the concept of quantitative
evaluation of machine performance.
Using the software, it has been possible
to assess the centrifugal compressors
health conditions through quantitative
comparison of field operative parameters
to conditions predicted from a machine-
computer model.
This additional information is not
intended to replace a human experts
conclusions, but rather to support it.
When applied along with mechanical
best practices, vibrational machinery
analysis, accurate mechanical inspections
and high-quality repair processes and
procedures, the experts are armed
with data that helps them with
decision-making.
This approach, aimed to exceed the
actual best practices, supports plant
management in maintenance decision-
making steps and maximizes plant
return on investment (ROI).
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
Quantitative assessment of compressor
performance and health status requires
a comparison of measured performance
to design, adjusted to actual operative
conditions. Starting from OEM
design or test performance maps, the
software predicts expected compressor
performance in the actual inlet
conditions (actual suction temperature
and pressure and gas mix composition).
The software calculates, at the actual
running speed, the following expected
curves, valid for actual inlet conditions:
discharge pressure vs. suction flow
discharge temperature vs.
suction flow
compressor efficiency vs. suction flow
polytropic head vs. suction flow
This allows the calculation of actual
flow, expected pressure, temperature,
head and predicted efficiency, and
then compares that information to the
measured numbers. The comparison
of these values allows the detection
of deviations. The
process provides Table 1. Comparing the pressures and temperatures from PT/TT
quantitative transducers to the value predicted by the software (Image and
graphic courtesy of IPC)
information about
the compressor Transmitter
health status and
possible operational PT 010 [bar a]
problems. PT 017 [bar a]
The same TT 005 (C)
comparison has
TT 010 (C)
been executed for
head and polytropic efficiency. In Table 1,
it can be noted that the maximum error
calculated is less than 1 percent.
Measured errors have been
considered tolerable for the purpose
of the evaluation of compressor field
performance. The analysis developed
using the software allowed an evaluation
of the efficiency deviation (difference
between the actual compressor
efficiency and the expected efficiency
in the actual operative conditions).
Time trends of calculations provided a
useful analytical basis for compressor
maintenance decisions.
The method has been used to predict
compressor performances and support
planning machinery maintenance.
Conclusion
Numerical prediction of compressor
performance allows a quantitative
Field value Predicted Percentage
value error
22.25 22.2 0.22
73.26 73.2 0.08
139.87 141.2 0.95
150.37 151.5 0.75
52 MOTORS & DRIVES
Avoiding New Motor Pitfalls
Even straight from the manufacturer, motors benefit from
testing and monitoring.
By William Kruger
ALL-TEST Pro, LLC
I
t is becoming increasingly necessary
to implement the same proactive
approach to maintaining motors
that is used to maintain the mechanical
equipment that those motors drive.
Taking a proactive (or precision)
approach to maintaining plant assets can
reduce maintenance by 50 percent over
other maintenance philosophies.
It is common practice for motor
reliability to build an inventory of spare
motors and place them in storage for
use at a later date. These new motors
will remain on the shelf until needed,
sometimes several years from the
original purchase dates. When these
motors are installed, they are given the
run test. If they run they are considered
good to go, and any issues in the motors
are lived with, undetected or ignored.
This is usually because the cost of
removing and replacing these suspect
motors can be high. Replacement may
also require a plant shutdown; in these
cases, plant operation dictates the action.
Considering the importance of these
machines in the successful operation
of these various plants, its surprising
how little effort is spent verifying the
condition of new and rebuilt motors.
Many users assume that since a motor is
new, its perfectly suited for service, but
that is not always the case. Plants that
routinely perform new motor acceptance
testing report between 25 to 30 percent
of new or rebuilt motors have issues.
These issues may not prevent the motors
from operating, but they often result
in shortened lifespan, inefficient or
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
Figure 1. Efficiency reduction as the result of
impedance unbalance.
Figure 2. Temperature increase due to phase
unbalance. (Courtesy of ALL-TEST Pro, LLC)
less than optimal operation, frequent
or repetitive failures, or increased
operating or maintenance costs.
Increased Energy Costs
A motor with an impedance unbalance
may operate successfully for many years.
However, an impedance unbalance
creates excess heating, which reduces
the life of the insulation and ultimately Additional Financial
shortens the life of the motor, and will Considerations
also reduce the efficiency of the motor, Most plants operate with minimal
which will increase operating costs. maintenance departments, and skilled
For example, Figure 1 shows that a labor is at a premium. Once a motor
3.5 percent impedance unbalance on a is installed and operating, plants are
75-horsepower (hp) motor reduces the satisfied to let it run unless it completely
motors efficiency by 4 percent. If this fails. Additional testing or replacing
motor operates at 80 percent load for a motor before failure, are not usually
7,500 hours per year with a demand cost considered. Remember, it takes the same
of $11/kilowatt and an energy cost of amount of time to install a suspect motor
$0.07/kilowatt-hour, the excess cost of as a good motor. So installing a motor
energy is approximately $1,200 per year. without careful consideration when we
know 25 to 30 percent of new motors
Reduced Life have issues is not an efficient use of time.
An impedance unbalance will create a Electrically connecting a motor can
current unbalance and increased currents take anywhere from 1 to 2 hours, and
in one or more phases. This increased an additional 1 to 2 hours is required to
current causes increased I R or heat
2 align and couple the motor to the driven
losses. The same 3.5 percent impedance load. At a burdened cost of $50 to $75
unbalance that increases the energy per hour, the cost of replacing even a
costs also causes an increase in operating small motor can vary from a few hundred
temperature of approximately 30 percent. dollars to several thousand dollars.
Every 10 C temperature increase reduces Several years ago, a paper company
the life of the insulation by 50 percent. determined the yearly average costs for
If the motor is operating at 60 C, a 30 maintaining electrical motors in the
percent increase in temperature equates 5 to 150 hp range was $49 per hp per
to approximately 200 C increase in year. Th ese costs are even higher on
temperature. This will result a 75 percent motors that have rotor problems such
reduction in the life of the insulation. as a casting void, eccentric rotor or
 53

non-centered rotor. Existing or developing

winding insulation issues or other winding
issues that result in increased operating
temperature also reduce motor life.
The average cost of three-phase induction
motors less than 150 hp is approximately
$100 per hp. If an untested new motor is
purchased and placed in the storeroom for
future use, sometimes for several years,
and issues are discovered when the motor
is eventually installed, any warranties may
have expired and repair or replacement
costs become the burden of the plant.
To minimize these costs and maximize
the value and reliability of new motor
purchases, many plants have implemented
a de-energized motor acceptance testing
program for three-phase induction motors
using motor circuit analysis (MCA).
These three-minute tests do not require
specialized, highly trained personal but can
be easily performed with any storeroom
personal and instantly identify many of the Circle 136 on card or visit psfreeinfo.com.
winding and rotor faults that either create
reduced reliability or increase high energy
costs. Two simple de-energized tests (static
and dynamic) can be performed when the
motor is first received in the storeroom in
less than three minutes.
The static test injects low voltage signals
into each of the motor windings and then
inputs the results into an algorithm that
creates a test value static (TVS). This single
number defines the condition of the motor
windings and can be compared to similar
motors to identify a motor with issues. A
second dynamic test requires the motors
rotor be rotated, slowly and smoothly
to create a stator and rotor signature.
Issues that occur in either the rotor or the
windings will be quickly identified and the
motor can be replaced with one that doesnt
exhibit these issues.

William Kruger is training

technical manager at ALL-TEST
Pro, LLC. He has worked for
the company since 2005. For
more information, visit
alltestpro.com.
Circle 106 on card or visit psfreeinfo.com.

p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
54 SEALING SENSE
Overview of Multiple Lip Seals
By Alfred Cooper
FSA Member, Ergoseal, Inc.
M
ultiple lip seals are commonly
used in centrifugal pumps
and positive displacement
pumps. There are many variations, but
one version that has been particularly
effective is a triple lip seal arrangement.
The key feature is the third outboard
lip seal element, which can be used for
several functions.
Sealed media can be
compartmentalized, providing the
opportunity to apply any of the API
piping plans based on the type of media
being sealed. For instance, it can serve
as an excluder or a secondary seal in
a quench gland design for media that
crystallizes or hardens with exposure
to ambient temperature and pressure.
Unlike a mechanical face seal, there
are no rotating parts, and all internal
components are not just replaceable, but
replaceable on-site by in-house or field
maintenance staff.
The design of a triple lip seal yields
a pressure-actuated sealing element
with a membrane-like body, which
can be manufactured from many
polymer types such as fi lled or virgin
polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE),
polyetheretherketone (PEEK), and
polyurethane. Other triple lip seals
are also designed and manufactured
in various elastomeric and elastomeric
energized PTFE configurations (see
Figures 1 through 4). In this article, we
will focus our discussion on the most
versatile sealing element materialfi lled
or virgin PTFE.
PTFE Triple Lip Seals
Several different materials have been
used for lip seals, including various
polymers and elastomer blends. PTFE
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
has been the most dominant
of the triple lip seal element
materials. Properties of PTFE,
most importantly low coefficient
of friction, yield greater versatility
than elastomers due to the need
for minimal heat generation at
the sealing surface. The key to
PTFE is the carbon-fluorine bond.
Because this bond is extremely
strong, the potential for chemical
attack is dramatically reduced,
creating a nearly inert, tough, non-
fl ammable, lubricious compound
after polymerization. When
using fi lled PTFE, properties
can be achieved that both
enhance the lubricious surface
and dissipate heat from the sealing
area. These properties also allow dry-
running operation without generating
detrimental heat at the sealing surface.
At the microscopic level, the surface
finish of the lip seal has void spaces that
allow gaseous and liquid particles to
flow at lower actuating pressures. When
operating in the proper viscosity range,
fluids can only flow in one direction
from the lip seals back to frontdue
to the flexibility of the lip seal material.
Flushing the sealing surfaces can take
place during shutdown, or while the
pump is in service.
Lip Seal Design Theory
Temperature effects at the interface of
the lip seal element and mating shaft or
sleeve are crucial to seal performance.
Temperature directly affects the wear
rate of the lip seal element. As the
frictional heat between the seal contact
area and mating shaft or sleeve surface
increases, the seal elements beneficial
(clockwise) Figure 1. PTFE triple lip seal
Figure 2. PTFE triple lip seal Figure 3. Elastomeric
triple lip seal Figure 4. PTFE triple lip seal (Graphics
courtesy of FSA)
propertiessuch as its tensile strength,
modulus of elasticity, and elongation
begin to degrade. If this heat does not
dissipate quickly enough, seal elements
may fail. The lip seal element should be
designed with the proper material and
thickness so that it can conduct the
interface frictional heat from the mating
interface to the media.
These thermal effects may be treated
for a lip seal element using Fouriers law,
the fundamental differential equation for
heat transfer by conduction,
dT
qx = k Equation 1
dx
and taking into consideration the
cylindrical sealing surface area,
(T2-T1)
Q= k (2R) (L) Equation 2
x
where qx is the local rate of heat flow per
unit area (heat flux) in the positive x
direction; k is the thermal conductivity of
 55

temperature at the sealing surface; of a lip seal is directly related to the

Figure 5. Variables for lip seal heat transfer
Figure 6. Filled PTFE element (membrane)
the lip seal material; dT/dx is differential
temperature with respect to differential
position in x; Q is the quantity of heat
generated at the sealing surface; R is the
radius of the sealing surface; T1 is the
T2 is the end point of heat transfer
through the lip; Dx is the thickness
of the lip; and L is the length of lip
generating heat. Figure 5 illustrates
these variables.
In designing the lip seal membrane,
the length of the heat transfer area
must be minimal. A larger area will
result in an increased amount of heat
generated. The larger the temperature
gradient between T1 and T2, the greater
the heat transfer rate will be. As the
length increases, the ability to remove
heat is less efficient, and in turn, the
sealing surface area reaches higher
temperatures.
Another key performance parameter
that affects lip seal performance is the
pressure velocity (PV) capability of
the lip seal material. The performance
heat at the sealing surface. Because
wear rate increases with higher heat
based on material tensile strength, it
is important to understand the major
factor influencing heat generation.
The PV relationship best explains heat
generation and wear on the seal:
PV = ((b)P+Pi ) Vm Equation 3
where b reflects lip seal concentricity;
DP is the pressure differential across the
lip seal; Pi is the pressure due to seal and
sleeve interference; and Vm is the
velocity at the sealing surface diameter.
As pressure and velocity increase,
frictional forces result in higher
interfacial temperature and thus higher
wear rate. Therefore, high PV capability

U N M AT C H A B L E E X P E R I E N C E
I N F L OW C O N T RO L
TRANSACTIONS

Jordan, Knauff & Company is a knowledgeable and

experienced provider of a comprehensive line of
investment banking services to the pump, valve and
filtration industries (Flow Control).

Our lines of business include: selling companies,

raising debt and equity capital, and assistance
on acquisitions.

To learn more about Jordan, Knauff & Company,

contact any member of our Flow Control
team. Access our Flow Control research at
www.jordanknauff.com/flowcontrol.

G. Cook Jordan, Jr. David A. Kakareka

Managing Principal Vice President
cj@jordanknauff.com dkakareka@jordanknauff.com
312.254.5901 312.254.5907

MEMBER FINRA, SIPC

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p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
56 SEALING SENSE
requires the use of a lip seal material
with a low coefficient of friction (see
Figure 6, page 55).
Triple Lip Seal Cartridge
Design Configuration
Triple lip seals can be designed in
a cartridge form with gland plate,
sleeve and other adaptive hardware
that are used to install the seal on the
equipment. The lip seal elements are in
direct contact with the rotating shaft
or sleeve. In conventional practice, the
sealing elements are designed to face
the sealed media. In this configuration,
the seal chamber pressure acts as an
energizer on the effective bending
radius of the seal element causing it
to form a circumferential interference
with the mating shaft/sleeve (see
Figures 7 and 8). In other applications
where the pumped media must be
isolated from the environment, a
double seal version of the triple lip
seal would be necessary (see Figure 9).
Moreover, in vacuum applications the
seal elements typically face away from
the vacuum side so that the vacuum
actuates the lip seal elements to be
pulled against the circumference of the
shaft or sleeve.
Other designs incorporate a thin cup
or shell that is press-fitted with the lip
seal elements and spacers before the
shell end is rolled over to keep a tight
column load on the lip seal assembly.
These types of designs are typically
pressed into the seal chamber bores.
Other simpler designs are machined
from one-piece bar stock and fitted
with an O-ring on the seal outer
diameter (OD) for anti-rotation and
secondary sealing. These types are
also pressed into the equipment seal
gland bore.
Advantages of Triple Lip Seals
As for advantages, a pre-assembled unit
allows for easy installation, removal
and versatility to fit a variety of pumps
and other rotating equipment. The lip
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
seal design safeguards Figure 7. Triple lip seal cartridge (conventional).
against shaft wear and Figure 8. Triple lip seal cartridge with intermediate lubricant
(conventional). Figure 9. Triple lip seal cartridge with
any derived cause of intermediate lubricant (dual seal configuration).
leakage by running on
a hard-coating shaft.
Triple lip seals can be
adapted to different
sealing situations by
supplementing different
sealing arrangements
while using original
gland and sleeve. They
are not sensitive to
shaft axial movement.
In addition, they can
accommodate a variety
of media due to PTFEs
chemical compatibility
and high temperature
capability. This
technology provides
a dependable seal for
the difficult application
of high viscosity, slow
moving and recurring
start-up pumps.
Triple lip
seal cartridge
manufacturers
usually provide repair
kits to replace worn
components, which highly abrasive applications and do not
can be installed on-site. Seal life can work well with light hydrocarbons or
be estimated by placing a pressure drying fluids such as alcohols.
gauge between the second and third
sealing element. Even when the Triple Lip Seal Applications
internal sealing element has failed, The triple lip seal is designed to handle
leakage is gradual and allows time a wide range of applications and
for maintenance preparation before equipment. Cartridge seal versions are
leakage becomes uncontrollable. well suited for positive displacement
pumps, where fluids are often highly
Disadvantages of Triple Lip Seals viscous. The higher the viscosity of
These seals are limited to relatively low the media, the better the triple lip seal
pressure and speed (PV) applications, will perform. The inboard lip closer
and thus tend to be used on smaller to the media will form a very even
equipment. They are also restricted circumferential load under the pressure
by the temperature limitations of of the media around the surface of the
the PTFE sealing element material. shaft/sleeve. Also, since there are no
The seals have sensitivity to radial dynamic rotating seal components,
shaft motion and shaft-to-housing sealing performance remains
eccentricity. They cannot be used in consistent during dynamic operation.
 57

Some common media suited for triple
lip seals include adhesives, resins, paints,
waxes, oils/greases, latex, asphalt and
low-abrasive slurries. Some viscous food
products include syrups, molasses, sugar
beets, peanut butter and chocolate. PTFE
has a temperature limit of 550 F and is
virtually inert to most chemicals. Its
maximum pressure limit is 200 psi, and
surface speed should not exceed 5,500
feet per minute (fpm). These operating
limits are much higher than those of
other fi lled or virgin materials.
Conclusion
Triple lip seals are viable options for
sealing some of the most difficult
products. Triple lip seal technology has
the ability to provide many industries
with optimal sealing solutions for
common and unique applications. It
grants users versatility and a fresh
option to add to the conventional line of
sealing products. Designed for positive
displacement pumps, centrifugal pumps,
mixers, agitators, vacuum pumps and
the like, triple lip seal cartridge and
unitized seals have the flexibility to fit
a variety of stuffing boxes on a variety
of rotating equipment. The triple lip
seal incorporates the technology of a
membrane-like PTFE sealing element
designed for high viscosity applications
and other fluids without compromising
sealing capability.
Despite its versatility, the triple lip
seal has its limitations and best uses.
This product does not handle light
hydrocarbons very well and is not
suited for slurries that contain a high
concentration of suspended solids. For
these, and other extreme operating
conditions, contact your seal supplier.
Next Month: Oxygen We breathe a
dangerous substance.
We invite your suggestions
for article topics as well as
questions on sealing issues
so we can better respond
to the needs of the
industry. Please direct your suggestions and questions
to sealingsensequestions@fluidsealing.com.
Alfred Cooper is the current director
of engineering for Ergoseal, Inc., and a
member of the FSA mechanical seal
division. He has worked in the seal
industry for more than
25 years. He holds a
bachelors degree in
mechanical engineering
and a Master of Science
degree in project man-
agement.

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p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
58 PRACTICE & OPERATIONS
Choosing a Control Valve for Optimal Irrigation
Learn about equipment options for agricultural applications.
By Brad Clarke
Singer Valve
I
rrigation systems are dependent
on sound pressure management
techniques, which are typically
incorporated at the design phase of
the project. Controlling pressure is
a critical component of designing an
agricultural irrigation system, whether
it is a drip, micro-spray, sprinkler or
pivot system. For an irrigation system
to adequately and uniformly distribute
water to the intended crop, the water
must be dispersed within the suggested
performance range of the irrigation
manufacturer.
For sprinkler irrigation, if pressures
exceed the manufacturers recommended
levels, the sprinklers will mist; in a windy
environment, water will be wasted. If
pressures are too low, the sprinklers will
experience a doughnut effect that will
negatively impact water distribution near
the head of the sprinkler.
Drip or micro irrigation systems are
built to respond to low pressures, so
overpressure can damage the emitters,
spray units or the low-pressure piping
system. Having reliable low pressure
is vital. Large drip or spray systems
often have higher pressures near the
water source (often a pump) and lower
pressures at the extremities of the system
because of pressure loss in the piping
system. Controlling the higher pressure
close to the source also is important.
Pumps are required if a system
produces insufficient pressure to obtain
the minimum requirements for the
irrigation equipment. This could be the
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
result of insufficient
pressure from a
community-provided
water source (piping
network), using a well or
pond as a water source
or elevation increases
that decrease pressure at
greater heights.
Pumps add another
critical component
to an irrigation
systempressure
relief. Starting up or
shutting down can cause
surges or transients,
so incorporating a
pressure-relief valve is
good practice. Numerous Image 1. Pressure-reducing valve (Images
irrigation solenoid valves courtesy of Singer Valve)
turning off and on also can add to
system surges. Standard Pressure-Reducing Valve
Incorporating pressure relief valves Standard pressure-reducing valves are
will allow the system to dump excess available from inch to 36 inches. They
pressure to the atmosphere when manage downstream pressures and are
pressures exceed maximum levels. usually offered in ductile iron with a
The larger the irrigation system, the heat-fusion epoxy coating. Stainless steel
greater the need to carefully analyze options are available for 6 inches and
pressure requirements. A qualified smaller. For most irrigation applications,
irrigation consultant can complete a American National Standard Institute
hydraulic study on the proposed system (ANSI) fl anges will be either Class 150
and ensure that pressures throughout or Class 300 pound rating. Models 3
the system are within the pressure range inches and smaller are available in thread
of the piping network and the irrigation (Female National Pipe Thread [FNPT])
manufacturers equipment. or fl ange, while larger sizes are only
Listed below are the most common available fl anged.
automatic control valves used to manage Automatic control valves maintain a
pressure in irrigation systems. constant downstream pressure regardless

Image 2. Pressure-reducing valve with
solenoid
of fluctuation in upstream pressures.
This is different than direct-acting
pressure-reducing valves that
allow the pressure to change as
flows change. Automatic control
valves are also known as hydraulic
control valves because they require
no electricity and the pilots are
adjustable, allowing the downstream
pressure to be changed. To operate
effectively, these types of valves
require a differential pressure across
the valve of about six meters.
Standard Pressure-Reducing
Valve with Solenoid
A solenoid can be added to a
standard pressure-reducing valve
so the equipment will respond to
a timer. For example, this might
be used as a master control valve
for a system coming off a shared
supply. The master valve is only on
when irrigation is required. When
59
Material Quality
For harsh environments, the
following critical components must
be specified:
316 stainless steel seat (not
bronze or 303 stainless steel)
303 stainless steel fasteners on
the exterior of the valve
316 stainless steel stem (not 303)
316 stainless steel affords long life
and is virtually maintenance-free
in the internal part of the valve. Be
cautious when considering stemless
valves without stainless seats. The
stem promotes long life and prevents
molecular creep in the diaphragm,
which can occur with a stemless
valve. If the seat area does not have a
removable seat and only heat-fusion
epoxy, then a stemless valve becomes
a throw-away valve as the epoxy
coating chips due to debris in the
line. This setup will not provide seal-
tight closure.
Ensure that these valves are
irrigation is not required, the system
always heat-fusion epoxied inside
is not pressurized.
and out to help withstand harsh
environments. It is best that the
Pressure-Relief Valves
pressure-reducing pilots are bottom
Pressure-relief valves are designed
flushing and that the yoke assembly
to protect an irrigation system from
in the pilot does not have a bottom
over-pressurization (usually pump-
guide that can easily plug and cause
related) and are mounted off a tee
over or under pressures.
near a pump. If there is a surge in the
Manufacturers build valves to
system or over-pressurization, these
different standards. It is worth
valves quickly open and discharge
paying attention to these finer
water into the atmosphere. They
details because they will affect
are fully adjustable to any pressure
the maintenance and life span of
by rotating the nut on the pilot.
irrigation systems.
In normal operation, these valves
remain closed and only open quickly
if pressure exceeds the set point.
This prevents over-pressurization
and helps avoid damage to Brad Clarke is a certified irrigation
downstream equipment. In addition, technologist and previous president
if valves downstream close too of Irrigation Association of BC
quickly resulting in high pressures or and Western Canada Turf Grass
a surge, the pressure-relief valve will Association. For more information,
quickly open, relieving pressure and visit singervalve.com or email
protecting equipment. singer@singervalve.com.
p u mp s a n d s y s te m s . com | J ul y 2017
60 PRODUCTS

New & Notable Technology

Products selected by the Pumps & Systems editors

1 SEWAGE GRINDER
The Muffin Monster Manhole from JWC
ENVIRONMENTAL is a pre-fabricated FRP manhole
with a Muffin Monster sewage grinder. It comes
fully assembled and easy to installjust dig down
to the sewer line, create a concrete pad and tie 3
in the sewer lines. Perfect for prisons, hospitals, 1
apartments and nursing homes that need to grind-
up rags and trash to stop pump clogs. This is an
excellent solution when a sewage grinder is needed
but there is no room for conventional installations.
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4

2 LUBRICANT
SCHAEFFERs HTC Oil is made with high viscosity,
severely solvent refined, severely hydrofinished,
100 percent pure paraffin base stocks. This
unique formula helps prevent excessive leakage
and sluggish operation over wide operating
temperature ranges. HTC Oil features VarniShield
varnish technology, which keeps filters, strainers
and valves clog-free, enabling efficient fluid flow
and pumpability. Fortified with a proprietary
additive, Micron Moly, HTC Oil quickly plates to
metal surfaces, allowing for smooth movements
between parts.
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5

3 MACHINE HEALTH WEB INTERFACE

ITTS PRO SERVICES brand unveiled the i-ALERT
Ai platform, a web interface allowing customers to
take advantage of the Industrial Internet of Things
to monitor all i-ALERT2 enabled rotating equipment
in one place. The simple online platform is the
latest service to be introduced since the i-ALERT2
Bluetooth Smart-enabled machine health monitor 6
was launched in May 2015. The innovation and
the various features added over the past two years
are intended to help customers spend less time
collecting data from their rotating equipment and
more time solving problems.
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4 TWIN SCREW PUMP 5 REVERSE OSMOSIS SYSTEM

The versatile design of SPX FLOWs Universal
TS pump helps increase process efficiency and
maximize productivity. It is ideal for use in a
variety of industries including food and beverage,
dairy, pharmaceutical, cosmetics and chemical
processing. The screw rotors are made from
Waukesha 88 non-galling alloy to enable tight
internal clearances and improved efficiency without
risk of seizure from internal contact. The result is
excellent pump performance and reliability even in
applications with low inlet pressure.
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GE WATER & PROCESS TECHNOLOGIES
introduced a new reverse osmosis (RO)
system for a broad range of applications
including general industrial, power, drinking
water, food and beverage, mining, refining
and petrochemical industries. GEs new
PROflex RO is flexible and robust and was
redesigned to incorporate years of customer
feedback to provide a cost-effective, easy-to-
configure system that offers many frequently
requested options.
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6 DEWATERING PUMP
U P
BJM introduced XP-JX heavy-duty
submersible pumps for tough conditions
where explosion-proof, FM, C/US approved
(Class I, Division 1, Group C & D). Impeller,
volute and strainer are constructed of 316
stainless steel. The elastomers such as O-rings
and lip seals are made of FKM. Oil-lubricated
double mechanical seals and separate lip seal.
GPM to 264. Heads to 113 feet.
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To have a product considered for this section, please send the information to Savanna Gray, sgray@cahabamedia.com.

J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
 PUMP USERS MARKETPLACE -

Advertisers
Advertiser Name RS# Page Advertiser Name RS# Page Advertiser Name RS# Page

All-Flo Pump Co . . .. . . . . . .. . .. 101 17 Load Controls ... . . . . . .. . .... 119 44 Thordon Bearings, Inc. . . .. . ... 139 9
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Dan Bolen & Associates . . .. . .. 111 62 PumpWorks Industrial ..... . . 130 45 Watson Marlow Pumps ....... 148 15
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Disclaimer: Gorman Ruppis a trademark of other company. Titan Mfg.
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pumpsandsystems.com I Jul y 2 01 7
64 PUMP MARKET ANALYSIS
Wall Street Pump & Valve Industry Watch
By Jordan, Knauff & Company
T he Jordan, Knauff &
Company (JKC) Valve Stock
Index was up 16.7 percent
over the last 12 months, while the
broader S&P 500 Index was up 14.8
percent. The JKC Pump Stock Index
increased 21.7 percent for the same
time period.1
The Institute for Supply
Managements Purchasing
Managers Index (PMI) increased
slightly to 54.9 percent in May
compared to 54.8 percent in April.
New orders (rising to 59.5 percent
from 57.5 percent) and employment
(increasing to 53.5 percent from
52.0 percent) grew at a faster pace
during the month. However, both
production (decreasing from 58.6
percent to 57.1 percent) and exports
(falling from 59.5 percent to 57.5
percent) eased for the month, but
still remained in positive territory.
The production index is currently
slightly above its 12-month average.
The global manufacturing
sector continued to expand in
May with the J.P. Morgan Global
Manufacturing PMI reaching
52.6 percent. The index was down
slightly for the month, but is still
above the long-term average of
51.4 percent. Developed nations
generally outperformed emerging
markets. The United Kingdom PMI
for May was close to Aprils three-
year high, while the Euro area hit a
six-year high and Japan reached a
Figure 2. U.S. energy consumption and rig counts
Source: U.S. Energy Information Administration and Baker Hughes Inc.
J ul y 2 0 1 7 | Pumps & S y st e m s
Figure 1. Stock indices from June 1, 2016 to May 31, 2017
three-month high. The
China PMI fell below the
50.0 percent expansion
mark for the first time in
11 months.
The U.S. Commerce
Department reported
that payrolls increased
by 138,000 in May with
solid gains in business Local currency converted to USD using historical spot rates. The JKC Pump and Valve
services, education and Stock Indices include a select list of publicly traded companies involved in the pump and
valve industries weighted by market capitalization. Source: Capital IQ and JKC research.
health services, and leisure
and hospitality. Construction
industry jobs increased by 11,000, Even though OPEC products
while the manufacturing sector lost cuts will be partially offset by Reference
1,000 jobs during the month. The production growth in other 1. The S&P Return
number of Americans employed countries, the U.S. Energy figures are provided
overall fell from 153.2 million Information Administration by Capital IQ.
in April to 152.9 in May, a three- expects that global oil inventories
month low. At its lowest level will decline by almost 0.2 million
since June 2016, the participation Jordan, Knauff
barrels per day this year, with & Company is an
rate dropped from 62.9 percent to the largest draws happening in investment bank
62.7 percent. the third quarter. Supply growth based in Chicago,
The high level of global liquid in the United States, Brazil and Illinois, that
fuels inventory compared to its five- OPEC in 2018 will result in global provides merger and
acquisition advisory
year average may have influenced oil inventories increasing by 0.1 services to the
the Organization of Petroleum million barrels per day in 2018. pump, valve and
Exporting Countries (OPEC) to On Wall Street the Dow Jones filtration industries.
extend its crude oil production cuts Industrial Average grew 0.3 percent, Please visit
through March 2018. The voluntary the S&P 500 Index rose 1.2 percent jordanknauff.com for
further information.
cuts were set to end in June. Russia and the NASDAQ Composite was Jordan, Knauff &
is the only non-OPEC member up 2.5 percent for the month of Company is a member
that agreed to the extended cuts. May. The energy sector declined of FINRA.
Commercial liquid fuel inventories over concerns that major oil
in the Organization of Economic producing countries will not be able
Cooperation and Development to enact effective production cuts These materials were
prepared for informational
(OECD) are 257 million barrels needed to help stabilize the global purposes from sources that
are believed to be reliable
higher than the five-year average. crude oil market. but which could change
without notice. Jordan,
Figure 3. U.S. PMI and manufacturing shipments Knauff & Company and
Pumps & Systems shall not
in any way be liable for
claims relating to these
materials and makes no
warranties, express or
implied, or representations
as to their accuracy or com-
pleteness or for errors or
omissions contained herein.
This information is not
intended to be construed
as tax, legal or investment
advice. These materials do
not constitute an offer to
buy or sell any financial
security or participate in
any investment offering or
deployment of capital.
Source: Institute for Supply Management Manufacturing
Report on Business and U.S. Census Bureau
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