Solution 1.

2-(2)
dy y y
tan
dx x x
Subtitutin g y ux , we obtain
du
ux u tan u
dx
Cancelling u on both sides, rearranging and integrating gives
du 1 1
x
dx
tan u
tan u
du
x
dx ln x c1

But 1 cos u h sin u and dh cos udu

du
tan u sin u du

cos u dh
sin u du h ln h c2 ln sin x c2
Solution 1.2-(2)
Then

ln sin u c2 ln x c1
ln sin u ln x c1 c2 C (C c1 c 2 )
sin u sin u
ln C e C A ( A e C )
x x
y
Substitute u
x
y y
sin Ax sin 1 Ax
x x
Finally the solution to the ODE is
y x sin 1 Ax
Exercise
1) Find the particular solution of the following differenti al
equation t hat satisfy th e initial condition y (0) = 2.

dy xy
2
dx x y 2

Answer
x2
2 y2
y 2e
 Solution Method-Exact ODEs
A differenta l equation of type
M ( x, y )dx N ( x, y )dy 0
is called an exact differenti al equation if and only if
M N the equation is not exact
M N
(7) But, if y x equation.
y x
The general solution of an exact equation is given by

M ( x, y ) dx


M ( x, y )dx
y
N ( x, y )dy C

(8)

P

P ( x, y )
y
N ( x, y ) dy C

where, P ( x, y ) M ( x, y ) dx
Example 1.3

Solve the differenti al equation.

dy
1) x 3x y 0
dx
2) 2 xydx ( x 2 3 y 2 ) dy 0
Solution 1.3-(1)
dy
x 3x y 0
dx
Rearrangin g into the form Eq. (2), we obtain
(3 x y )dx xdy 0
M ( x, y ) (3 x y ) and N ( x, y ) x
Check exactness of this equation
M N
1 and 1
y x
The given equation is exact because
M N
1
y x
Solution 1.3-(1)
Using Eq. (8), calculate the general solution; 2
3x
write P ( x, y ) M ( x, y ) dx (3 x y ) dx yx
2

and

M ( x, y ) dx P x
y y
2
P 3x

P ( x, y ) N ( x, y ) dy C yx x xdy C
y 2
Finally, the solution to the original ODE is

3x 2
xy C
2
Solution 1.3-(2)

2 xydx ( x 2 3 y 2 ) dy 0

M ( x, y ) 2 xy and N ( x, y ) ( x 2 3 y 2 )

Check exactness of this equation

M N
2x and 2x
y x
The given equation is exact because
M N
2x
y x
Solution 1.3-(2)

Using Eq. (8), calculate the genaral solution;

write P(x, y) M ( x, y ) dx 2 xydx x 2 y

and

M ( x, y )dx P x 2
y y
P

P ( x, y )
y
N ( x, y ) dy C

2
2 2
x y x x 3 y dy C 2
x 2 y 3 y 2 dy C

Finally, the solution t o the original ODE is
x2 y y3 C
Exercise

2
1) ( 2 xy sin x ) dx ( x cos y ) dy 0

x 2 y cos x sin y C

2) e y dx ( 2 y xe y ) dy 0
xe y y 2 C
Solution Method-InExact ODEs
Equations that may be written in the form
M ( x, y )dx N ( x, y )dy 0
(9)
M N
but for which are known as inexact equations.
y x
However it can always be made exact by multiplyin g by
integratin g factor i ( x,y ) that obeys
(iM ) (iN )
(10)
y x
For an integratin g factor tha t is a function of both x and y ,
there exists no general method for finding it.
If, however, an integratin g factor exists that is a function of
either x or y alone, then equation (10) can be solved to find it.
Solution Method-InExact ODEs
If we assume that the integratin g factor is a function
of x alone, i i ( x ), the integratin g factor is then given by

f ( x)dx 1 M N
i ( x) e where f ( x) (11)
N y x

If integrating factor i i ( y ), then

g ( y )dy 1 N M
i( y) e where g ( y ) (12)
M x y
Example 1.4
Find the general solution of the following differenti al
equation.
dy 2 3y

dx y 2x

Solution 1.4
Rearrangin g into the form Eq. (2), we have
dy 2 3y 4x 3y 2
(4 x 3 y 2 ) dx ( 2 yx ) dy 0
dx y 2x 2 yx
Take, M ( x, y ) 4 x 3 y 2 and N ( x, y ) 2 yx
M N
therefore, 6y and 2y
y x
Solution 1.4
so the ODE is not exact in its present form.
However, if we calculate f ( x ) using Eqn.(11), we see that
1 M N 1 2
f ( x) 6 y 2 y
N y x 2 yx x

a function of x alone.
Therefore an integrating factor exists that is also a function of
x alone. By using Eqn.(11), we obtain
2
i ( x) e
f ( x ) dx
e
x
dx
e 2 ln x x 2
multiplyin g given equation t hrough by integratin g factor
we obtain
(4 x 3 3 y 2 x 2 ) dx ( 2 yx 3 ) dy 0
Solution 1.4
iM ( x, y ) (4 x 3 3 y 2 x 2 ) and iN ( x, y ) (2 yx 3 )
(iM ) (iN )
and 6 yx 2
y x
using equation

iM ( x, y )dx


iM ( x, y ) dx
y
iN ( x, y ) dy C


calculate the general solution.

3 2 2
( 4 x 3 3 y 2 x 2 ) dx
3
( 4 x 3 y x ) dx

y
2 yx dy C


Solution 1.4
4 2 3
x y x
4
x y x
2 3
3
2 yx dy C
y

x 4 y 2 x 3 2 yx 3 2 yx 3 dy C

x 4 y 2 x3 C

Finally, the general solution is

x 4 y 2 x3 C