Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
General solutions
1. Discrete eigenvalues (bounded regions)
Plane Waves
Let
then
1. is complex ( )
a. Uniform plane wave only when and are in the same
EMT 61
direction.
b. In general, and
2. is real ( ).
a. : Uniform plane wave.
b. : (ex: evanescent field in total reflection)
Rectangular Waveguides
TM to z:
Boundary conditions:
,
,
,
therefore
Similarly,
TE to z:
EMT 63
Wave impedance
1. TE:
2. TM:
TE to x:
Solutions are
Note:
1. Modes are .
2. Modes are
3. All others are hybrid of and .
Characteristic impedance
EMT 66
TM to x
Let , where is as follow
for , and
We can derive
Similarly,
EMT 68
numerically.
Similarly, for TE to x,
, a function of , solved
numerically.
Note:
1. Mode patterns are the distorted versions of , .
Concentrate in the material of higher and .
2. Cutoff frequencies lie between those of waveguides filled by the
two materials.
3. Cutoff frequencies of the corresponding and modes
are different.
4. Knowledge of the
cutoff frequencies is
not sufficient to
determine at other
frequencies.
EMT 69
Dielectric-slab Waveguides
TM to z
Consider separately two cases: (1) an odd function of , denoted
by , and (2) an even function of , denoted by . For case (1),
we have
where
satisfying
The ratio of the two equation to the second gives the characteristic
equation
even mode:
EMT 71
Surface-Guided Waves
Corrugated Waveguides
Assume the teeth are infinitely thin and that there are many slots per
wavelength such that at the surface.
Likewise in waveguide
(178)
(179)
And the electric fields at and must equal zero.
EMT 76
Integrate the above electric field equation with the mode patten
of mode in waveguide over surface , we have
where
(191)
where
EMT 77
(192)
which leads to
(197)
where
EMT 78
(200)
(201)
(203)
Thus is solved.
EMT 79
for
EMT 82
Then,
Therefore,
where
Note: the first term is positive real, the second is positive imaginary.
Let the total admittance be
.
, for
and ,
, inductive.
EMT 84
and satisfies
where
for TE modes
for TM modes.
Let , then
.
The divergence theorem becomes
also
We have
Currents in Waveguides
modes.
Then,
By Fourier Series,
Input impedance
, where .
Note:
1. diverges because of the delta function . Can be
EMT 88
Then,
EMT 89
At ,
where
Assume
Then,
where
where
EMT 92
Rectangular Cavities
In general,
EMT 94
Note:
1. Choose , if included.
2. Choose , if included.
3. Choose integer , if the space contain all range of , that is,
.
1.
a. B. C. where
is the roots of .
b. Cutoff frequency:
c. Wave impedance:
2.
b. Cutoff frequency:
c. Wave impedance:
EMT 97
3. Always degenerate( ).
4. First mode:
EMT 98
mode B. C.:
mode B. C.:
Dominant: .
EMT 99
Radial wave:
TM to z mode:
TE to z mode:
Phase constant:
EMT 100
Note:
Wave impedance:
Note:
5.
6. For real , are complex function of .
7. For , is imaginary, is also imaginary, not
propagation, evanescent.
8. First modes: .
a. : predominantly resistive
b. : predominantly reactive
c. Dominate mode: . Only and exist. TEM,
transmission-line mode.
Inward wave:
EMT 101
Outward wave:
TM to z mode:
TE to z mode:
Inward: , Outward:
EMT 102
TM to z mode ( ):
TE to z mode ( ):
Dominant mode:
1. : . Shorted radial waveguide mode .
EMT 103
For the same height-to-diameter ratio, the circular cavity has an 8.3%
higher Q than the rectangular cavity. This is to be expected, since the
volume-to-area ratio is higher for a circular cylinder than for a square
cylinder.
EMT 104
In dielectric 2:
B. Cs.: continues at .
where .
Dominant mode: the lowest mode. Zero cut-off frequency.
where .
Dominant mode: the lowest TM mode. Zero cut-off frequency.
EMT 107
Than, .
Since no variation in and ,
Since , .
Therefore, , and
TEM, .
Radiated power:
B. Cs. at :
where .
EMT 109
Wave Transformation
we have and
Scattering by Cylinders
At , , therefore,
At far field,
90
5 ka=10
120 60 ka=2
4 ka=1
ka=0.1
3
150 30
2
180 0
210 330
240 300
270
Radiation Pattern
EMT 114
90
1 ka=10
120 60 ka=2
0.8 ka=1
ka=0.1
0.6
150 30
0.4
0.2
180 0
210 330
240 300
270
Normalized Current
Symmetrical to (reciprocity).
90
1 0.25
120 60 0.5
0.8
1
0.6
150 30
0.4
0.2
180 0
210 330
240 300
270
Scattering by Wedges
we have
EMT 117
EMT 118
1. Zero-th order:
3. Only is finite at .
4. For out-going waves and , use .
where
For TE to r, choose
B.C.: at . We have
Resonant frequencies:
Note: .
EMT 121
Degeneracies:
example:
Orthogonality Relationships
Let
,
then,
For
then,
Since
When ,
Then,
EMT 124
Space as a Waveguide
TM to r:
Then,
TE to r:
Then,
Note:
EMT 125
TE to r:
Biconical Waveguide
B. C.:
Solution space:
Since is not included, use for .
TM to r:
TE to r:
Wedge Waveguides
B. C.:
Solution space:
TM ro r:
TE ro r:
Horn Waveguide
TM ro r:
TE ro r:
Biconical Cavity
Resonant frequencies:
EMT 129
and
Wave Transformation
Solution space:
1. Independent of : m=0.
2. included: .
3. included: , n integer.
Then,
Scattering by Spheres
EMT 130
Assume an x-polarized z-
traveling plane wave incident
on a PEC sphere with radius a.
Then,
and
.
From , be expressed as
We have
.
Similarly,
The form of the scattered field must be the same as the incident field
except the Bessel functions must represent out-going waves.
Therefore,
Back-scattered field
Consider
(Good
approximation for )
This is Rayleigh scattering law.
2. Large :
Dielectric Sphere
Also, the field inside the sphere is uniform. This results are the same
as D. C. case. This is called quasi-static approximation.
EMT 134
Legendre equation: