Lecture23 - Stress Strain Relation

Third Edition
LECTURE
FAILURE CRITERIA:
MULTIAXIAL STRESS STATES
A. J. Clark School of Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
23 by
Dr. Ibrahim A. Assakkaf
SPRING 2003
Chapter ENES 220 Mechanics of Materials
7.5 7.6, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
7.9 University of Maryland, College Park
LECTURE 22. FAILURE CRITERIA: MULTIAXIAL STRESS STATES (7.5 7.6, 7.9) Slide No. 1
ENES 220 Assakkaf
The Stress Transformation

Equations for Plane Stress
Example 7
At a point in structural member subjected
to plane stress there are normal and
shearing stresses on horizontal and
vertical planes through the point, as shown
in Fig. 24. Use Mohrs circle to determine
(a) the principal stresses and maximum.
shearing stress at the point, (b) the normal
and shearing stresses on the inclined
plane AB shown in the figure.
1
ENES 220 Assakkaf
The Stress Transformation

Equations for Plane Stress
Example 7 (contd) y
120MPa B
640
A
B 1160
640 20 Mpa
0
64 x
A 640
80 Mpa
Fig.24
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Example 7 (contd)

The given values for use in C R = 94.34
drawing Mohrs circle are: V (20,80)
x = 20 MPa
y = 120 MPa
xy = -80 MPa C
z = p3 = 0 2 = 2(64 ) = 1280
20 + 120 H (120,80)
C= = 70 MPa
2
R = radius = (120 70) 2 + ( 80 ) = 94.34
2
2
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 7 (contd) 80
= sin 1 = 580
94.34
The principal stresses and C
maximum shearing stress V (20,80)
can be computed as p1
p2 1280

(a )
580
p1 = C + R = 70 + 94.34 = 164.34 MPa
p 2 = C R = 70 94.34 = 24.34 MPa ( n , nt )
p3 = 0
p = R = 94.34 MPa R = 94.34 H (120,80)
Since p1 and p1 have opposite sign,
max = p = 94.34 MPa
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 7 (contd) 80
= sin 1 = 580
94.34
The normal and shearing C
stress on inclined plane V (20,80) 60
can be computed as p1
p2 128 0
( b)
580
n = C + R cos 60 = 70 + 94.34 cos 60 ( n , nt )
= 163.8 MPa
H (120,80)
nt = R sin 6 = 94.34 sin 6 = 9.86 MPa
0 0 R = 94.34
3
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Multiaxial Stress States

Generalized Hookes law
Hookes law can be extended to include
the biaxial and triaxial states of stress that
often encounter in engineering
applications.
Lets consider the differential element of
the material subjected to biaxial state of
normal stress (Figure 26)

E=

ENES 220 Assakkaf

Generalized Hookes Law
y
y
Fig.25
yx x
yz xy z
zy xy = yx
zx x
xz yz = zy (29)
z
zx = xz
4
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Fig.26
y
dy x
dx
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Shearing stresses have not been shown in
the differential element of Fig. 26 because
they do not produce changes in the lengths
of sides of the element.
They only produce distortion of the element
(angle changes), that can contributes to
the angular strain.
5
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The deformation of that element in the
direction of the normal stresses, for a
combined loading, can be determined by
computing the deformations resulting from
the individual stresses separately and
adding the values obtained algebraically.
This procedure is based on the principle of
superposition.
ENES 220 Assakkaf

When applying the principle of
superposition, the following conditions
must be satisfied:
Each effect is linearly related to the load that
produced it.
The effect of the first load does not scientifically
change the effect of the second load.
6
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The first condition is satisfied if the
stresses do not exceed the proportional
limit of the material.
The second condition is also satisfied if the
deformations small so that the small
changes in the areas of the faces of the
element do not produce significant
changes in the stresses.
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Consider an element of material in the
shape of cube as shown in Figure 27.
We may assume the side of the cube to be
equal to unity, since it is always possible to
select the side of cube as a unit length.
Under the given multiaxial loading, the
element will deform into a rectangular
parallelepiped of sides equal, respectively
to
7
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y 1+ x Fig.27
1
1+ y
y
1
x
x
z z 1
1+ z
(a) (b)
ENES 220 Assakkaf

1+ x
1+ y (30)
1+ z
Where x, x, and z denote the values of the
normal strain in the directions of the three
coordinate axes of Figure 27b.
8
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Considering first the effect of the stress
component x, we know that this stress will
cause a strain equal to x/E in the x-
direction, and strains equal to (- x/E) in
each of the y and z directions.
In a similar manner, if y is applied
separately, it will cause a strain equal to
y/E in the y- direction, and strains equal to
(- y/E) in the other directions.
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Finally, the stress component z will cause
a strain equal to z/E in the z- direction,
and strains equal to (- z/E) in each of the
x and y directions.
Combining the results obtained, we
conclude that the components of strain
corresponding to the given multiaxial
loading are
9
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General State of Strain

x =
1
E
[
x ( y + z ) ]
1
[
y = y ( x + z )
E
] (31)
[
z = z ( x + y )
1
E
]
ENES 220 Assakkaf

It can be shown based on the previous
discussion and on Eq. 31 that if these
equations are solved in terms of the
strains, we could have two formulations or
expressions for the components of normal
stresses.
These two general formulations are
provided in the next two slides.
10
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State of Stress
x =
E
( x + y )
1 2
(32)
y =
E
( y + x )
1 2
These equations can be used to calculate normal stresses
from measured or computed normal strains.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
General State of Stress
x =
E
(1 + )(1 2 )
[
(1 ) x + ( y + z ) ]
y =
E
(1 + )(1 2 )
[
(1 ) y + ( x + z ) ] (33)
z =
E
(1 + )(1 2 )
[
(1 ) z + ( x + y ) ]
11
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Useful Relationship between G, E and
E
G= (34)
2(1 + )
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Generalized Hookes Law for Shearing

Stress and Strain in Isotropic Materials
E
xy = G xy = xy
2(1 + )
E (35)
yz = G yz = yz
2(1 + )
E
zx = G zx = zx
2(1 + )
12
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Example 8
At a point on the surface of a structural
steel (E = 200 GPa and G = 76 GPa)
machine part subjected to a biaxial state of
stress, the measured strains were x =
+750 m/m, y = +350 m/m, and xy = -
560 rad. Determine the stresses x, y,
and xy at the point.
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 8 (contd)
The given values are:
x = +750 m/m, y = +350 m/m, xy = -560
rad, E = 200 GPa, and G = 76 GPa
Using Eq. 34,
E 1 E
G= = 2
2(1 + ) 2 G
1 200
= 2 = 0.3158
2 76
13
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Example 8 (contd)
Using Eq. 32
200 109
x =
E
( + ) = [750 + 0.3158(350)]106
1 2 1 (0.3158)
x y 2
= 191.17 10 6 N/m 2 = 191.2 MPa (T)
200 109
y =
E
( + ) = [350 + 0.3158(750)]106
1 2 1 (0.3158)
y x 2
= 130.37 10 6 N/m 2 = 130.4 MPa (T)
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 8 (contd)
The shearing stress xy can be computed
from the the following relationship:
xy = G xy
= 76 109 (560 10 6 )
= 42.56 10 6 N/m 2 = 42.6 MPa
14
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Example 9
Determine the state of strain that
corresponds to the following state of stress
at a point in a steel (E = 30,000 ksi and =
0.30) machine part: x = 15,000 psi, y =
5000 psi, z = 7500 psi, xy = 5500 psi, yz
= 4750 psi, and zx = 3200 psi
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 9 (contd)
The given values are as follows:
x = 15.0 ksi, y = 5.0 ksi, z = 7.5 ksi
xy = 5.5 ksi, yz = 4.75 ksi, zx = 3.2 ksi
E = 30,000 ksi, and = 0.30
Using Eqs. 31, the strains are
x =
1
E
[
x ( y + z ) =] 1
30,000
[15 0.3(5 + 7.5)] = 375 in/in
15
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 9 (contd)
y =
1
E
[
y ( x + z ) = ] 1
30,000
[5 0.3(15 + 7.5)] = 58.3 in/in
E
[
z = z ( x + y ) =
1
] 1
30,000
[7.5 0.3(15 + 5)] = 50 in/in
Using Eq. 35
E 2(1 + )
yz = G yz = yz yz = yz
2(1 + ) E
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 9 (contd)
2(1 + ) 2(1 + 0.3) )
xy = xy = (5.5) = 477 rad
E 30,000
2(1 + ) 2(1 + 0.3) )
yz = yz = (4.75) = 412 rad
E 30,000
2(1 + ) 2(1 + 0.3) )

zx = zx = (3.2) = 277 rad
E 30,000
16
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Strain Measurement and Rosette

Analysis
Electrical resistance strain gages provide
accurate measurements of normal strain.
The gage may consist of a length of 0.001
in-diameter wire arranged as shown in
Figure 28 and cemented between two
pieces of paper.
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Analysis
Fig.28
17
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Analysis
The wire or foil gage is centered to the
material for which the strain is to be
determine.
As the material is strained, the wires are
lengthened or shortened.
This lengthening and shortening will cause
changes in the electrical resistance.
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Analysis
The change in resistance can be measured
and calibrated to provide normal strain
Shearing strains are often obtained by
measuring normal strains in two or three
different directions.
The shearing strains can be computed
from normal strain data using the following
equations:
18
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Analysis
a = x cos 2 a + yx sin 2 a + xy sin a cos a
b = x cos 2 b + yx sin 2 b + xy sin e b cos b (36)
y c = x cos 2 c + yx sin 2 c + xy sin c cos c
a b
c b a
a
x
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Analysis
Rosette Types Fig.29
Gage 600
Gage Gage
Gage
Gage Gage
450 600 600
(a) 450 Rosette (a) Delta Rosette
19
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Analysis
In-plane strains and their Orientations
xy
tan 2 p =
x y
2 2
x +y x y xy
p1 , p 2 = +
2 2 2 (37)
2 2
x y xy
p = 2 +
2 2
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Analysis
The principal strain z = p3 can be
determined from the measured data. From
Eqs. 31 and 33,
E
z =
E
( x + y )=
E 1 2
[( x + y ) + ( y + x )]

= ( +y) (38)
1
x
20
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Analysis
Out-of-plane principal Strain

z = ( +y) (39)
1
x
ENES 220 Assakkaf
Example 10
At a point on the free surface of an
aluminum alloy (E = 73 GPa and = 0.33)
machine part, the strain rosette shown in
Fig. 30 was used to obtain the following
normal strain data: a = +780, b = +345,
c = -332. Determine (a) the strain
components x, y, xy and (2) the principal
strains and maximum shearing strain.
21
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 10 (contd)
600
Gage c Gage b
y
600 600
x
Gage a
Figure.30. Delta Rosette
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 10 (contd)
a = x = +780 , b = +345 ( = 600 ), c = 332 ( = 600 )
(a ) n = x cos 2 n + y sin 2 + xy sin n cos n

b = 780 cos 2 ( 600 ) + y sin 2 ( 600 ) + xy sin ( 600 )n cos( 600 ) = +345
c = 780 cos 2 (600 ) + y sin 2 (600 ) + xy sin (600 )n cos(600 ) = 332
Solving above eqaution, yields
x = a = +780 y = 251 xy = 782rad
22
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 10 (contd)
2 2
x +y x y xy
p1 , p 2 = +
2 2 2
2 2
780 251 780 + 251 782
= +
2 2 2
Therefore,
p1 = 264.5 + 647 = 911.5
p 2 = 264.5 647 = 383
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 10 (contd)
Using Eq. 39, the third principal strain is

p3 = z = ( +y )=
0.33
(780 251) = 261
1
x
1 0.33
p = max = 2(647) = 1294 rad

1 xy 1 782
p = tan 1 = tan 1 = 18.59 0
2 x y 2 780 + 251
23
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 11
The strain rosette shown in Figure 31 was
used to obtain normal strain data at a point
on the free surface of a 2024-T4 aluminum
alloy structural component. The gage
readings were a = +525, b = +450, and
c = +1425. Determine
(a) the strain components x, y, xy at the
point.
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 11 (contd)
(b) the stress components x, y, and xy.
(c) the principal stresses and maximum
shearing stress at the point (in SI units).
y
Gage c 450 450 Gage b

450 x
Gage a
Figure.31
24
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 11 (contd)
a = x = +525 , b = +450 ( = 450 ), c = +1425 ( = 450 )
(a ) n = x cos 2 n + y sin 2 + xy sin n cos n

b = 525 cos 2 (450 ) + y sin 2 (450 ) + xy sin (450 )n cos(450 ) = +450
c = 525 cos 2 ( 450 ) + y sin 2 ( 450 ) + xy sin ( 450 )n cos( 450 ) = +1425
Solving above eqaution, yields
x = a = +525 y = +1350 xy = 975rad
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 11 (contd)
(b) For 2024 - T4 aluminum alloy : E = 73 GPa and G = 28 GPa

1 E 1 73
Eq. 34 gives = 2 = 2 = 0.3036
2 G 2 28
Eqs 32 give
x =
E
[
x + y =] 73 109
[525 + 0.3036(1350)]10 6 = 75.2 MPa (T)
1 1 (0.3036 )
2 2
y =
E
[ + =] 73 109
[1350 + 0.3036(525)]10 6 = 121.4 MPa (T)
1 2 1 (0.3036 )
y x 2
xy = G xy = 28 109 ( 975 10 6 ) = 27.3 MPa
25
ENES 220 Assakkaf

Example 11 (contd)
(c) Eq. 22a gives

2
x + y
x y 75.2 + 121.4 75.2 121.4
2
p1, p 2 = + xy2 = + ( 27.3)

2

2 2 2 2
p1 = 98.27 + 35.76 = 134 MPa
p 2 = 98.27 35.76 = 62.5 MPa
p3 = z = 0 p = 35.8 MPa (note max because p1 and p 2 have same sign)
1
max = [ max min ] = 1 [134 0] = 67 MPa
2 2
1 2 1 2( 27.3)
p = tan 1 xy
= tan 1 = 24.9 0
2 x y 2 75.2 121.4
26

Lecture23 - Stress Strain Relation

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Lecture23 - Stress Strain Relation

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Third Edition

The Stress Transformation

The Stress Transformation

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Mohrs Circle for Plane Stress

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Generalized Hookes Law

Multiaxial Stress States

Generalized Hookes Law

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Generalized Hookes Law

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Generalized Hookes Law

Multiaxial Stress States

General State of Strain

Multiaxial Stress States

Generalized Hookes Law

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

General State of Stress

Multiaxial Stress States

Useful Relationship between G, E and

Multiaxial Stress States

Generalized Hookes Law for Shearing

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

= 191.17 10 6 N/m 2 = 191.2 MPa (T)

= 130.37 10 6 N/m 2 = 130.4 MPa (T)

Multiaxial Stress States

= 42.56 10 6 N/m 2 = 42.6 MPa

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

2(1 + ) 2(1 + 0.3) )

Multiaxial Stress States

Strain Measurement and Rosette

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Strain Measurement and Rosette

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Strain Measurement and Rosette

(a) 450 Rosette (a) Delta Rosette

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Strain Measurement and Rosette

Multiaxial Stress States

Strain Measurement and Rosette

Multiaxial Stress States

Multiaxial Stress States

Figure.30. Delta Rosette

Multiaxial Stress States