PHYSIOLOGY

1C INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY
P-01 Dr. Paguiriga n | A ugust 25 , 2017

-- includes the Physical and

Topic Outline Biochemical process which are involved in the
functioning of the human body.
I. Introduction to Physiology
a. Definition of Physiology
*The goal of Physiology is to explain the physical
II. The Cell
a. Definition and chemical factors that are responsible for the
b. Cell Membrane origin, development, and progression of life.
i. Definition and characteristics *In Human Physiology, we attempt to explain the
ii. Functions specific characteristics and mechanisms of the
c. Cell Organelles human body that make it a living being.
i. Nucleus
ii. Endoplasmic Reticulum
Cells as the Living Units of the Body
iii. Ribosomes
iv. Golgi Apparatus
v. Vesicles Cell - The basic living unit of all living organisms.
vi. Mitochondria
vii. Lysosome *Each organ is an aggregate of many different cells
viii. Peroxisome held together by intercellular supporting structures.
ix. Filaments
*Each type of cell is specially adapted to perform one
x. Centrioles
xi. Cilia or a few particular functions
III. Composition of Cell Fluid
a. Extracellular Fluid The entire body is composed of 100 trillions of cell
b. Intracellular Fluid composed of:
III. Molecule Movement Across Cell Membrane A. Red Blood Cells - numbering 25 trillion in each
a. Diffusion human being and the most abundant type of
b. Filtration
Cell. And,
c. Osmosis
d. Non-ionic Diffusion B. There are about 75 trillion additional cells of
e. Carrier Mediated Transport other types that perform functions different from
f. Facilitated Diffusion those of the red cell.
g. Active Transport
h. Transport of Proteins and Other Large Organelles Structures with the cell.
Molecules
i. Transport Across Epithelia
A. Cell Membrane -- Semi Permeable
membrane.
Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and Allows the entry and exit of substances
General Physiology inside the cell; Surrounds the cell.
Also known as the Plasma Membrane.
Physiology Chemical composition varies from
-- The study of Processes and location and Permeability varies from
Functions of the different tissues, organs and cell to cell.
systems of the human body Are dynamic structures, which means
constituents are constantly renewed.

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 P-01 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY: THE CELL AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
7.5 nm in thickness and made up of
Proteins and Lipids
Phospholipids are the major lipids. E.g.
phosphatidylcholine
*Phospholipids have two parts:
1. Head contains phosphate; is
soluble to water; also called as Polar or
Hydrophilic; Exposed to the aqueous
environment in the exterior of the cell.
2. Tail - Relatively insoluble; called
Non- polar or Hydrophobic; ends meet in the
water-poor interior of the membrane.
Prokaryotic cell present in the membrane
of the bacteria. Phospholipids are the only
membrane.
Eukaryotic Cell- Contains nuclei. Thus it
contains Cholesterol and Phospholipids.
Types of Globular Proteins found in the Cell
Membrane
1. Integral proteins Globular proteins that
passes through the cell membrane.
2. Peripheral proteins Lines up or stands up
in the cell membrane. Attached to the surface
of the Cell Membrane. Glycosylated form;
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)
Most cells contains 50% of proteins.
Functions of the Cell Membrane
1. Structural Proteins
2. Pumps = actively transport Ions across the
cell membrane
3. Carriers= transport substances across cell
membrane as electrochemical gradient by
Facilitated Diffusion.
4. Ion Channels = permit the passage of ions
in or out of the cell.
5. Receptors= binds neurotransmitters.
6. Enzymes= catalyze reactions on the surface
of the cell membrane.
7. Antibodies= made up of Glycoproteins;
distinguish cell from non-cell
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Basement Membrane also called Basal Lamina.
Found mostly in underlying surface of cells.
Thin structure that contain Fibrils.
Made up of Collagen and Glycoproteins.
*Cells exhibits Intercellular Connections, in
between cells, for communication.
2 types of Junctions for Intercellular
Connection
1. Tight Junctions Permits the transfer of
information from one cell to another.
Build tissues with strength and hold
tissues together.
Known examples are Zonulae
Occludens, Desmosomes,
Hemidesmosomes, and Zonulae
Adherens
Made up of ridges, Cingulin and ZO-1.
Barriers varies in magnitude: leaky
barriers adheres to solutes.
Maintains polarity of the cell.
Fence keeping for certain proteins to the
apical region.
In Epithelial Cells, you can find:
1. Zonulae Adhrerens found in the base
of the cell; Made up of Intracellular Active
Fibers.
2. Adhesion Protein Cell Adhesion
Molecules (CAMS); Holds epithelial cells
together.
Two Types of CAMS:
A. Uromurolin Cell to cell
contact
B. Laminin Cell- substrate
contact.
2. Gap Junctions Transfer molecules and Ions
from cell to another.
Surrounds the apical regions of the cell.
Intercellular space to 25 nm to 3 nm.
Hexagonal shape of protein units called
Connexons, made up of 6 sub-units.
Channels: Diameter is 2nm
 P-01 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY: THE CELL AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
Permits sugar ions, and Amino Acid with up
to 1000 molecular weight.
Permits propagation of electrical signals.
Permits exchange of various chemical
messenger.
Regulated by intercellular calcium.
Effected by pH, alkalinity and volts difference
of the cell.
CELL ORGANELLES
1. Nucleus Transmission and Expression of
genetic information.
Nuclear Envelope Surrounds the nucleus
and acts as a barrier.
Made up of two membranes.
Nuclear Pore Ring shaped.
o Regulates the expression of gene
information between nucleus and
cytoplasm.
Nuclelous - Highly coiled structure,
associated with numerous particles.
Composed of DNA, RNA and Proteins.
Made up of fine networks of threads
known as Chromatin.
Chromosomes- contain genetic
information.
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum Most extensive
System of membranes, found throughout
the cytoplasm.
Flattened sacs or branching tubular
networks.
Two Forms:
A. Granular ER/ Rough ER -- Contains
ribosomes found in cytosolic; packaging of the
proteins.
Flattened sac appearance.
B. Agranular ER No ribosomes attached; Site
of lipid synthesis.
Branched tubular structure.
*Exist in some cell and amount varies in cell
especially in cell activity.
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3. Ribosomes bound to ER or found free in
the cytoplasm.
Large number of Protein and several
RNA molecules.
Synthesized proteins from Amino
Acids using genetic materials.
* The synthesized proteins are then
transferred to the Golgi Apparatus.
4. Golgi Apparatus series of closely
opposed flattened cells.
Only one in each cell, located near
the nucleus.
Sorts and Packages proteins and
transfer it to the vesicles.
5. Vesicles located in the concave
apparatus.
Spherical membranes
Delivers protein to the cell.
*Secretory vesicles- protein
secreting vesicles.
6. Mitochondria- Spherical pod-like structure
Contains inner membrane called cristae
Outer membrane is generally smooth in
structure.
Found throughout in the cell.
1000 mitochondria can be present in one
cell.
Is the site for chemical processes where
energy is made up for the cell.
*ATP- form of energy from the
Mitochondria, in a process that consumes O2 to
produce CO2.
7. Lysosome-- This organelles are spherical
or oval organelles.
Surrounded by a single membrane.
Breaks down bacteria and debris from
dead cells,
Breaks down cell organelles
Digestive system of the cell.
 P-01 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY: THE CELL AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
8. Peroxisome-- Structurally similar to
Lysosome, however differs in its chemical
composition.
Consumes 02 in a much smaller amount,
and destroys products from O2 like
Hydrogen Peroxide.
9. Filaments or Microtubules-- Associated in
maintaining the shape of the cell and helps in
the cell motility.
Types of Filaments
A. MicrofilamentsThinnest filament,
and is made up of Actin.
- Can be rapidly assembled or
disassembled, allowing the
change in Cytoskeleton
framework.
B. Intermediate -- Extensively develops
to mechanical strength.
C. Muscle Thick FilamentMade up of
contractile proteins called Myosin And Is
usually found in Muscle Cells
D.MicrotubulesContains, Tubulin.
Hollow tube at about 25nm in
diameter.
Consist of 30 Tubulin.
Most rigid filament
Maintain the cylindrical shape of
the cell.
10. Cilia Hair like extension of the cell.
Found in the surface of epithelia
Can make contact at the central core of
the microtubule to make movement.
Composition of the Body Fluid Compartment
Extracellular Fluids- Found outside the cell.
Takes up Oxygen and nutrients and they will
discharge metabolic waste.
1/3 of the total body water.
2 components:
15% interstitial fluid, ( ECF- CBP)
5% circulating blood plasma.
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Numerical compositions:
25% of extracellular fluid is in vascular
system of the body.
5% of total body weight is blood plasma
40% is composed of intracellular body
weight, in terms of the size of the body
compartment, and
20% is composed of extracellular body
weight.
8% Total blood volume.
Intracellular Fluids- Fluids found inside the cell.
2/3 of the total body water.
Total body water- ECF.
Normally, 60% of body weight
constitutes young men.
UNITS FOR MEASURING THE
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTES IN THE BODY
Moles = 6*1023 molecules
Millimole (mmol) = 1/1000 of a mole
Micromole = 1/1,000,000 of a mole.
Equivalent (eq) = 1 mole/ ionized substance
Milliequivalent (meq) = 1000 of eq
Gram equivalent = Weight of substance equal to
8000 grams of O2.
Normality (N) = Number of Equivalent in 1L of
solution.
Osmoles (osm) = Molecular weight of substance
in grams/ # of freely moving body.
Milliosmole = 1000 of an osmole.
*1 mole/L depress the freezing point by 1.86
degree celcius.
Osmolarity= Number of osmole/liter.
pH= log to the base 10 of the reciprocal of H
concentration.
Buffers stabilized the pH of the body fluids.
Binds or released Ions.
 P-01 INTRODUCTION TO PHYSIOLOGY: THE CELL AND GENERAL PHYSIOLOGY
CELL MOVEMENT
1. Diffusion- Expansion of gas on a solution due to
the motion of particles in Greater concentration to
Lesser Concentration.
*Net FluxArea of greater concentration to lesser
concentration.
Can be measured as the square of the
diffusion distance.
*Concentration Gradient Difference of
Concentration.
*Donnan Effect- Diffusion Difference and
distribution of ions.
*Solvent Drag or Bulk Flow- Net solvent flow in one
direction, wherein solvents tend to drag along.
2. Filtration- Process in a which a solute is forced to
a membrane because of the difference in the
pressure of the membranes.
-- Proportionate in the given pressure.
-- Molecules that are smaller in diameter will
pass through.
-- Affected by Pressure Gradient.
3. Osmosis- Concentration of water from lower
to higher concentration.
*Osmotic Pressure - Dependent on the number of
particles.
*Tonicity- Osmolar concentration of plasma.
-- Describes the osmolarity of a solution
compared to that of a plasma.
Isotonic- Osmolity is equal to the plasma
Hypertonic- Greater osmolarity
Hypotonic- Lesser osmolarity
*Osmolarity- 2(Na+) + 0.55 (Glucose) + 0.36 (BUN)
or blood urine nitogen.
- mosm/L
*2(Na+) = meq/L
*Glucose= mg/ dL
*BUN + mg/dL
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4. Non- Ionic Diffusion Weak acid and
bases; some are quite soluble.
The ionic form crosses the membrane
with difficulty.
Occurs mostly in GIT and Kidney.
Soluble in a dissociated form.
5. Carrier Mediated Transport Ions and
larged ionized molecules can be transported by
Carrier Transport.
*Facilitated diffusion- the transfer of molecules
from an area of higher concentration to area of lower
concentration and will not need any energy.
* Active Transport- Lower electrochemical
concentration to area of higher electrochemical
concentration; includes Protein pumps, uses ATP.
*Endocytosis Transport of proteins and other
large molecules inside the cell.
*Exocytosis Exit of large molecules in the cell.
Transport Across the Epithelia- Electrolytes and
non-electrolytes molecules can cross.
- Usually found in Mucosal distroma, Small
intestine, and cells in inner tubules
Capillary Wall- Barrier between plasma and
interstitial fluid.
- Behaves like a membrane, impermeable to
colloids with 25nm of osmotic pressure.
Transport Vesicles includes, Transcytosis and
Vesicular Transport or Cytopempis.
Units:
41 meq/kg- Total exchangeable body Na+
58 meq/kg- Total amount of Na+ in the body.
17 meq/kg- Non exchangeable Sodium, also
known as Hydroapatite.
45 meq/kg- Total exchangeable body
Potassium.
*Body Potassium is mostly Intracellular.
*10% of body potassium is bound.
*90% is interchangeable.