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UNITING THEORY AND PRACTICE INTHE ETHNOGRAPHY
OF SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: NOTES TOWARD A HOPEFUL
REALISM
John Burdick
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All SaintsDay
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was what I will call "the radicals." They argued that theCampaign
should be regarded as an all-out effort to instill views quickly and
clearly that they identified as the highest possible level of
consciousness about race relations inBrazil. The other faction,which
I will call the "moderates," while agreeing about ultimate ends, had
reservations about means. This was a group which had in common,
among other things, a history of participation in theWorker's Party.
In contrast to the radicals, they entertained doubts about how
confrontational theCampaign should be, whether, for example, some
language might alienate more than teach, whether theywere asking
people to move too fast, and so on.
An important flashpoint of this concern was this faction's
reservation about introducing theAfro-mass into theCatholic liturgy.
The radicals argued thatAfro-Brazilian religion should be legitimated
by calling upon parishioners to dance in church and sing toAfrican
gods. The moderates averred that layCatholics were not ready for this.
The radicals replied that itwas precisely thepresumption that "people
were not ready" that perpetuated an alienated, false consciousness
among blacks. Black Catholics, the radicals claimed, would respond
to thenew liturgy,would feel "their spirit" finallyaccepted inChurch,
and would return to it, away from other religions, such as
pentecostalism and umbanda which, afterall, recognized theirneed to
dance and sing.
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Notes
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34. Sociologists have finally begun to recognize the importance of situating social
movement discourse in relation to preexisting popular worldviews and social
relations (for example, Snow and Benford, Ideology, "Frame Resonance and
Participant Mobilization."
35. Escobar, "Culture, Economics and Politics in Latin American Social
Movements," p. 77.
36. Orin Starn, "Rethinking the Politics of Anthropology: The Case of the
Andes" (1994), in press.
37. Touraine, The Return of theActor.
38. Thomas Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (Chicago: Chicago
University Press, 1962).
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