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Z 1
DE 1.1 q = 20e5000t dt = 4000 C
0
dq di di 1
DE 1.2 i = = tet ; = (1 t)et ; =0 when t = ;
dt dt dt
1 1
Therefore imax = = = 10 A
e 0:03679e
DE 1.3 [a]
Therefore
(a) v = 20 V; i = 4 A; (b) v = 20 V, i = 4A
(c) v = 20 V, i = 4 A; (d) v = 20 V, i = 4A
[b] Using the reference system in Fig. 1.3(a), p = vi = (20)(4) = 80 W, so
the box is absorbing power.
[c] The box is absorbing 80 W.
1
2 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements
Z 1
DE 1.4 p = vi = 20 104 e10;000t W; w= 20 104 e10;000t dt = 20 J
0
DE 1.6
is = 10 + 15 = 25 A
100 + vs 40 = 0 so vs = 140 V
X
pabs = p100V + p40V = 3100 W
X X
pdev = pabs = 3100 W
DE 1.7 [a] vl vc + v1 vs = 0; il Rl ic Rc + i1 R1 vs = 0
is Rl + is Rc + is R1 vs = 0
[b] is = vs =(Rl + Rc + R1 )
DE 1.9
i2 = 120=24 = 5 A
i3 = 120=8 = 15 A
i1 = i2 + i3 = 20 A
R = 80=20 = 4
[b]
25
it = = 0:2 A; p = (0:2)2 (25) = 1 W:
125
DE 1.11 [a] Since we are constructing the model from two elements, we have two
choices on interconnecting them|series or parallel. From the v i
characteristic we require vt = 25 V when it = 0. The only way we can
satisfy this requirement is with a parallel connection. The constraint that
vt = 0 when it = 0:25 A tells us the ideal current source must produce
0:25 A. Therefore the parallel resistor must be 25=0:25 or 100.
[b]
vt vt
0:25 + + = 0; 5vt = 25; vt = 5 V
100 25
vt2
p= = 1 W:
25
Problems
dq
P 1.1 i= = 24 cos 4000t
dt
Z q(t) Z t
dx = 24 cos 4000y dy
q(0) 0
sin 4000y t
q(t) q(0) = 24
4000 0
But q(0) = 0 by hypothesis, i.e., the current passes through its maximum
value at t = 0, so q(t) = 6 103 sin 4000t C = 6 sin 4000t mC
P 1.3 Assume we are standing at box A looking toward box B, then p = vi.
P 1.4 [a]
p = vi = (40)(10) = 400 W
Power is being delivered by the box.
[b] Entering
[c] Gain
P 1.6 [a] Looking from A to B the current i is in the direction of the voltage rise
across the 12 V battery, therefore p = vi = 12(30) = 360 W.
Thus the power ow is from B to A, and Car A has the \dead" battery.
Z t Z t
[b] w = p dx = 360 dx
0 0
Z t
P 1.7 p = vi; w= p dx
0
Since the energy is the area under the power vs. time plot, let us plot p vs. t.
1
w = (60 103 )(216 103 ) + (216)(30) = 16:2 kJ
2
[b]
p = vi = 2000e100t sin:2 150t
100t 1 1
= 2000e cos 300t
2 2
= 1000e100t 1000e100t cos 300t
Z 1 Z 1
100t
w = 1000e dt 1000e100t cos 300t dt
0 1 0( )1
e100t e100t
= 1000 1000 [100 cos 300t + 300 sin 300t]
1000 (100)2 + (300)2
0
100
= 10 1000 = 10 1
1 10 + 9 104
4
w = 9 J
1
[b] w(25) = 2
(6)(10) + (6)(15) = 120 J
w(60) = 120 + 12 (15)(6) 12 (10)(4) = 145 J
w(90) = 145 (10)(10) = 45 J
w(100) = 45 12 (10)(9) = 0 J
= 2 mJ
Z Z
[b] w = pdt = vi dt
v = 0:2 103 t + 9 0 t 15 ks
0 t 4000s
i = 15 1:25 103 t
p = 135 8:25 103 t 0:25 106 t2
Z 4000
w1 = (135 8:25 103 t 0:25 106 t2 ) dt
0
= (540 66 5:3333)103 = 468:667 kJ
4000 t 12;000
i = 12 0:5 103 t
p = 108 2:1 103 t 0:1 106 t2
Z 12;000
w2 = (108 2:1 103 t 0:1 106 t2 ) dt
4000
= (864 134:4 55:467)103 = 674:133 kJ
12;000 t 15;000
i = 30 2 103 t
p = 270 12 103 t 0:4 106 t2
Z 15;000
w3 = (270 12 103 t 0:4 106 t2 ) dt
12;000
P 1.14 [a] p = vi
= 400 103 t2 e800t + 700te800t + 0:25e800t
= e800t [400;000t2 + 700t + 0:25]
dp
= fe800t [800 103 t + 700] 800e800t [400;000t2 + 700t + 0:25]g
dt
= [3;200;000t2 + 2400t + 5]100e800t
dp
Therefore, = 0 when 3;200;000t2 2400t 5 = 0
dt
so pmax occurs at t = 1:68 ms.
[b] pmax = [400;000(:00168)2 + 700(:00168) + 0:25]e800(:00168)
= 666 mW
10 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements
Z t
[c] w = pdx
Z0t Z t Z t
2 800x 800x
w = 400;000x e dx + 700xe dx + 0:25e800x dx
0 0t 0
400;000e800x
4 2
= [64 10 x + 1600x + 2] +
512 10 6
t t 0
700e800x e800x
(800x 1)
+ 0:25
64 104 800
0 0
When t = 1 all the upper limits evaluate to zero, hence
(400;000)(2) 700 0:25
w= + + = 2:97 mJ.
512 106 64 104 800
w(0) = 0 mJ w(2) = 4 mJ
w(1) = 4 mJ w(3) = 0 mJ
Problems 11
Z 1
[c] w = 12 10 5
t2 e1000t dt
(0 1 )
e1000t
5 6 2
= 12 10 [10 t + 2;000t + 2]
= 2:4 mJ
(1000)3 0
P 1.19 [a] From an examination of reference polarities, the following elements employ
the passive convention: a; c; e; and f .
[b] pa = 56 W (del)
pb = 14 W (del)
pc = 150 W (abs)
pd = 50 W (del)
pe = 18 W (del)
pf = 12 W (del)
X X
Pabs = 150 W; Pdel = 56 + 14 + 50 + 18 + 12 = 150 W.
P 1.21 The interconnect is valid since it does not violate Kirchho's laws.
60 + 20 + 40 = 0 (KVL)
8 + 4 12 = 0 (KCL)
X
Pdev = 4(60) + 8(60) = 720 W
X
Pabs = 12(20) + 12(40) = 720 W
X X
Pdev = Pabs = 720 W
v2 + 100 = v3
P 1.23 [a] Yes, independent voltage sources can carry whatever current is required by
the connection; independent current source can support any voltage
required by the connection.
[b] 30 V source: absorbing
10 V source: delivering
8 A source: delivering
P 1.24 The interconnection is valid because it does not violate Kirchho's laws.
i = 25 A; 6i = 150 V
200 + 50 (150) = 0
But the power developed in the circuit cannot be determined, as the currents
in the 200 V, 50 V, and 6i sources are unspecied.
P 1.25 The interconnection is not valid because it violates Kirchho's current law:
3 A + (5 A) 6
= 8 A:
16 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements
P 1.26
i = 4 A so ig = 12 A
vo = 100 V
60 + v1 = 100; so v1 = 160 V
v2 80 = 100; so v2 = 180 V
X
Pdev = 180(4) + 100(8) + 60(12) = 2240 W
X
CHECK: Pdiss = 160(12) + 80(4) = 1920 + 320
= 2240 W | CHECKS
P 1.27 The interconnection is valid because it does not violate Kirchho's laws:
v1 + v2 = 150 50 = 100 V
or
v1 + v2 = 100
Hence any combination of v1 and v2 that adds to 100 is a valid solution. For
example if v1 = 80 V and v2 = 20 V
If v1 = 60 V and v2 = 40 V
P 1.31 [a]
[b] ib = 0:5 A
[c] vo = 80ib = 40 V
P 1.32 [a]
ib = 5 + 15 = 20 A
P 1.33 [a]
v2 = 80 + 4(12) = 128 V
v1 = 128 24(2) = 80 V
v1 80
i1 = = =5A
16 16
i3 = i1 2 = 5 2 = 3 A
vg = v1 + 24i3 = 80 + 72 = 152 V
vg 4i4 = v2
4i4 = vg v2 = 152 128 = 24 V
i4 = 24=4 = 6 A
ig = (i3 + i4 ) = (3 + 6) = 9 A
P 1.34 [a]
v2 = 180 100 = 80 V
v2
i2 = = 10 A
8
i3 + 4 = i2 ; i3 = 10 4 = 6 A
v1 = v2 + v3 = 80 + 6(10) = 140 V
v1 140
i1 = = =2A
70 70
P 1.35 [a]
Problems 21
v
[b] v = 20 V; i = 10 mA; R= = 2 k
i
40 = i1 + is = 2:5is ; is = 16 mA
[b]
Therefore, 10 + it = 4it so it = 2 A
P 1.37 [a]
24 18 6
[b] R = = = 0:25
24 0 24
24
[c] i = = 19:2 A; v = 24 19:2(0:25) = 19:2 V
1:25
24
[d] isc = = 96 A
0:25
[e] isc = 48 A (from graph)
[f ] Linear model cannot predict nonlinear behavior of voltage source.
Problems 23
[b]
id = 5 ib = 2 A
vc = vb + 10(id ) = 180 V
ic = ia id = 5 2 = 3 A
R = vc =ic = 180=3 = 60
[b] ig = 5 + 3 = 8 A
P 1.40
ib = id ic = 5 3 = 2 A
CHECK: ig = ib + ie = 2 + 4 = 6 A
pdev = (240)(6) = 1440 W
X
Pdis = 1(180) + 4(45) + 9(10) + 25(12)
+25(18) + 16(15) = 1440 W (CHECKS)
Problems 25
16 = (16;000)i
i = 1 mA
200(30i ) + vy + 500(29i ) 25 = 0
vy = 25 6000i 14;500i
Therefore, vy = 4:5 V
X
[b] Pgen = 15:2i + 25(29)i + 0:8i = 741i = 741 mW
X
Pdis = 104 (i )2 + 200(30i )2 + 29i (4:5) + 500(29i )2
= 741 mW.
P 1.42 [a] i2 = 0 because no current can exist in a single conductor connecting two
parts of a circuit.
[b]
60 = 6000ig ig = 10 mA
P 1.43 [a]
26 CHAPTER 1. Circuit Variables and Circuit Elements
[b]