TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA

363 P. Casal St., Quiapo, Manila

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ASSIGNMENT: FEEDBACK AND CONTROL SYSTEMS

SUBMITTED BY:

NARANJO, ZENY N.

SUBMITTED TO:

ENGR. CRISPULO MARANAN

30 SEPTEMBER 2017
 TERMINOLOGY IMAGE DEFINITION
PROGRAMMABLE A programmable logic controller
LOGIC (PLC) is an industrial solid-state
CONTROLLER computer that monitors inputs and
outputs, and makes logic-based
decisions for automated processes
or machines. Programmable logic
controllers have been an integral
part of factory automation and
industrial process control for
decades. PLCs control a wide
array of applications from simple
lighting functions to
environmental systems to
chemical processing plants. These
systems perform many functions,
providing a variety of analog and
digital input and output interfaces;
signal processing; data
conversion; and various
communication protocols. PLCs
grew up as replacements for
multiple relays and are used
primarily for controlling discrete
manufacturing processes and
standalone equipment. If
integration with other equipment
is required, the user or his system
integrator typically has to do it,
connecting human-machine
interfaces (HMIs) and other
control devices as needed.
DISTRIBUTED A distributed control system
CONTROL SYSTEM (DCS) is a specially designed
automated control system that
consists of geographically
distributed control elements over
the plant or control area. It differs
from the centralized control
system wherein a single controller
at central location handles the
control function, but in DCS each
process element or machine or
group of machines is controlled
by a dedicated controller. DCS
consists of a large number of local
 controllers in various sections of
plant control area and are
connected via a high speed
communication network. The
DCS, on the other hand, was
developed to replace PID
controllers and is found most
often in batch and continuous
production processes, especially
those that require advanced
control measures. The vendor
handles system integration, and
HMIs are integral.
SCADA Supervisory control and data
acquisition (SCADA) is a system
of software and hardware
elements that allows industrial
organizations to

1. Control industrial processes

locally or at remote locations

2. Monitor, gather, and process

real-time data

3. Directly interact with devices

such as sensors, valves, pumps,
motors, and more through human-
machine interface (HMI) software

4. Record events into a log file

ISA International Society of
Automation was firstly known as
Instrument Society of America
then in the fall of 2000, the ISA
Council of Society Delegates
approved a legal name change to
ISA--The Instrumentation,
Systems, and Automation Society
until it was changed to its present
name.
ISA TAG and Tag is the identification method
STANDARDS used for
instruments/equipments/loop.
Tagging is done according to
function and not according to
construction or form. In the image
it indicates the Identification
Letters for tags. ISA5.1,
Instrumentation Symbols and
Identification lists the different
tags and standards for piping and
instrumentation.
 ISA
INSTRUMENTATION
THERMOCOUPLE A Thermocouple is a sensor used to
measure temperature.
Thermocouples consist of two wire
legs made from different metals.
The wires legs are welded together
at one end, creating a junction. This
junction is where the temperature is
measured. When the junction
experiences a change in
temperature, a voltage is created.
The voltage can then be interpreted
using thermocouple reference
tables to calculate the temperature.

There are many types of

thermocouples, each with its own
unique characteristics in terms of
temperature range, durability,
vibration resistance, chemical
resistance, and application
compatibility. Type J, K, T, & E
are Base Metal thermocouples,
the most common types of
thermocouples.Type R, S, and B
thermocouples are Noble Metal
thermocouples, which are used in
high temperature applications.
Thermocouples are used in many
industrial, scientific, and OEM
applications. They can be found in
nearly all industrial markets: Power
Generation, Oil/Gas,
Pharmaceutical, BioTech, Cement,
Paper & Pulp, etc. Thermocouples
are also used in everyday
appliances like stoves, furnaces,
and toasters.

Thermocouples are typically

selected because of their low cost,
high temperature limits, wide
temperature ranges, and durable
nature.
 RESISTANCE Resistance Temperature Detector is
TEMPERATURE a device which used to determine
DETECTOR the temperature by measuring
the resistance of pure electrical
wire. This wire is referred to as
a temperature sensor. The RTD is
composed of certain metallic
elements whose change in
resistance is a function of
temperature. When heated, the
resistance of the metal increases;
when cooled, the resistance
decreases. Passing current through
an RTD generates a voltage across
the RTD. By measuring this
voltage, you determine its
resistance and, thus, its
temperature. If we want to
measure temperature with high
accuracy, RTD is the only one
solution in industries. It has good
linear characteristics over a wide
range of temperature.

RTD's should be used when:

When accuracy and stability are a

requirement of the customers
specification

When accuracy must extend over a

wide temperature range

When area, rather than point

sensing improves control

When a high degree of

standardisation is desirable

Applications of RTD's include:

Air conditioning and refrigeration

servicing

Food Processing
 Stoves and grills

Textile production

Plastics processing

Petrochemical processing

Micro electronics

Air, gas and liquid temperature

measurement

Exhaust gas temperature

measurement

FILLED SYSTEM TEMPERATURE FLOW PRESSURE LEVEL COMPOSITION

THERMOMETER
AND OTHER
INSTRUMENTS Thermocouple, Orifice, venture, Liquid column, Float-activated Gas-liquid
USED Resistance Rotameter, Elastic element (chain chromatography,
temperature Turbine, Vortex- (bourdon tube, gauge/lever, Mass
detector, Filled- shedding, bellows, magnetically Spectrometry,
system Ultrasonic, diaphragm), coupled) , head Magnetic
thermometer, Magnetic, Strain gauges, devices Resonance
pyrometer (total Thermal mass, Piezoresistive (bubble tube), analysis, Infrared
radiation, Coriolis, Target transducers, Electrical spectroscopy,
photoelectric, Piezoelectric conductivity, Raman
ratio), laser, transducers, Radiation, Spectroscopy,
Surface acoustic Optical fiber Radar Ultraviolet
wave, Spectroscopy,
Semiconductor Thermal
Conductivity,
Refractive Index,
Capacitance
probe, Surface
acoustic wave,
Electrophoresis,
Electrochemical,
Paramagnetic,
chemi/biolumines
cence, Tunable
diode laser
absorption