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PAGE 1
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In July 2003 the first international of about 60 min from Salzburg Airport. A
Summer Academy already took place at shuttle bus running between the Airport and Call for Papers
Cambridge University / UK. the venue will be provided for the In case you would like to contribute to the
participants of the Summer Academy. event, please keep to the deadline of March
31st to submit an abstract and consider the
limited number (24) of possible
contributions. A pattern for your abstract is
available on the website:
http://www.samco.org/academy05
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A global health index of individual bridges (Raghavendrachar and Aktan 1995) will be 3 3 3 3
can be monitored to identify functionally induced by an impact hammer at a set of
obsolete bridges that need rehabilitation. referenced locations on the bridge deck.
Early detection of structural degradation These locations must be selected
can prevent runaway catastrophic failure. appropriately where responses are
pronounced and sensitive to the potential Connection Box
IBM Compatible
concerning the health monitoring of civil Although modal characteristics can be Fig. 1. Schematic impact test setup: ( 1 )
infrastructures (Chong et al. 2003), namely evaluated by processing the vibratory accelerometers( 2 ) impact hammer and ( 3 )
(a) deterioration science, (b) assessment responses alone, the results are not as signal conditioning
technologies and (c) renewal engineering.
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Based on the schematic test set-up in As shown in Fig. 2, the flexibility matrix, Mode Theory From test
Fig.1, the response signals from the [Fss] , of the finite element model can be (Hz) (Hz)
accelerometers and the impact hammer obtained by inverting the reduced stiffness 1 4 4
can be recorded each time. The time matrix [Kss] associated with the same set 2 15.9 15.9
domain equations of motion can then be of referenced degrees of freedom {rs}, after
transformed into the frequency domain by condensing it from the full stiffness matrix 3 35.6 35.7
the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) resulting associated with the entire degrees of 4 65.3 65.3
in a Frequency Response Function (FRF). freedom of the finite element model. 5 98.8 98.6
Then, the modal flexibility matrix
Theoretically, all possible structural 6 142 141
associated with the referenced degrees of
freedom can be established from the parameters can be tuned to calibrate the 7 191.5 191
following equation (Patjawit, 2004). flexibility matrix of the finite element model
Table 1
to that obtained from the field test. As the Natural frequencies: theory and impact test
[F ] = [ ][ 1 ][ ]T
2 (1)
geometrical parameters can be measured
rather accurately, the remaining structural Table 1 lists frequencies of the first 7
parameters to be tuned are (a) the elastic modes obtained from the test in
where [F] is the modal flexibility matrix; [] modulus, (b) the mass density of the comparison with the analytical results. The
the mass-normalized modal vectors; and structural material, and (c) the support corresponding FRF is presented in Fig. 4.
[1/2] a diagonal matrix containing the conditions.
reciprocal of the square of natural 10000
FRF Magnitude
frequencies in ascending order. As
Laboratory impact tests
flexibility matrix reflects global structural 1000
deterioration, its norm should serve as a Undamaged beam test 100
good overall indication of its flexibility
condition, namely the GFI, i.e., A simple steel beam of channel section 10
was selected in the experiment to confirm
the correlation between theoretical and 1
FMN = max i i ( F T F ) (2) experimental results. The setup detail and
0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240 270
Hz
T the locations of the accelerometers are
where max(F F) is the largest eigenvalue presented in Fig. 3. Fig. 4. Frequency-response function of steel
T
of F F matrix. beam under impact test
Field
[ F ] = [ ] 1
2 [ ]
sensoring
This test simulates different degrees of
test location deterioration by introducing cuts in the
bottom flanges at the beam mid-span.
Fig. 2. Calibration of the finite element model.
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For reference, No 0 is designated to the As in the previous case, only small changes
original beam without cut and No 1, No 2 in mode shapes and frequencies could be
and No 3 denote the same beam with cuts observed in the comparison due to the cuts.
of 10 mm, 20 mm and 30 mm respectively.
It was found that the alterations of mode However, the flexibility matrix associated 25
shapes and frequencies due to adding the with the three sensor points can be
evaluated for each of the four cases. In Fig. 15 23
defects are found to be rather insignificant.
However, the increase in GFI due to the 6, it can be seen that GFI increases with the 21
5 13
increase in cut size is found to be more increase of defects prescribed in the
significant as shown in Fig. 5. reinforced concrete beam. 3
11
sensitive to the defect built into the structure will be warned by its very sharp increase,
and its increase in magnitude is a good signifying the need for a close attention to
indication for structural deterioration. retrofit the bridge.
C o n n e c tio n
Box
Fig. 8. Field equipment setup and selected
locations for sensors
1 0 .0 m .
The impact hammer was "roved" about the
structure to impact at referenced points,
Fig. 7. The bridge under impact test while the reference accelerometers were
fixed.
The selected bridge, shown in Fig. 7, was
constructed in 1999 as a part of national Striking the test bridge at each of the
highway No.33 over a canal in Nakhon- selected referenced locations with impact
Nayok Province, Thailand. It consists of hammer will impart a measured force, and
three simple 10- meter spans of slab induce vibratory responses at all seismic
girders. Impact hammer and an array of accelerometers installed at the referenced
sensors coupled with computer controlled locations.
multi-channel data acquisition and signal
conditioning are utilized for gathering test 8
FRF Magnitude
information. 6
4
Locations for the multi-referenced impact 2
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A typical response in frequency domain is This index will be updated and its trend will The operating rating factor, RFO, was
illustrated in Fig. 9 in the form of Frequency be monitored every year. It is expected that introduced to check the absolute maximum
Response Functions (FRF), by which one the GFI of this bridge will increase gradually live load that could safely be carried by the
can estimate the mode shapes and as the bridge ages. bridge.
frequencies.
The results of the modal test have provided On the other hand, the inventory rating
sufficient information to facilitate the factor, RFI, will serve to check the
development of a finite element model for maximum live load that a bridge can
the test bridges. A three-dimensional finite continue to carry for an indefinite period of
element model was established for this time. Both these rating factors can be
bridge using four-node shell elements for expressed as follows:
the deck slab and a grid of beam elements
for girders. Rigid links were employed to (C 1.3D)
connect the mid-surface of the shell RF = (7)
elements and the neutral axis of the grid
2.17 L(1 + I )
beams. Cross-sectional properties of all
structural members were obtained from the (C 1.3D)
RF = (8)
field measurements. 1.3L(1 + I )
First Mode The material properties required to be
in which C is the strength capacity of the
calibrated with the field test were the mass
Frequency = 12.7 Hz member, D and L are the effects of dead
density of concrete, elastic modulus (Ec)
and live loads respectively and I is the
and Poisson's Ratio (). The calibration also
impact factor. Rating factor lower than one
included the spring modulus of the
implies that the test bridge is unsafe. In that
supporting spring elements, representing
situation, a more rigorous investigation must
the support conditions. Starting with
be initiated that may lead to a major
selected standard values, these parameters
retrofitting of the bridge.
will be varied stepwise and finite element
analysis can be performed for all Based on the calibrated finite element
combinations. The near optimal set of model and the standard loads specified by
parameters was finally obtained that yield a AASHTO, the current ratings of this bridge
GFI value of 1.159810-8 m/N compared can be evaluated as presented in Table 2.
with the value of 1.055410-8 m/N Based on the results, the present structural
evaluated from the multi-reference impact condition of this bridge is considered to be
test. safe.
Inventory Operating
Capacity Dead load Live Load
Second Mode Rating Rating
Based on this flexibility matrix, the existing Figure 11 shows the full finite element
value of the GFI for this bridge can be model for one typical span of this bridge.
evaluated from the spatial norm of the With the availability of the finite element
flexibility matrix, as model, one can evaluate the margin of
safety of this test bridge based on the Fig. 11. Finite element model of the test bridge.
T -8 procedures recommended in the AASHTO
GFI = max (F F ) =1.0554 10 m / N
Manual.
(6)
PAGE 6
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Conclusion References
Abdel-Gaffar, AM., Housner, GW.
Ambient vibration tests of suspension
bridge. Journal of Engineering Mechanics
Division, ASCE 1978; 104(EM5): 983-99.
Bakht, B., Pinjarkar, SG. Review of
dynamic testing of highway bridges.
Transportation Record Broad Paper
880532. Ontario Ministry of Transportation.
1989.
Biswas, M., Pandey, AK., Samman, MM.
Diagnostic experimental spectralmodal
analysis of a highway bridge. Int. J. Anal.
Experimental Modal Analysis, 1989; 5(1);
33-42.
Chong, KP., Carino, NJ., Washer G.
Health monitoring of civil infrastructures.
Electronic Journal of Smart Materials and
Structures, 2003; 12(6); 483-93.
Fig. 12. Recommended maintenance program of a bridge.
Douglas, BM., Reid, WH. Dynamic tests
and system identification of bridges. Journal
The multi-reference impact test is a simple, In practice, a monitoring program can be set
of the Structural Engineering. ASCE 1982;
practical, and reliable non-destructive in such a way that when GFI increases
108(ST10): 2295-2312.
method for determining the key structural beyond a standard safety threshold, a major
characteristics of bridges. investigation will be conducted to Flesch, RG., Kernbichler, K. Bridge
strengthen the bridge, and thus restore the inspection by dynamic tests. In Natke and
At any decaying state of an existing bridge, safety margin of the bridge. The Yao (editors), Proceedings of Structural
its vibratory responses in terms of maintenance program is demonstrated in Safety Evaluation Based on System
fundamental mode shapes and frequencies Fig. 12. This program will ensure that the Identification Approaches; 1988
can be evaluated by this test. However, the bridge will never fall into a state beyond
alteration of mode shapes and frequencies repair and becomes unsafe to the public. Hogue, TD., Aktan, AE., Hoyos, A.
due to a structural deterioration may not be Regional identification of constructed
sufficiently significant to infer the health facilities. Journal of Structural Engineering.
condition of the structure. ASCE 1991; 117(1): 128-148.
On the other hand, in conjunction with the McLamore, VR., Hart, GC., Stubbs, I.R.
modern finite element modeling, Ambient vibrations of two suspension
fundamental mode shapes and frequencies bridges. Journal of Structural Engineering,
can be used to establish the present status ASCE 1971; 97(ST10): 2567-2582.
of the structural flexibility with respect to key
referenced points, where vibratory sensors Patjawit A. Structural identification of
are installed. Global Flexibility Index (GFI) concrete girder bridge for strength
is introduced based on the spectral norm of evaluation. M. Eng. Thesis. Asian Institute
the flexibility matrix. Of Technology, Thailand; 2004.
PAGE 7
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Wvj ( j )
H vu ( j ) = (1)
Wuj ( j )
Fig. 1. System of consideration: a) structural model; b) typical 20 Hz band-limited white noise support In other words, linear damage effects are
excitation and its PSD detected. In addition, decrease of the peaks
relative amplitude values is caused by an
Introduction In order to affect nonlinear damage effects,
increase of the structural damping, which
a plastic hinge is simulated immediately
The interest in practicing structural health below the first floor by means of cross- characterizes the presence of nonlinear
monitoring (SHM) and then detecting section reduction. damage.
damage at the earliest possible stage has
been increased throughout the civil Results
engineering community in the last decade.
Four levels of damage identification are
known to date: (1) is the structure
damaged; (2) where is the damage located;
(3) what is the damage extent; (4) what is
the residual structural serviceability. In
general damage can be classified as linear
or nonlinear. Linear damage is observed in
the case when an initially linear-elastic
system remains linear-elastic after
occurrence of damage, whereas if the
structure behaves inelastic nonlinear
damage can be determined.
In this paper a comparison between
frequency- and time-domain based
approaches is presented, namely the
Component Transfer Functions [1] and Auto
Regressive Moving Average time series
method [2]. A three storey shear resisting
steel frame is analyzed, where nonlinear
damage effects are simulated by
implementation of a plastic hinge. Damage
identification is then performed by each of
the two methods respectively. Fig. 2. Component Transfer Functions: undamaged versus system with nonlinear damage
PAGE 8
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Using Eq. (1) the CTFs are calculated by In the next step all of the sample data is References
means of the averaged Power Spectral simulated by the obtained ARMA
Density of the input ground motion and of coefficients, both for the undamaged and [1] Caicedo, J., Dyke, S. J., and Johnson,
the corresponding individual floor outputs. for the damaged system. The mean idea is, E. A.: Health Monitoring Based on
The obtained results are shown in Fig.2.. that the constructed time prediction model Component Transfer Functions. ICASD.
Hong Kong. 2000, Dec. 13-15.
H H H regarding to a reference signal
x(t ) should
Note, that in 32 , 31 and 21 there is [2] Sohn, H. and Farrar, Ch. R.: Damage
not observable loss of stiffness, which be able to appropriately predict any other Diagnosis Using Time Series Analysis of
means that no damage is occurred between signal y (t ) , which is recorded under Vibration Signals. Smart Materials and
the third and first floor. However, nonlinear close structural conditions to those of the Structures. 10 (2001) 1-6.
H 3 g H 2 g reference signal. Otherwise, by presence of [3] Broensen, P. M. T.: Automatic Spectral
damage effects are detected in , damage there will be a significant error in Analysis with Time Series Models. IEEE
H1 g y t ()
Transaction on Instrumentation and
and . In other words, the occurred prediction of the new signal . Measurement. Vol. 51, No. 2, April 2002.
damage is located between the first and the Therefore the standard deviation ratio of
base floor. ( y ) / ( x )
similar signals, , can be
Arma Time Series Technique defined as a damage-sensitive parameter,
which is reaching its maximum value near
Analysis procedure the damage source. Contact
For each time series x(t ) an Results VCE Vienna Consulting Engineers
ARMA ( p, q ) model with p AR terms and As shown in Table 1. the standard deviation Dr. Helmut Wenzel
q MA terms can be constructed, as follows: ratio reaches its maximum value at the first And Konstantin Savov
p q
floor, which localizes clearly the observed
x ( t ) = i x ( t i ) + a ( t ) j a ( t j )
damage source. Hadikgasse 60
i =1 j =1 1140 Vienna
Conclusions and Outlooks on Future
(2)
Work Austria
This step is repeated for all samples
Level 2 of damage identification is provided t: +43 / 1 / 90292
obtained from the FE simulation of the
by the presented techniques. Notice that f: +43 / 1 / 90292 / 5000
undamaged system. The order of each
using ARMA method no signal combination m: wenzel@vce.at
ARMA model is obtained automatically as
is needed. Future work will deal with the savov@vce.at
reported by [3].
extension of the both methods to Levels 3
and 4.
Load Case
( y) / ( x) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
1st Floor 3.99 4.51 3.50 2.82 2.36 3.78 5.74 5.81 2.70 6.13 5.61 6.60 3.90 5.13 3.42 4.75 5.24 3.24 4.16 3.32
2nd Floor 1.57 1.67 1.94 1.67 1.25 1.32 1.41 1.75 1.56 1.71 1.64 1.30 1.34 1.87 1.60 1.65 1.50 1.24 1.56 1.13
3rd Floor 1.26 1.08 1.32 0.93 1.26 1.10 1.34 1.05 1.09 1.16 1.00 0.79 1.26 1.36 0.92 1.22 1.09 0.87 1.07 0.81
Table 1. Standard deviation ratios for the various excitation cases
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Company Profile
The SCE is one of four schools within the More information on fields of study in the Construction, Engineering and
AIT and is composed of five fields of study School of Civil Engineering, can be read up Infrastructure Management
offered at the Institute in Bangkok: in the School Brochure to be found as PDF
on the website:
Construction, Engineering and http://www.sce.ait.ac.th/programs/fields.htm
Infrastructure Management (CEIM)
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In addition to these online courses a One of the guiding values of SCE is the synthesize, and address problems and
Regional Centre for Southeast Asia has concept of being a personal "lifetime formulate solution strategies; to think
been established at the Asian Institute of learning organization" for its graduates. It across disciplines laterally and vertically;
Technology (AIT) providing CDROM and upholds cultural diversity, teamwork and to communicate ideas; and to recognize
Internet-based distance learning synergy of diverse backgrounds and the social, economic and political contexts
opportunities. The Water Virtual Learning promotes a sense of justice and fair play of engineering practices.
Center (WVLC) Program offers distance amongst its faculty, staff and students.
based learning in Integrated Water Students are motivated to acquire the
Resources Management (IWRM) since While endeavouring to deliver state-of-the- knowledge base and intellectual capacity
January 2005. art knowledge, the School underlines its for lifelong learning. They are exposed to
important role in equipping students with extensive collaborative works with the
Further information about this Program the skills of research, i.e. "the learning industry making them broadly
can be read up on the website: process". sophisticated yet technically versed.
http://www.sce.ait.ac.th/courses/wvlc/
SCE Strategy Admissions
The School's academic offerings lead to
the award of Doctor of Engineering, The School of Civil Engineering's Candidates applying to the School of Civil
Doctor of Technical Science, Master of internationally recognized reputation is built Engineering have to keep to the deadlines
Engineering, Master of Science, the AIT on a unique incorporation in its academic and indicate, in order of preference, two
Diploma, and Certificate. services of the five pillars of relevant higher out of the five fields of study offered at the
engineering education: Institute in Bangkok.
The Institute is home to faculty, staff and
students from over 48 countries, an highly Information Technology August is the normal entry month for
diversified international environment, in candidates to the four-semester (two-year)
International Perspective Master Program, the two-semester (one-
which students learn to interact across
cultural borders. Innovation year) Diploma Program, and the one-
semester (six-month) Certificate Program.
With a large number of alumni occupying Integration (of environmental and Doctoral candidates may join the School in
distinguished positions in various social issues) any semester beginning in January or
organizations in Asia and worldwide, the August.
school's regionally pertinent programs Industrial Partnership
provide a strong foundation for
professional practice in a range of civil Within this framework, the School's efforts
engineering disciplines. are directed towards establishing a holistic
academic portfolio that spans not only the
Focus and Values of SCE regiments of a traditional civil engineering
curriculum but also the integration of such Contact
The School of Civil Engineering (SCE) is subject areas as management, economics,
committed to academic excellence in finance, environment-related courses as School of Civil Engineering (SCE)
postgraduate education and research well as legal issues. Asian Institute of Technology
across a broad spectrum of disciplines in
civil engineering and in multidisciplinary While maintaining a strong disciplinary P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang
areas that integrate technology, planning, identity, learning leans towards topic-based Pathumthani 12120
design, construction and management of programs and applications that support
infrastructure and other built environmentally sustainable economic Thailand
environments. development.
t: +662 524 / 6053 or 6422
The School focuses its research initiatives Emphasis is placed on training and f: +662 524 / 6059
on fields of regional relevance as well as equipping engineers with the capability to e: sce@ait.ac.th
on innovative and advanced technology. understand processes; to analyze,
http://www.sce.ait.ac.th
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