University Lurio

University Lurio
Index
Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1

CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS ........................................................................................ 4

Classification according to the constituent: ............................................................................ 4

Classification according to the origin and type of occurrence of mineral: ............................. 5

magmatic minerals .................................................................................................................. 5

metamorphic minerals ............................................................................................................. 6

sublimated minerals ................................................................................................................ 6

minerals pneumatolticos ........................................................................................................ 7

Classification Of Minerals ...................................................................................................... 9

as the density rating: ............................................................................................................... 9

ore minerals ............................................................................................................................. 9

Mineral gems or precious stones .......................................................................................... 10

Conclusion ................................................................................................................................ 11

references .................................................................................................................................. 12
Introduction

Mineral is a solid, crystalline natural body formed as a result of the interaction of physical and
chemical processes in geological environments. Each mineral is classified and named not only
based on theirchemical compositionBut also in crystalline structurethe materials that compose
it. As a result of this distinction, materials of the samechemical composition may be totally
separate mineral merely a result of structural differences in the way their atoms or molecules
are spatially arranging (for example, graphite it's the Diamond). The minerals vary in
composition fromchemical elementsIn pure or nearly pure state, and simple salts The
silicatescomplexes with thousands of known forms. Although strictly speaking theoil, O natural
gasand other organic compounds formed in geological environments are minerals, usually the
most organic compounds is excluded. Also excluded are those substances, even though
identical in composition and structure to some mineral produced by human activity (for
example theconcretesor the artificial diamond). The study of minerals is the object of study of
this work.

1
The term mineralogy derived from the word MINERA Latin, probably Celtic origin, (mine, ore
deposit, seam), probably Celtic origin, which forms the Mineralis Latin adjective, "on the
mines" and the noun from the Latin minerale (product mines), which gave rise to the adjective
and noun mineral Portuguese, plus the suffix Greek logy (science, treatise, study); so
mineralogy is the study of minerals in all its aspects.

The definition of mineral has some controversy: for any and all homogeneous, solid or liquid,
inorganic origin and arises naturally in the earth's crust, usually with a defined chemical
composition and which are formed in favorable conditions, have ordered atomic structure
conditioning crystalline form and their physical properties; for others, it is a substance with
ordered internal structure (crystals), defined chemical composition, and inorganic origin which
occurs naturally in the earth's crust or other celestial bodies.

Substances originating from activities or biological processes (animal or plant), such as coal,
amber, ivory, pearl oil, which are not included in any of the definitions, shall be termed
mineraloid, as well as non-crystalline materials, excluding the second definition.

2
The minerals are characterized by the way the atoms (cations and anions) are disposed (internal
structure) and the chemical composition expressed by chemical formula. The chemical
composition of the minerals can vary within the limits defined and predictable characteristics
atomic generating different groups of minerals or solid solutions.

Minerals are the different types of rocks, mono or poliminerlicas, sedimentary, metamorphic,
magmatic, hydrothermal or pneumatolticas. Some of these rocks due to the very fine grain, like
some types of basalts, show in an examination with the naked eye, with appearance of a single
mineral (homogeneous mass). However, when viewed petrographic microscope and the
electron microscope extreme cases, it appears that are composed of various crystalline
substances and, sometimes, also amorphous material (glass).

The substances produced in the laboratory with ordered internal structure and defined chemical
compositions, are called artificial or synthetic crystals or minerals, and no internal structure of
glass. Currently man can reproduce in the laboratory, with very similar, virtually all the
minerals and natural gemstones. Thus, laboratories are produced diamond, sapphire, ruby,
quartz, spinel, emerald etc.

3
CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS

Minerals, like the animals and plants, need to be sorted or categorized according to scientific
principles to streamline the study. The basic principle of classification developed by Linnaeus
(1758) in the book "In Nature" was the basis for other classifications, such as elaborated by:
Berzelius (1827), which established the purely chemical system; Niggli crystallographic or
isotype classification system, where mineral grouped based on their morphology (cubic,
hexagonal, orthorhombic, etc.); Machatscki the paragentico system (combination of natural
minerals that crystallize together).

The classification most used in mineralogy, for best meet scientific needs, since it considers
the structure and chemical composition of minerals, was drafted by Strunz (1935). This
classification subdivides the 12 minerals in large groups, based on the chemical composition,
and these groups are divided based on the structural organization. Thus we have: native
elements; sulfides; sulfossais; oxides and hydroxides; halides; carbonates; nitrates; borates;
sulfates and chromates; phosphates, arsenates, and vanadates; tungstates and molybdates, and
silicates (nesossilicatos, sorossilicatos, cyclosilicates, inosilicates, phyllosilicates and
tectosilicate).

There are many other mineralogical classifications developed to meet specific needs, such as
the constituent present in the most important minerals, the mode of occurrence of them in
nature, genesis and paragenetic associations as well as physical properties. Among these are:

Classification according to the constituent:

In this case minerals are grouped according to the most important chemical element, not taking
into account the chemical composition of minerals, the crystallographic and physical properties.
Thus, all important Fe minerals will be gathered in the same class: hematite - Fe 2 O 3 (trigonal
rhombohedral), magnetite Fe3O4 (isometric), siderite FeCO3 (trigonal rhombohedral), goethite
HFeO2 (orthorhombic), pyrite FeS2 (isometric) marcasite FeS2 (orthorhombic), troillita (FeS)
(hex), pyrrhotite, Fe1 xS (hex / orthorhombic), etc. In the case of copper, it has the same
antlerita group Cu3 (OH) 4SO4 (orthorhombic); atacamite Cu2Cl (OH) 3 (orthorhombic);
malachite Cu2 (CO3) (OH) 2 (monoclinic), azurite Cu3 (CO3) 2 (OH) 2 (monoclinic), bornite
Cu5FeS4 (isometric), chalcocite Cu2S (orthorhombic), chalcopyrite CuFeS2 (tetragonal),

4
covellite CuS (hexagonal) , cuprite Cu2O (isometric) enargita Cu3AsS4 (orthorhombic),
tetrahedrite (Cu, Fe, Zn, Ag) 12Sb4S13 (isometric); etc.

Classification according to the origin and type of occurrence of mineral:

This way to group minerals, based on the training mode and type of occurrence, was widely
used by mineralogists and geologists and even today has been used especially in the area of
Economic Geology. Here minerals are classified into magmatic, metamorphic, sublimated,
pneumatolticos, hydrothermal and / or formed from hot or cold solutions.

magmatic minerals

They are those resulting from the magma crystallization and are igneous or magmatic rocks.
The magmas may be considered chemical solutions at very high temperatures, which cause
crystal phases according to the laws of solutions, being extremely rare crystallizing magma
generate only a crystalline phase; normal is the presence of various minerals with different
compositions and properties. In general, the formation of the mineral melts with cooling and
changes in environment overburden pressure or fluids, among other factors, it is particularly
controlled by the concentration of the constituent elements and solubility of the magma
solution. The faster the crystallization process, the less crystalline phases and increased the
volume of non-crystalline material (or volcanic obsidian glass), reaching only lead glass; On
the other hand slower the crystallization will be the largest constituent, generating pegmatite.

The crystallization of magmas result in different magmatic rocks (basalts, gabbros, granites,
diorites, peridotites, dunites, syenite, pyroxenites etc.) and sometimes also some important
mineral deposits containing magnetite, ilmenite, chromite, pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, pentlandite
etc. because segregation resulting from the insolubility (especially in the case of sulfides) and /
or mineral density differences or liquid in relation to imissvel magma origin. For some

5
researchers, these minerals segregation, form a class apart, called accumulated minerals by
magmatic segregation.

metamorphic minerals

originate mainly by the action of temperature, pressure and overburden pressure of the volatile
phase of magmatic rocks, sedimentary and metamorphic rocks also about other. The
metamorphic processes (regional, contact, dynamic, thermal, the ocean floor, load, impact etc)
generate a lot of minerals, many of whom would hardly be formed by other processes, such as
the diopside, wollastonite, idocrsio , garnet, staurolite, andalusite, kyanite and sillimanite,
epidote, tremolite, actinolite, etc.

sublimated minerals

are those formed directly from the crystallization of a vapor, as well as the interaction between
these vapors and with the rocks of the channels through which they pass. The most common
example is the formation of sublimation of the snow, ice crystallization from water vapor, as
igneous associated activities, because the magma having volatile as water; sulfur, carbon
dioxide, chlorine, fluorine, boron and its volatiles, plus other minor constituents, many appear
sublimated minerals.

The contained volatile in magma concentrated in the residual phase and when the magma arrive
at or near the earth's surface, volatile phase tend to escape aspect occurring in volcanic eruptions
6
or the fumarole and then may deposit minerals by direct sublimation, forming halite ( NaCl -
rock salt or salt), ammonium salt (NH 4 Cl), sulfur, sylvite (KCl), borates, chlorides and
fluorides. Other minerals, such as hematite, may appear cavities in volcanic generated by
sublimation processes resulting from the interaction of FeCl3com water vapor according to the
reaction: 2FeCl3 + 3H2O = Fe2O3 + 6HCl.

minerals pneumatolticos

They are formed by reaction of the volatile constituents derived from the magmatic
crystallisation degassing inner land or metamorphic reactions on the surrounding rocks. In this
process can be formed topaz, beryl, tourmaline, fluorspar, cryolite, cassiterite, wolframite,
phlogopite, apatite, etc. scapolite In the formation of cassiterite, the volatile compound Snf4
governs with water vapor according to the reaction: Snf4 + 2 (H2O) = + 4HF SnO2.

Minerals formed from solutionsThey arise due to deposition by evaporation, temperature

variations, pressure, porosity, pH and / or EH. This process occurs in the earth's surface and at
different depths. In the Earth's surface solutions when not directly connected to magma
activities normally have ambient temperatures and are considered cool and diluted, while those
moving slowly depths and / or are associated with volcanic activity are hot and contain large
amounts of cations and anions dissolved, and can generate significant mineral deposits. The
main mineral formation processes from solutions are listed below.

- Evaporation of the solvent: in this case precipitation occurs due to the concentration exceeds
the solubility coefficient for the evaporation process, a fact that occurs especially in hot and
dry areas, forming sulfate (anhydrite, gypsum etc.), halides (halite, sylvite, etc. ) etc.

- Gas Loss acting as solvent: process that occurs when a solution containing gases enter counted
with rocks causing reaction to what occurs when an aqueous solution containing carbon
7
 dioxide comes in contact with limestone, in which case the calcium carbonate is forming
partially dissolved calcium bicarbonate (CaH2 (CO3) 2) compound soluble in the solution.
The calcium bicarbonate is unstable, and because of the increased concentration resulting
from evaporation and / or due to the degassing of the solution and other factors, there is a
reversal of the dissolution reaction precipitated calcium carbonate [CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
=> CaH2 (CO3) 2]. This process can give rise to the stalactites and stalagmites, marble
onyx, onyx cave and travertine.

- decrease of the temperature and / or pressure: the deep source solutions resulting from
metamorphic changes (dehydration, decarbonation, etc.) or magmatic crystallisation
typically contain significant amount of dissolved material. When these solutions cool or
pressure decreases, formed hydrothermal minerals deposited in the form of shafts or veins.
The hot springs and geysers have a lot of deposited minerals (carbonates, sulfides, arsenides,
halides etc.), constituting evidence of the performance of this process.

- Interaction solutions: The meeting of aqueous solutions with different solutes, by interacting,
or may form insoluble compound with much lower solubility coefficient, which
precipitates. As an example may be mentioned the finding of a solution of calcium sulfate
(CaSO4) with another containing barium carbonate (BaCO3), resulting in formation of a
precipitate barite (BaSO4).

- Interaction solutions and crystals: In this case a solution with certain soluble compound reacts
with mineral yielding other mineral phases, such as occurs when a zinc sulphate solution
with contacts calcite contained in marble or limestone, yielding smithsonite (ZnCO3 ) and
anhydrite (CaSO4) and gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O).

- Gas Interaction with solutions: The gas passage with a solution containing ions can generate
precipitates, an example of which occurs with the passage of H2S (hydrogen sulfide) with
a solution containing cations of Fe, Cu, Zn, etc., forming sulfides iron (pyrite FeS 2),
chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), sphalerite (ZnS), etc.

- Action bodies on solutions: This process results from the action of living organisms, animal
or plant on the solutions. Thus a large number of marine life (coral, Crinoids, molluscs etc.)
extracting calcium carbonate from brines to form their shells and hard parts of their bodies,

8
 resulting in the formation of calcite (CaCO3) and fewer aragonite ( CaCO 3) and dolomite
[MgCa (CO3) 2]. Likewise sponges, the radiolarians and diatoms cause precipitation of
amorphous silica. Some bacteria precipitate iron (limonite, goethite) or promote the
deposition of sulfur, nitrates, etc.

Classification Of Minerals

chemistry classificationIn this case minerals are arranged according to their chemical
compositions, resulting in two groups: native elements, sulfides, sulfossais, oxides, etc.

Rating for color: As for coloring minerals are classified as: mafic or fmicos Minerals, those
with dark colors because they contain iron, magnesium, titanium, manganese, etc., like the
olivine, pyroxene, amphibole etc., and felsic or sialic Minerals, those which are colorless or
white, silica-based compounds and / or alumina, such as quartz, feldspar, zeolite, etc.

as the density rating:

light:are those that float in bromoform due to lower density such that the chemical compound
(2.89).

heavy:They are those with a density greater than 2.89, so sink into the bromoform.

ore minerals

are those substances which are minerals which can be extracted one or more useful purposes
profitable elements (economic). In this context, it appears the name of emineral denim mineral
yoke.

9
 Mineral gems or precious stones

are minerals that are used for making jewelry and costume jewelry, and in the specialized books
gems minerals can be classified according to color, hardness, gloss and other physical properties

rocks mineralsThey occur forming the rocks and are frequent.

gangue minerals:in these mineral deposits together with the ore minerals due to economic,
technological and compositional, are not used, and are incorporated into the reject.

yoke of minerals: Mineral overlying mineral deposits formed by surface oxidation or

laterization; dominate the hydroxides and oxides of Fe, Al and Mn.

Minerals can be further classified according to their physical properties, volatility; color,
brightness; solubility; magnetism and magnetic suscebilidade; density (light and heavy);
fusibility; radioactivity, toughness, etc.

10
Conclusion

This paper concludes that the minerals are the different types of rocks, mono or
poliminerlicas, sedimentary, metamorphic, magmatic, hydrothermal or pneumatolticas.
Some of these rocks due to the very fine grain, like some types of basalts, show in an
examination with the naked eye, with appearance of a single mineral (homogeneous mass).
However, when viewed petrographic microscope and the electron microscope extreme cases,
it appears that are composed of various crystalline substances and, sometimes, also
amorphous material (glass).

11
references

http://www.rc.unesp.br/museudpm/banco/introducao.html

Leinz, Viktor, 1904-1983. General Geology / Viktor leinz, Srgio Estanislau do Amaral. - 14.
Ed View - Sao Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 2003. -.. (University library Series 3,
Pure Sciences, v.1.)

TEIXEIRA, Wilson. Deciphering Earth / organizers: Wilson Teixeira .... [Etal. ]. - Sao Paulo:
Texts Workshop, 2000. 2nd Reprint, 2003.

12