Bebida, Almiko

Camacho, Arvee
Flores, Thomas Michael
Sioco, John Anthony
What is MATERIAL TESTING?
Materials Testing is a highly precise and reliable set of
processes that measure material characteristics, such as
properties, structure and composition, against specified
criteria. The data and test results determine whether
materials, fasteners and treatments meet the
requirements of design engineers and regulatory
agencies, and are suitable for their intended application
Thermal Expansion
Thermal expansion occurs when an object expands
and becomes larger due to a change in the object's
temperature.

Temperature is the average kinetic (or movement)

energy of the molecules in a substance. A higher
temperature means that the molecules are moving
faster on average. If you heat up a material, the
molecules move faster, and as a result, they take up
more space - they tend to move into areas that were
previously empty. This causes the size of the object to
increase.
Example:
IMAGINE!!
MOLECULES
Equation

=

= change in length
= original length
= change in temperature
= linear coefficient of thermal expansion
 L

=
Fractional change in
length which is natural

quatity to use.
The change in
temperature determines
How much the material the fractional change in
expands. length.
Beam Deflection
The deflection at any point on the axis of the beam is
the distance between its position before and after
loading
The deformation of a beam is usually expressed in
terms of its deflection from its original unloaded
position. The deflection is measured from the original
neutral surface of the beam to the neutral surface of
the deformed beam.
The curved shape of the longitudinal
centroidal surface of a beam when the
transverse loads acting on it produced
wholly elastic stresses
The curve along which the axis of a
beam is bent under the action of a load
Diagrams, Symbols and Equations
Moment of inertia for rectangular section

I = bh3 12

Where h is the dimension in the plane of bending. In

the axis in which the bending moment is applied

Moment of inertia for round section

I = r4 4 = d4 64

Where r and d are the radius and diameter

respectively
 The diagrams show two types of support, fixed and simple.
At a fixed support, the beam is held rigidly, and the
angular deflection at the point of fixing is zero. At a simple
support, the beam can slide on the support and rotate
according to the force being applied on the beam.

L = length of beam
a = intermediate length of beam
= deflection of beam
F = force
E = Young's Modulus
I = moment of inertia of beam
End load on cantilever beam with
single fixed support

= FL3 3EI

This equation should also be used for

the deflection of an equalising beam
rotating about a fixed axis and bearing
onto two hornblocks either side of the
pivoting axis.
Centre load on beam with two
simple supports

= FL3 48EI
 Values of Young's Modulus, E
1
Beryllium copper 124 GPa
Brass, 70/30 hard temper 117.2 GPa
Brass, unspecified 96 to 110 GPa
1
Nickel-silver 132.5 GPa (127 GPa )
Phosphor-bronze, 5%, hard 131.8 GPa
1 2
Phosphor-bronze (92%Cu/8%Sn, or 111 GPa (114 GPa )
'CuSn8')
Steel, mild or tool 212 GPa
Steel, mild, low carbon 210 GPa
Steel, mild (hardened) 201.4 GPa
1
Steel, stainless 215.2 GPa (190 GPa )
Steel, tool (hardened) 203.2 GPa