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REVHUYDPRV TXH D HQHUJLD PHFkQLFD GR VLVWHPD YDL FUHVFHQGR UDSLGDPHQWH H
WDPEpPDDPSOLWXGHGRPRYLPHQWR
7HRULFDPHQWH D HQHUJLD PHFkQLFD GR VLVWHPD DWLQJLGD D IUHTrQFLD GH
UHVVRQkQFLD FUHVFHUi LQGHILQLWLYDPHQWH $SHQDV DV OLPLWDo}HV ItVLFDV GH FDGD
VLVWHPD SRGHUmR OLPLWDU R DXPHQWR GD HQHUJLD PHFkQLFD R SrQGXOR HQWUDU HP
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RVFLODo}HV PRWLYDGDV SRU GHVORFDPHQWRV QR VROR DomR GRV YHQWRV HWF (VVDV
RVFLODo}HVVmRQRUPDOPHQWHLPSHUFHSWtYHLV6HSRUDOJXPPRWLYRXPDHGLILFDomR
VRIUHU D DomR GH XPD IRUoD TXH WHQKD D PHVPD IUHTrQFLD QDWXUDO TXH HOD VHUi
GHVWUXtGD UDSLGDPHQWH 'XUDQWH D 6HJXQGD *XHUUD 0XQGLDO SRU H[HPSOR XPD
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3DUD D UHVVRQkQFLD GH XPD RQGD VRQRUD WHPRV R YLROmR FRPR H[HPSOR 2
LQVWUXPHQWRpGRWDGRGHXPDFDYLGDGHLQWHUQDFKDPDGDFDL[DGHUHVVRQkQFLD$R
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FRUGDSURGX]LQGRRVRPTXHRXYLPRV
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TXHRFRUUHHPXPUiGLRFRPXP$RVLQWRQL]DUPRVXPDGHWHUPLQDGDHVWDomRDV
RVFLODo}HV HOpWULFDV GR UHFHSWRU WRUQDPVH GD PHVPD IUHTrQFLD GDV RQGDV
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