Wdi 2016 Highlights Featuring Sdgs Booklet PDF

WORLD
DEVELOPMENT
INDICATORS 2016
20
Featuring the Sustainable Development Goals
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WDI16-SDG-Booklet.indd 1 4/6/16 3:42 PM

2016 World Development
Indicators
Highlights: Featuring the
Sustainable Development Goals
Extracted from the full version of WDI 2016

2016 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank
1818 H Street NW, Washington DC 20433
Telephone: 202-473-1000; Internet: www.worldbank.org
Cover design: Communications Development Incorporated.
Cover photo: Simone D. McCourtie/World Bank. Further permission required for reuse.
World Development Indicators 2016: Highlights

Table of contents
Introduction1
Sustainable Development Goals NEW!
SDG 1 No poverty 2
SDG 2 Zero hunger 4
SDG 3 Good health and well-being 6
SDG 4 Quality education 8
SDG 5 Gender equality 10
SDG 6 Clean water and sanitation 12
SDG 7 Affordable and clean energy 14
SDG 8 Productive employment and economicgrowth 16
SDG 9 Industry, innovation, and
infrastructure20
SDG 10 Reduced inequalities 22
SDG 11 Sustainable cities and communities 24
SDG 12 Responsible consumption and production 26
SDG 13 Climate action 28
SDG 14 Life below water 30
SDG 15 Life on land 32
SDG 16 Peace, justice, and strong
institutions34
SDG 17 Partnership for global development 36
Cross-cutting issues
Statistical capacity 38
Financial inclusion 39
Fragility, conflict, and violence 40
Sustainable Development Goals and targets 41
Featuring the Sustainable Development Goals

World Development Indicators 2016: Highlights

INTRODUCTION
1
These WDI Highlights are drawn from World Devel- A World Bank Group Perspective
opment Indicators (WDI) 2016 - the World Banks For each of the 17 goals, experts from the World
compilation of internationally comparable statis- Banks Development Data Group, Global Prac-
tics about global development and the quality of tices and Cross-Cutting Solution Areas have
peoples lives. selected indicators to identify and analyze
WDI is regularly updated and new data are important trends and challenges, and to elicit
added in response to the needs of the develop- discussion on measurement issues.
ment community; the 2016 edition includes new New indicators have been added, and in
indicators to help measure the Sustainable Devel- some cases data have been used from pub-
opment Goals. lished studies or reports. An interactive pre-
sentation of key indicators for assessing the
The Sustainable Development Goals Sustainable Development Goals is available at
On September 25, 2015, the United Nations Gen- data.worldbank.org/sdgs
eral Assembly formally adopted the 2030 Agenda
for Sustainable Development, which guides global A Global Collaboration
action over the next 15 years. Consisting of 17 Sus- World Development Indicators is the result of a
tainable Development Goals (SDGs) and 169 associ- collaboration of numerous international agen-
ated targets, this new agenda builds on the achieve- cies, over 200 national statistical offices and
ments of the Millennium Development Goals, but is many others. With a new, broader set of goals,
far wider in scope and ambition. targets, and indicators, the data requirements
The SDGs focus on five themes: people, planet, for monitoring the SDGs will demand more from
prosperity, peace, and partnership. Countries have these partnerships. Both governments and
resolved to end poverty and hunger and ensure that development partners will need to continue
all people can fulfill their potential in dignity and investing in national statistical systems and
equality and in a healthy environment; to protect other relevant public institutions, where much
the planet from degradation and take urgent action of the data will continue to originate. At the
on climate change; to ensure that all people can same time, the statistical community needs to
enjoy prosperous and fulfilling lives and that prog- strengthen partnerships with the private sec-
ress takes place in harmony with nature; to foster tor and other emerging actors for advancing
peaceful, just, and inclusive societies free from fear new techniques of data collection, analysis,
and violence; and to mobilize the means to imple- and use.
ment Agenda 2030, focused on the poorest and The full range of WDI products is available
most vulnerable, through strong global partnership. at: data.worldbank.org/wdi
Featuring the Sustainable Development Goals1

SDG 1 No poverty
In 2012, 13percent of the worlds population lived below the international
poverty line of $1.90 a day, down from 37percent in 1990. Declines in
all regions contributed to the early success of meeting the Millennium
Development Goal target of halving extreme poverty globally. Sustain-
able Development Goal 1 builds on this and proposes ending poverty in
End poverty in all forms by 2030. It also aims to ensure social protection for poor and
all its forms vulnerable people, to increase access to basic services, and to support
everywhere people harmed by conflict and climate-related disasters.
Eradicating extreme poverty If national growth rates for the past 10 years
Many countries have made dramatic progress prevail for the next 15 years, the global extreme
in reducing extreme poverty, though the global poverty rate will fall to 4 percent by 2030,
totals tend to be dominated by reductions in with variations across regions (figure 1b), and
the two largest countries, China and India. In if national growth rates for the past 20 years
East Asia and Pacific the extreme poverty rate prevail, it will be around 6percent.1 Eliminating
fell from 61 percent in 1990 to 7 percent in extreme poverty will require a step change from
2012, and in South Asia it fell from 51percent historical growth rates.
to 19 percent (figure 1a). In contrast, Sub-
Saharan Africas extreme poverty rate did not Reducing poverty in all its dimensions
fall below its 1990 level until 2002. Based on according to national definitions
national growth rates over the past 10 years, Like the Millennium Development Goals, the
the global extreme poverty rate is estimated to Sustainable Development Goals recognize that
be below 10percent in 2015, a drop of more poverty is defined differently by national authori-
than two-thirds since 1990. ties. Sustainable Development Goal 1 aims to
The Sustainable Development Goal tar- halve poverty rates based on these national defi-
get of eliminating extreme poverty in all its nitions (target 1.2). Some countries define pov-
forms everywhere by 2030 is very ambitious. erty rates using benchmarks based on income;
The share of the population living in extreme Eradicating extreme poverty by 2030
1a 1b
poverty fell between 1990 and 2012 willbechallenging
Share of population living on less than 2011 PPP $1.90 a day Share of population living on less than 2011 PPP $1.90 a day if
(%) national growth rates for the last 10 years prevail (%)
75 50
Sub-Saharan Africa
Sub-Saharan Africa
40
50
30
East Asia & Pacific South Asia
World
20
25 South Asia
Latin America & Caribbean World
Middle East & North Africa
a
10 East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia Latin America & Caribbean
Europe & Central Asia
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 2012 2030
Note: Regional estimates exclude high-income countries. Note: Regional estimates exclude high-income countries. Data for the
a. Estimates for 2009 onward are not shown because survey coverage is Middle East and North Africa are unavailable due to low survey coverage.
too low. Source: Ferreira, F. H. G., and others, 2015, A Global Count of the
Source: World Bank PovcalNet (http://iresearch.worldbank.org/. Extreme Poor in 2012: Data Issues, Methodology and Initial Results,
PovcalNet/); World Development Indicators database (SI.POV.DDAY). Policy Research Working Paper 7432, World Bank, Washington, DC.
2 World Development Indicators 2016: Highlights

while current data are sparse, in the last 15 systems, especially in low-income countries.
years both Indonesia and Sri Lanka have halved Only one out of five people receives one or
their income based poverty rate. More recently, more types of social protection benefit in low-
some countriessuch as Colombia and Mexico income countries, compared with two out of
have adopted measures that aim to cap- three in upper middle-income countries (figure
ture the multidimensional nature of poverty by 1c). The coverage gap is particularly acute in
assessing the extent to which households are Sub-S aharan Africa and South Asia, where
deprived in different ways (such as health, edu- most of the worlds extremely poor people live.
cation, housing, and labor market opportunities). In Sub-Saharan Africa only 15percent of people
in the bottom income quintile have access to a
Increasing social protection for those most social protection benefit (figure 1d).
inneed Average social assistance cash benefits
Social protection programs include social account for only 10 percent of poor peoples
assistance, such as cash transfers, school consumption in low-income countries, 21per-
feeding, and targeted food assistance, and cent in lower middle-income countries, and
social insurance and labor market programs, 37percent in upper middle-income countries.
such as old-age pensions, disability pensions, Overall, social assistance transfers are not
unemployment insurance, skills training, and large enough to close the poverty gap in the
wage subsidies. Improving coverage of social poorest countries.
protection programs and targeting appropriate
schemes to the poor and most vulnerable can Note
further reduce poverty (target 1.3). 1.Ferreira, F. H. G., and others, 2015, A Global Count of the Extreme Poor
Despite progress over the past decade, most in 2012: Data Issues, Methodology and Initial Results, Policy Research
poor people remain outside social protection Working Paper 7432, World Bank, Washington, DC.
Coverage of social protection is lowest The coverage gap for social protection is
1c 1d
inthepoorest countries acute in Sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia
Share of population receiving social protection benefits, Share of population in the bottom income quintile receiving social
most recent year available during 200014 (%) protection benefits, most recent year available during 200014 (%)
80 100
Labor market
Social insurance
Social assistance
60 75
50
40
25
20
0
Sub-Saharan South Middle East Latin East Asia Europe
0 Africa Asia & North America & & Pacific & Central
Africa Caribbean Asia
Low Lower middle Upper middle
income income income More than one social protection benefit Only social assistance programs
Source: World Bank Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience Only social insurance programs No transfer
and Equity (http://datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/); World Development
Indicators database (PER_SA_ALLSA.COV_POP_TOT, PER_SI_ALLSI. Source: World Bank Atlas of Social Protection Indicators of Resilience and
COV_POP_TOT, PER_LM_ALLLM.COV_POP_TOT). Equity (http://datatopics.worldbank.org/aspire/).

SDG 2 Zero hunger
Over the past 25 years the share of the worlds population suffering
from hunger has fallen. The prevalence of undernourishment, where food
intake does not meet continuous dietary energy requirements, has been
almost halved globally, from 19percent to 11percent, but remains far
higher in low-income countries than elsewhere (figure 2a). Efforts to end
End hunger, hunger by 2030 (target 2.1) will not be successful if current trends con-
achieve food tinue. Improvements in food security and sustainable agriculture, espe-
security and cially in cereal yields, can help.
improved
Improving nutrition (target 2.2). In countries where the number of
nutrition, Consistent with the World Health Assemblys children under age 5 is likely to grow, achieving
and promote Global Nutrition Targets 2025,1 Sustainable this involves both reducing the number and the
sustainable Development Goal 2 focuses on both child-

hood malnutrition and the nutritional needs of
prevalence of stunted children.
agriculture adolescent girls and pregnant women, along Supporting food security and sustainable
with older people (target 2.2). Anthropomet- agriculture
ric indices, including stunting (low height for Raising the agricultural productivity of poor
age), wasting (low weight for height), and over- households will be central to ending hunger by
weight (high weight for height) in children under 2030 (targets 2.3 and 2.4). In low-income coun-
age5, are common indicators of nutrition. The tries changes in poverty and undernourishment
prevalence of child stunting has declined in all have been closely related to changes in agricul-
income groups since 1990 but remains close to tural productivity and in particular to changes
40percent in low-income countries and above in cereal yields. In periods of stagnant agricul-
30 percent in lower middle-income countries tural productivity growth, as experienced by
(figure 2b). Sustainable Development Goal 2 low-income countries from 1990 to 1999, poor
aims to reduce the number of children under people saw little improvement in wealth and
age 5 who are stunted by 40percent by 2025 nutritional health. But they have seen benefits
Undernourishment has declined globally Prevalence of child stunting is falling but is

2a 2b
but remains high in low-income countries closeto 40percent in low-income countries
Prevalence of undernourishment Prevalence of child stunting
(% of population) (% of children under age 5)
50 60
Low income
40 Low income
Lower middle income
40
30 World
Lower middle income
20
World 20
Upper middle income
10
Upper middle income High income
0 0
1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014
Note: Data refer to the middle year of three-year intervals. For example,
data for 2005 are the estimate for 200406. Source: United Nations Childrens Fund, World Health Organization, and
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization Food Security Indicators World Bank, 2015, Levels and Trends in Child Malnutrition, New York; World
database; World Development Indicators database (SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS). Development Indicators database (SH.STA.STNT.ZS).

during more productive periods. Between 2000 the regions where agricultural productivity is
and 2012 the average annual growth rate lowest (figure 2d) and where vulnerability to
of cereal yields in low-income countries was climate change is high. Further gains in agri-
2.6percent; over the same period both poverty cultural productivity and climate resilience are
and undernourishment fell 2.7 percent a year needed, particularly in low-income countries, to
(figure 2c). A similar directional pattern exists raise poor peoples incomes and feed growing
for lower and upper middle-income countries, populations.
though the proportional impacts vary.
By 2030, population growth, and hence food Note
demand, is projected to increase the most in 1. World Health Organization Global Targets 2025 (www.who.int/nutrition
the poorest parts of the world. These are also /global-target-2025/).
Increased agricultural productivity correlated

2c
with a decline in poverty and undernourishment
Low income Lower middle income Upper middle income
Average annual growth rate, 200012 (%)
5 5 5
0 0 0
5 5 5
10 10 10
15 15 15
Agricultural value added per worker Poverty headcount ratio at 2011 PPP $1.90 a day Cereal yields Prevalence of undernourishment
Source: World Bank national accounts files; Food and Agriculture Organization Production Yearbook and data files; World Bank PovcalNet database (www
.worldbank.org/PovcalNet/); World Development Indicators database (EA.PRD.AGRI.KD, AG.YLD.CREL.KG, SN.ITK.DEFC.ZS, SI.POV.DDAY).
Population growth is projected to be highest

2d
where agricultural productivity is lowest
Projected population change, 201530 Cereal yields, 2013
(%) (kilograms per hectare)
40 5,000
4,000
30
3,000
20
2,000
10
1,000
0 0
Low Lower Upper Low Lower Upper
income middle income middle income income middle income middle income
Source: United Nations Population Division (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/WUP2014_XLS_CD_FILES/WUP2014-F05-Total_Population.xls); Food

and Agriculture Organization; World Development Indicators database (AG.YLD.CREL.KG, SP.POP.TOTL).

SDG 3 Good health and well-being
In low-income countries more than half the population dies from commu-
nicable diseases or maternal, prenatal, or nutrition conditions. In middle-
and high-income countries the pattern is different: More than two-thirds
die from noncommunicable diseases. Sustainable Development Goal 3
focuses on improving well-being, especially at the most vulnerable stages
Ensure healthy of life, providing health services, and improving imbalances between
lives and promote poorer and richer countries.
well-being for
all at all ages Targeting a range of health impacts accelerate considerably for the global maternal
The Millennium Development Goals focused on mortality ratio to fall below 70 per 100,000 live
improving health conditions in low- and middle- births by 2030 (target 3.1).
income countries, covering maternal mortality, Providing mothers with skilled attendants
child mortality, infectious diseases, and sexual at delivery and access to hospital treatments
and reproductive health. Sustainable Develop- is key to treating life-threatening emergencies.
ment Goal 3 introduces additional targets for Worldwide, the proportion of births attended
noncommunicable diseases, mental health, by skilled health staff increased from 60per-
substance abuse, injuries, universal health cov- cent in 2000 to 68percent in 2011. However
erage, and pollution.1 only half of births are attended in low-income
countries.
Reducing maternal mortality
The global maternal mortality ratio declined dra- Providing universal access to sexual and
matically between 1990 and 2015, from 385 reproductive health care
maternal deaths per 100,000 live births to 216 Sustainable Development Goal 3 aims to
(figure 3a). Despite this 44 percent decline, ensure universal access to sexual and repro-
the Millennium Development Goal target of ductive health care services (target 3.7). One
reducing the maternal mortality ratio by three- indicator for this is the fertility rate of adoles-
quarters was not met. The decline will need to cent women (ages 1519), as women who give
The maternal mortality ratio The adolescent fertility rate

3a 3b
has fallen in all regions remains high in low-income countries
Maternal mortality ratio Adolescent fertility rate
(deaths per 100,000 live births) (births per 1,000 women ages 1519)
1,000 150
750 Low income

Sub-Saharan Africa
100
South Asia Lower middle income
500
World World
250 Europe & Central Asia 50
East Asia & Pacific Latin America & Caribbean
Upper middle income
High income
0 High income
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
0
Note: Regional estimates exclude high-income countries. 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014
Source: World Health Organization, United Nations Childrens Fund, United
Nations Population Fund, World Bank Group, and United Nations Population Source: United Nations Population Division, 2015, World Population
Division, 2015, Trends in Maternal Mortality: 1990 to 2015, Geneva; World Prospects: The 2015 Revision, New York; World Development Indicators
Development Indicators database (SH.STA.MMRT). database (SP.ADO.TFRT).

birth at an early age are likely to bear more Reducing noncommunicable diseases and
children and are at greater risk of death or seri- injuries
ous complications from pregnancy. The ado- Sustainable Development Goal 3 also aims to
lescent fertility rate has been declining world- reduce deaths and adverse consequences of
wide but remains high in low-income countries, noncommunicable diseases and injuries (tar-
at 98 births per 1,000 women ages 1519 get 3.6). Traffic injuries caused 27 deaths per
(figure3b). 100,000 people in low-income countries in
2013, three times more than in high-income
Ending preventable childhood deaths countries (figure 3d).
In 2015 the global under-five mortality rate in There are challenges for monitoring nearly all
2015 was less than half the rate in 1990, fall- the targets. Gaps exist because the key data
ing just short of the Millennium Development sources, such as civil registration and vital
Goal target of a two-thirds reduction (figure 3c).2 statistics systems, are weak in many low- and
Sustainable Development Goal 3 aims to end middle-income countries, as are health informa-
preventable deaths of newborns and children tion systems.
under age 5 and to reduce the under-five mor-
tality rate in every country to below 25 deaths Notes
per 1,000 births (target 3.2). For this to hap- 1. World Health Organization, 2015, Health in 2015: From MDGs Millennium
Development Goals to SDGs Sustainable Development Goals, Geneva. [www
pen, progress needs to accelerate especially .who.int/gho/publications/mdgs-sdgs/].
in many low-income and lower middle-income 2. United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation. 2015.
Levels & Trends in Child Mortality. Report 2015. [http://childmortality.org/].
countries. New York.
In 2015 the global under-five mortality Deaths caused by traffic accidents are
3c 3d
ratewasless than half the rate in 1990 morelikely in low-income countries
Under-five mortality rate Mortality caused by road traffic injury, 2013
(deaths per 1,000 live births) (per 100,000 people)
200 30
Sub-Saharan Africa
150
South Asia 20
100 World
East Asia & Pacific 10
50
Latin America & Caribbean
High income
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 0
Note: Regional estimates exclude high-income countries. Low Lower Upper High World
income middle income middle income income
Source: United Nations Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation,
Levels & Trends in Child Mortality: Report 2015; World Development Source: World Health Organization, 2015, Global Status Report on Road
Indicators database (SH.DYN.MORT). Safety 2015; World Development Indicators database (SH.STA.TRAF.P5).

SDG 4 Quality education
Progress has been made toward universal education, with 92percent of
children worldwide completing primary education and 74percent com-
pleting lower secondary education. But the gross tertiary enrollment ratio
remains around 30percent. Increased access to higher education is
needed to achieve a productive, talented, and diverse labor force and an
Ensure inclusive empowered citizenry. Sustainable Development Goal 4 also focuses on
and equitable education quality, proficiency in key subjects at various ages, and access
quality education to modern education facilities.
and promote
Attending and completing school considering the number of primary school
lifelong learning Considerable progress has been made since age children increased 14 percent over the
opportunities 1990 as more students enroll and finish pri- same period, which placed further pressure on
for all mary school (target 4.1). The primary comple-

tion rate increased from 81percent in 1990 to
national education systems.
Gross enrollment ratios at all levels of edu-
92percent in 2013 worldwide, and East Asia cation have risen globally, but wide variations
and Pacific and Europe and Central Asia have remain between rich and poor countries. For
achieved or are close to achieving universal pri- example, children in high-income countries
mary education. Sub-Saharan Africa still lags were almost five times more likely than children
behind the rest of the world, despite a substan- in low-income countries to have entered pre-
tial increase in the regions primary completion primary school in 2013 (target 4.2; figure 4c).
rate to 69percent in 2013 (figure 4a). The trend is similar for tertiary gross enrollment
While many children enroll in school, some (target 4.3).
never attend, attend intermittently, or start
but drop out entirely. In 2013, 59 million pri- Assessing the quality of education
mary schoolage children were not in school, One challenge of Sustainable Development
a substantial decrease from the 102million in Goal 4 is how to measure the quality of educa-
1990 (figure 4b). This reflects great progress tion and assess learning outcomes. Many types
A larger share of children are Over half of out-of-school children

4a 4b
completing primary school areinSubSaharan Africa
Primary completion rate Primary schoolage children out of school
(% of relevant age group) (millions)
125 125
Latin America & Caribbean Europe & Central Asia
East Asia & Pacific
Europe & Central Asia North America
100 100
East Asia & Pacific
South Asia Latin America & Caribbean
75 Middle East & North Africa 75
Sub-Saharan Africa
50 50
South Asia
25 25
Sub-Saharan Africa
0 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013
Note: Data for North America are unavailable.
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Institute for Statistics; World Development Indicators database (SE.PRM. Institute for Statistics; World Development Indicators database (SE.PRM.
CMPT.ZS). UNER).

Not all children have the same
4c
opportunities to enroll in school
Pre-primary Tertiary
Gross enrollment ratio
(%)
100 100
75 75
50 50
25 25
201213
201213
1990
1990
0 0
Low Lower Upper High Low Lower Upper High
income middle income middle income income income middle income middle income income
Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization Institute for Statistics; World Development Indicators database (SE.PRE.ENRR, SE.TER.ENRR).
of learning assessments are available, but dif- Addressing data challenges

ferent methodologies and coverage of ages, While many indicators and proxies exist to mon-
subjects, and years make comparisons across itor many of the education targets under Sus-
countries difficult. tainable Development Goal 4, more are needed.
Students understanding of core subjects There is a conceptual challenge in developing
is fundamental to well functioning education global indicators for target 4.4, which stipulates
systems (targets 4.1 and 4.6), and though by 2030, substantially increase the number
not wholly comparable, regional assessments of youth and adults who have relevant skills,
shed light on countries achievements in including technical and vocational skills, for
these areas. The Programme for the Analysis employment, decent jobs and entrepreneur-
of Education Systems assessment in Sub- ship. Countries will need to define relevant
Saharan Africa showed that only half of grade skills suitable for their own job market struc-
5 students achieved the minimum learning ture and economic situation and set up robust
goal in mathematics. The Trends in Interna- and timely data collection systems to populate
tional Mathematics and Science Study showed these indicators.
that around 80percent of grade 4 students in
Different assessments report varying
mainly Europe and Central Asia and Middle East 4d
basicknowledge in mathematics
and North Africa achieved the low international Students achieving basic knowledge benchmarks in mathematics
(%)
benchmark for mathematics.
PASEC (grade 5 above the
Assessments of adolescents learning out- knowledge base rate), 200610
SACMEQ (grade 6 above
comes have shown that around 30percent of basic numeracy), 2007
TIMSS (grade 4 reaching the low
students worldwide fail to achieve minimum international benchmark), 2011
PISA (15-year-olds above
mathematics proficiency, according to the Pro- level 2), 2012
TIMSS (grade 8 reaching the low
international benchmark), 2011
gramme for International Student Assessment
0 25 50 75 100
and the Trends in International Mathematics and T IMSS is Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study. PISA is
Program for International Student Assessment. SACMEQ is Southern and
Science Study for grade 8 students (figure 4d). Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational Quality. PASEC is
2012
2030
Programme for the Analysis of Education Systems.

Students who do not achieve the lowest level Source: World Bank EdStats database, Confrence des ministres de
lducation des tats et gouvernements de la Francophonie (www.confemen
of proficiency by age of 14 or 15 are unlikely to .org), Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (www.oecd.org
/pisa/), Southern and Eastern Africa Consortium for Monitoring Educational
master the skills by the end of schooling and Quality (www.sacmeq.org), and TIMSS & PIRLS International Study Center
(http://timssandpirls.bc.edu).
therefore may not be ready for work.

SDG 5 Gender equality
Despite much progress toward gender equality in recent years, critical
gaps between men and women persist. Half of women are economically
active, compared with over three-quarters of men. On top of limited eco-
nomic opportunities, women often have restricted agencytheir ability
to make decisions about their lives and to act on those decisions. While
Achieve gender women and girls usually bear the direct costs of inequalities, gender bias
equality and has a cost to all, reducing the pace of development.
empower all
women and girls Identifying obstacles to equality Legal frameworks that protect men and
Sustainable Development Goal 5 explicitly recog- women equally are an important first step
nizes gender equality and the empowerment of toward gender equality, but discriminatory laws
women and girls and sets ambitious targets for persist. Around 60 percent of countries lack
ending all forms of discrimination against women legislation that ensures equal opportunities in
and girls, eliminating all forms of violence and hiring practices, requires equal remuneration for
harmful practices, improving economic empower- work of equal value, or allows women to perform
ment and access to productive assets and tech- the same jobs as men. While almost all coun-
nologies, and enhancing the female voice and tries mandate maternity leave, almost half do
decision-making power beyond the Millennium not guarantee mothers an equivalent position
Development Goals focus on education. on their return, discriminating against women
who become pregnant and want to come back
Empowering womens economic opportunities to work after the birth of a child (figure 5a).
Increasing womens income-earning opportuni- Fewer women than men are economically
ties and their access to productive assets pro- active, and women often occupy less secure
vides a direct pathway out of poverty. Economic and lower paying jobs than men or choose jobs
empowerment can also give women voice and that offer flexible hours, allowing them to bal-
agency to manage their own money and make ance work and household responsibilities. And
decisions for themselves and their family. more women than men are contributing family
Many countries do not guarantee an A larger share of women than of

5a 5b
equivalentposition after maternity leave men are in unpaid family work
Number of countries, 2015 Contributing family workers, most recent year available during
Law does not mandate paid 200514 (% of employed)
or unpaid maternity leave 50
6
40
30
Law mandates paid
or unpaid maternity Law mandates
paid or unpaid 20
leave but equivalent
position is not maternity leave and
guaranteed after equivalent position is
maternity leave guaranteed after 10
Female
71 maternity leave
Male
96
0
Low Lower Upper High
incomea middle income middle incomea income
a. Covers less than 66 percent of the population.

Source: International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour
Source: World Bank, 2016, Women, Business, and the Law 2016: Getting Market database; World Development Indicators database (SL.FAM.WORK.
toEqual, Washington, DC. FE.ZS, SL.FAM.WORK.MA.ZS).

workers (figure 5b). These jobs are often inse- the hands of a husband, boyfriend, or partner.1
cure, do not provide any contractual security Rates of violence vary widely across countries,
or benefits, and offer limited opportunities for but such violence occurs in all regions, regard-
career advancement and higher wages. less of income or education level.2 Reliable sta-
Firm ownership and management are also tistics are hard to collect, and rates are often
dominated by men. Worldwide, 83 percent of underestimated.
firms have a man as a top manager, and 66per-
cent of firms have no female participation in Eliminating child, early, and forced marriage
their ownership (figure 5c). Eliminating child, early, and forced marriage is a
Access to financial services is another vehi- focus of target 5.3. Child marriage pushes girls
cle of economic empowerment, allowing women into adulthood before they are mature3: Young
to borrow and save to start a business, cope brides often drop out of school, have more chil-
with economic shocks, and invest in their fam- dren (figure 5d), face higher health risks during
ilys future. But in many countries women face pregnancy and childbirth, and suffer more bar-
more barriers than men do in opening a bank riers to obtaining a higher paid job and gaining
account, such as the need for a male family financial independence. All this leads to a lack
members permission, a lack of documenta- of voice and agency. Although child marriage is
tion to prove identity, and lack of information. prohibited by law in the majority of countries,
Worldwide, 57percent of women held their own one in four women ages 2024 is married by
account at a financial institution in 2014, com- age 18.4
pared with 64percent of men.
Notes
Ending violence against women and girls 1.World Bank, 2014, Gender at Work: A Companion to the World
Development Report on Jobs, Washington, DC.
Target 5.2 calls for eliminating all forms of 2.United Nations Statistics Division, 2015, Worlds Women 2015: Trends
and Statistics, New York.
violence against women and girls. Worldwide, 3.World Bank, 2014, Voice and Agency: Empowering Women and Girls for
an estimated one in three women has expe- Shared Prosperity, Washington, DC.
4.United Nations Childrens Fund [http://data.unicef.org/child-protection
rienced physical or sexual violence or both at /child-marriage.html].
Firm ownership and management Young brides

5c 5d
are dominated by men have more children
Share of firms, most recent year available during 201016 Adolescent fertility rate, 2014
(%) (births per 1,000 women ages 1519)
100 250
Niger
200
Mali
75
Without 150
women Chad
Man
100
50 Central African Rep.
50
25 0
With women 0 25 50 75 100
Woman Share of women who were first married by age 18,
most recent year available during 201014 (%)
0
Firm ownership Firm top manager Source: Demographic and Health Surveys; United Nations Population
by sex by sex Division, 2015, World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision, New York;
Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys; World Development Indicators World Development Indicators database (SP.ADO.TFRT); World Bank Gender
database (IC.FRM.FEMO.ZS, IC.FRM.FEMM.ZS). Statistics database (SP.M18.2024.FE.ZS).

SDG 6 Clean water and sanitation
Despite halving the number of people worldwide without access to an
improved water source over the past 25 years, the poorest countries
are struggling to sustainably provide safe water and adequate sanita-
tion to all. Just over a quarter of people in low-income countries have
access to an improved sanitation facility, compared with just over half
Ensure availability in lower middle-income countries. Delivery of water supply and sanita-
and sustainable tion is not just a challenge of service provision; it is intrinsically linked
management with climate change, water resources management, water scarcity, and
of water and water quality.
sanitation for all Ensuring access to an improved water source
and improved sanitation facilities food security, disaster resilience, and ultimately
In many countries, economic and population economic growth.
growth as well as urbanization have increased
water demand while supply has remained Easing access to drinking water
unchanged or even decreased due to climate Sustainable Development Goal 6 encompasses
change. Although 2.6billion people have gained a call for drinking water for all (target 6.1). In
access to an improved water source since 2015, 91percent of the worlds population had
1990, dwindling supplies of safe drinking water access to an improved water source, exceed-
remain a global problem. More than $250bil- ing the Millennium Development Goal target
lion in GDP is lost every year in low- and middle- of 88 percent. However, more than 660 mil-
income countries because of inadequate water lion people still lack access to clean water, the
supply and sanitation services.1 majority of them in rural areas, predominantly
Sustainable Development Goal 6 recognizes in Sub-Saharan Africa (figure 6a). Even for those
that sustainably managing water goes beyond who have access to water, service is often inad-
simply providing a safe water supply and sanita- equate or unsustainable, and water from an
tion to include the environment, human health, improved source can still be unsafe to drink.2
Rural dwellers in Sub-Saharan Africa have the Only 68percent of the worlds population
6a 6b
lowestaccess to an improved source of water hasaccess to improved sanitation facilities
Share of population with access to an improved source of water, Share of population with access to improved sanitation facilities
2015 (%) (%)
100 100
High income
75
75
Upper middle income
50 Millennium Development Goal target

World for lower middle-income countries
50
Millennium Development Goal
target for low-income countries
25
Lower middle income
Urban
Rural
25
0 Low income
Europe East Asia South Middle East Latin Sub-Saharan World
& Central & Pacific Asia & North America & Africa
Asia Africa Caribbean 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
Source: World Health OrganizationUnited Nations Childrens Fund Joint Source: World Health OrganizationUnited Nations Childrens Fund
Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation; World Development Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation; World
Indicators database (SH.H2O.SAFE.UR.ZS, SH.H2O.SAFE.RU.ZS). Development Indicators database (SH.STA.ACSN).

Improving access to sanitation facilities Climate change is expected to exacerbate the
Only 68percent of the worlds population has situation by raising water stress in arid regions
access to improved sanitation facilities, falling and increasing the frequency and magnitude
short of the Millennium Development Goal tar- of extreme weather events. In 2030 half the
get of 77percent (figure 6b). Sustainable Devel- worlds population is projected to live in high
opment Goal 6 aims to ensure adequate sanita- water-stress regions.4
tion for all and to end open defecation (target Increasing water withdrawals for agriculture
6.2), which contaminates water and spreads and energy generation will exacerbate com-
diseases such as cholera, diarrhea, and dysen- petition for water use. The agricultural sector
tery. Around 842,000 people a year die from accounts for over 70 percent of global fresh-
diarrhea as a result of unsafe drinking water, water withdrawals (figure 6d). By 2050 feeding
sanitation, or hygiene.3 Seven out of ten people a planet of 9billion people will require a 15per-
who lack access to safe and hygienic toilet facil- cent increase in water withdrawals for agricul-
ities live in rural areas, mostly in Sub-Saharan ture.5 Similarly, water withdrawals for energy
Africa and South Asia. generation are projected to grow 20percent.6
Balancing water demand with available Notes

resources 1.World Health Organization, 2012, Global Costs and Benefits of Drinking-
Water Supply and Sanitation Interventions to Reach the MDG Target and
Many countries face the threat of water scar- Universal Coverage, Geneva.
city, prompting calls for efficient water use (tar- 2. United Nations Childrens Fund, 2015, The Millennium Development
Goal (MDG 7) Drinking Water Target Has Been Met, But Marked Disparities
get6.4). Demand for water continues to grow, Persist, UNICEF Data: Monitoring the Situation of Children and Women.
while global per capita freshwater supplies [http://data.unicef.org/water-sanitation/water.html].
3.World Health Organization, 2015, Drinking-water, Fact Sheet 391.
have been nearly halved over the past 50 years. [www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs391/en].
Today, the Middle East and North Africa and 4. United Nations, 2014 International Decade for Action Water for Life
20052015. [www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml].
South Asia are classified as water stressed- 5. World Bank, 2013, Water Resources Management: Sector Results
Profile. [www.worldbank.org/en/results/2013/04/15/water-resources
regions, with less than 1,700 cubic meters of -management-results-profile].
water available per year per person (figure 6c). 6. International Energy Agency, 2012, World Energy Outlook 2012, Paris.
Middle East and North Africa and South Agriculture accounts for more than
6c 6d
Asia are the most water-stressed regions 70 percent of water use in most countries
Renewable internal freshwater resources per capita, 2014 Share of freshwater withdrawals, 2014
(thousands of cubic meters) (%)
25 100
20 75
15
50
10
25
Water stress (1,700 cubic meters per capita per year)
5
0
South Middle East Sub-Saharan Latin East Asia Europe
0 Asia & North Africa America & & Pacific & Central
Middle East South Sub-Saharan East Asia Europe Latin Africa Caribbean Asia
& North Asia Africa & Pacific & Central America &
Africa Asia Caribbean Agriculture Industry Domestic
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; World Development Indicators Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; World Development Indicators
database (ER.H2O.INTR.PC). database (ER.H2O.FWAG.ZS, ER.H2O.FWIN.ZS, ER.H2O.FWDM.ZS).

SDG 7 Affordable and clean energy
Between 1990 and 2013 worldwide energy use increased about 54per-
cent, more than the 36percent increase in the global population. Access
to energy is fundamental to development, but as economies evolve, rising
incomes and growing populations demand more energy. Meeting Sustain-
able Development Goal 7 will require increasing access to electricity, the
Ensure access take-up of clean fuels and renewable energies, and energy efficiency.
to affordable,
reliable, Achieving universal access 1.1 billion people are still without. In Sub-
sustainable, Universal access to affordable, reliable, and Saharan Africa only 35percent of the popula-
modern energy services is critical to sustain- tion has access to electricity, the lowest among
and modern able development (target 7.1). Energy, espe- all regions (figure 7a). Almost 40percent of the
energy for all cially electricity, is crucial to improving the worlds population relies primarily on wood,
standard of living for people in low- and middle- coal, charcoal, or animal waste to cook their
income countries. It is key to providing reliable food, breathing in toxic smoke that causes lung
and efficient lighting, heating, cooking, and disease and kills nearly 4million people a year,
mechanical power; to delivering clean water, most of them women and children.1
sanitation, and healthcare; and to operating
well functioning transport and telecommunica- Using renewable energy
tions services. Modern energy services are cen- While the share of energy use from alternative,
tral to the economic development of a country cleaner sources has increased since 1970 in all
and to the welfare of its citizens. Without such income groups, fossil fuels account for around
services, businesses stagnate, and the poten- 81percent of the worlds energy use. Countries
tial of people to live healthy, productive lives is need to substantially increase the share of
diminished. renewable energy in the global energy mix (tar-
Improvements over the past two decades get 7.2) from its current small share of 18per-
led to 85percent of the world enjoying access cent (figure 7b). The largest share of renewable
to electricity in 2012. Nevertheless, around energy comes from traditional uses of biomass
Access to electricity Renewable sources of energy account

7a 7b
is higher than ever forasmall share of global energy use
Access to electricity Energy use, 2010
(% of population) (% of total)
100
75 Other Renewable
50 25 50 75 100
0
Solar
Geothermal
25
Traditional biomass Modern bioenergy Hydropower
1990
2012
0 Wind
North Europe & Latin Middle East South Sub- World Other renewables
America Central America & East & Asia & Asia Saharan
Asia Caribbean North Pacific Africa
Africa 0 25 50 75 100
Source: Sustainable Energy For All Global Tracking Framework database; Source: Sustainable Energy For All Global Tracking Framework database;
World Development Indicators database (EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS). World Development Indicators database (EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS).

(such as wood and charcoal). Modern biomass energy-intensive activities can support this (tar-
and hydropower are important modern renew- get 7.3). The energy intensity level of primary
able energy sources, each accounting for energy the ratio of energy supply to GDP in
34percent of total final energy consumption. purchasing power parity terms i ndicates
Other modern renewables (such as biomass, energy efficiency, or how much energy is used
geothermal, wind, and solar) currently around to produce one unit of economic output. A
1percent of total consumption have substan- lower ratio indicates that less energy is used
tial potential for growth. The share of renew- to produce one unit of output. Between 1990
able energy varies widely across the globe. It and 2012 the ratio declined 27percent glob-
is falling in lower income regions as they switch ally as energy efficiency improved in all income
from traditional biomass to more modern fuels groups (figure 7d), which helped keep total final
for cooking and heating. By contrast, higher energy consumption a third lower than it would
income regions are gradually shifting toward otherwise have been. The coverage of energy
renewable energy sources, albeit from a low efficiency regulations in industry, buildings, and
base (figure 7c). transport has nearly doubled, from 14percent
of the worlds energy consumption in 2005 to
Increasing energy efficiency 27percent in 2014. Still much more needs to
Sustainable Development Goal 7 calls on be done.
countries to collectively double the global
rate of improvement in energy efficiency, and Note
technological progress and a shift away from 1.Sustainable Energy for All (www.se4all.org).
The share of renewable energy All income groups are using energy
7c 7d
consumptionisuneven across regions moreefficiently now than in 1990
Renewable energy consumption Intensity of primary energy
(% of final energy consumption) (megajoules per 2011 PPP $ of GDP)
80 20
60 15
40
10
20
5
1990
2000
2012
1990
2012
0
Sub- South Latin East Europe & North Middle World 0
Saharan Asia America & Asia & Central America East & Low Lower Upper High World
Africa Caribbean Pacific Asia North income middle income middle income income
Africa
Source: Sustainable Energy For All Global Tracking Framework database; Source: Sustainable Energy For All Global Tracking Framework database;
World Development Indicators database (EG.FEC.RNEW.ZS). World Development Indicators database (EG.EGY.PRIM.PP.KD).

SDG 8 Productive employment and economic growth
Jobs are the bedrock of both economic and social development. And
growth drives development. By leveraging labor, individuals and house-
holds have a sustainable pathway out of poverty. Yet more than 200million
people were unemployed in 2015, and many more were underemployed
in low-productivity informal sector jobs. Some 600million new jobs need
Promote to be created by 2030, just to keep pace with the rising population.1 Sus-
sustained, tainable Development Goal 8 aims for higher economic productivity and
inclusive, and at least 7percent annual GDP growth in the least developed countries.
sustainable
Increasing growth in the least developed countries shifting to sectors that generate higher value
economic Of the 48 UN-classified least developed coun- added and that yield benefits to workers,
growth, full tries in 2015, 23 are classified as fragile by the employers, and the economy. Variation among
and productive World Bank. The fragility of a country impacts its

growth: Between 2000 and 2014 GDP growth in
sectors is higher in countries with low labor
productivity, leading to increased inequality.
employment, countries in fragile or conflict situations averaged In many lower income countries a large share
and decent a little under 4percent a year, compared with
almost 6percent in the least developed coun-
of working-age adults is not part of the formal
labor force, highlighting the importance of the
work for all tries as a whole (figures 8a8c). International informal sector and the challenge of raising
efforts to bring peace to countries in fragile or the productivity and quality of such livelihoods.
conflict situations and reforms in other least Gender inequalities persist across regions and
developed countries are needed to achieve at sectors: Women make up a smaller share of
least 7percent annual GDP growth (target 8.1). employment in all regions and are dispropor-
tionately employed in lower productivity sec-
Enhancing economic productivity and value tors, including agriculture, and in informal sec-
added for labor-intensive sectors tors (figure 8d).
Sustained economic growth is achieved through
higher productivity, both within sectors and by Creating jobs led by the private sector
Creating high-quality, sustainable jobs (target
Increased growth is required to meet
8a 8.3) requires a strong and thriving private sec-
the target of 7 percent GDP growth
Average annual growth, 200014 tor. In low- and middle-income countries the
(%)
8
private sector accounts for up to 90 percent
of jobs. Micro, small, and medium-size enter-
Sustainable Development Goal target
6 prises, especially in services and agriculture,
account for the largest share of new jobs. The
4 formal private sector remains underdeveloped
and weakly competitive in many low- and mid-
2 dle-income countries, with the number of for-
mal wage jobs less than the number of new
0
GDP GDP per capita
entrants joining the labor force each year. There
Countries in fragile and conflict situations Least Developed Countries is a strong correlation between country income
Source: World Development Indicators database (NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG; and the density of new formal firms. After the
NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG)

Over 200014 the least developed countries and 3.3 percent
8b 8c
averaged 5.8 percent GDP growth per capita GDP growth
Average annual GDP growth, 200014 Average annual per capita GDP growth, 200014
(%) (%)
Central African Rep. Least Developed Countries Eritrea Least Developed Countries
Least Developed Countries Least Developed Countries
Eritrea that are in fragile, violence, Central African Rep. that are in fragile, violence,
Haiti or conflict situations Yemen, Rep. or conflict situations
Tuvalu Comoros
Kiribati Haiti
Comoros Kiribati
Yemen, Rep. Madagascar
Guinea Gambia, The
Guinea-Bissau Guinea
Madagascar Burundi
Togo Liberia
Gambia, The Togo
Vanuatu Guinea-Bissau
Liberia Benin
Burundi Niger
Senegal Senegal
Benin Vanuatu
Nepal Tuvalu
Lesotho Mali
Djibouti Malawi
Mali Solomon Islands
Solomon Islands Congo, Dem. Rep.
Niger Mauritania
Malawi Djibouti
Mauritania Nepal
So Tom and Prncipe Burkina Faso
Sudan So Tom and Prncipe
Least Developed Countries average Least Developed Countries average
Congo, Dem. Rep. Lesotho
Bangladesh Timor-Leste
Timor-Leste Tanzania
Burkina Faso Uganda
Tanzania Sierra Leone
Uganda Sudan
Lao PDR Bangladesh
Sierra Leone Mozambique
Zambia Zambia
Mozambique Chad
Rwanda Rwanda
Cambodia Afghanistan
Bhutan Bhutan
Chad Lao PDR
Afghanistan Cambodia
Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea
Ethiopia Ethiopia
0.0 2.5 5.0 7.5 10.0 4 2 0 2 4 6 8 10
Source: World Development Indicators database (NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG). Source: World Development Indicators database (NY.GDP.PCAP.KD.ZG).

SDG 8 Productive employment and economic growth
decline in business registration across regions 55percent of men are in wage jobs, compared
due to the 2008 global economic crisis, most with 44percent of women. The share of women
regions particularly East Asia and Pacific in wage jobs is lowest in Sub-Saharan Africa
have seen an uptick in recent years (figure 8e). (14 percent), and the share of men in wage
jobs is lowest in South Asia (22percent). Half
Achieving full and productive employment and of low- and middle-income countries in Europe
decent work for all and equal pay and Central Asia legally mandate that women
The share of people employed in wage jobs receive equal pay for work of equal value (target
varies by region and gender (figure 8f). Almost 8.5), compared with a third of low- and middle-
two-thirds of people who work in Europe and income countries in other regions and only one
Central Asia have wage jobs, compared with country in South Asia (Bangladesh; figure8g).
around a fifth in South Asia, where many jobs
are in the informal sector. The Middle East and Empowering young people to work
North Africa has the largest gender gap: Nearly Sustainable Development Goal 8 focuses on
providing opportunities for all, including young
Women are disproportionately
8d people (targets 8.5 and 8.6). Young people not
employedinlowerproductivity sectors
Labor force status, most recent year available during 200514 in employment, education, or training represent
(% of population ages 15 and older)
a missed opportunity and a loss of productive
Female
East Asia & Pacific Male engagement that can have lifelong impacts,
Europe & Central Asia Female
Male
including reduced earnings. The Middle East
Latin America & Caribbean Female and North Africa and South Asia have the larg-
Male
Female est shares of young people not in employment,

Middle East & North Africa Male
Female
education, or training (figure 8h). Young people
South Asia Male
often face greater challenges in finding employ-
Female
Sub-Saharan Africa Male ment due to their lack of experience, their lower
0 25 50 75 100 access to credit, and their more limited net-
Employed in agriculture Employed in industry Employed in services
Unemployed Not in the labor force works that can help identify an employment or
Note: Excludes high-income countries.
Source: International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour entrepreneurial opportunity. Thus youth unem-
Market database.
ployment rates can be double those of adults.
Most regions have seen an increase in Workers in Sub-Saharan Africa and South
8e 8f
business registration since 2008 Asiaare the least likely to be in wage work
New business registrations Wage and salaried workers as a share of the labor force, most
(per 1,000 people ages 1564) recent year available during 200514 (%)
10 80
East Asia & Pacifica
8 60
6
Latin America & Caribbean 40
Sub-Saharan Africaa
4
Europe & Central Asiaa 20
Female
Male
2
Middle East & North Africaa 0
South Asia
Europe Latin Middle East East Asia Sub-Saharan South
0 & Central America & & North & Pacifica Africaa Asia
2002 2005 2010 2014 Asia Caribbean Africa
a. Data cover less than 66 percent of the population. a. Data cover less than 66 percent of the population.
Note: Excludes high-income countries. Note: Excludes high-income countries.
Source: World Bank Doing Business database; World Development Source: International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour
Indicators database (IC.BUS.NDNS.ZS). Market database.

Countries differ considerably in which labor
8g
protections and regulations they emphasize
Share of countries with legal framework for equal Ratio of minimum wage to value Paid annual leave for a worker with
remuneration for work of equal value, 2015 (%) added per worker, 2015 (%) five years of tenure, 2015 (days)
East Asia & Pacific
Latin America & Caribbean
South Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
0 20 40 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30
Note: Excludes high-income countries. For Bangladesh, Brazil, China, India, Indonesia, Mexico, Nigeria, and Pakistan data refer to the largest city.
Source: World Bank Doing Business database.
Where the share of young people not in employ- and secure social protection for vulnerable and
ment, education, or training is relatively low, as disadvantaged groups (target 8.8). Good work-
in Sub- Saharan Africa, young people may be ing environments are influenced by many fac-
engaged in subsistence agriculture and infor- tors. Workers should be able to share in higher
mal sector activities by necessity. productivity, and a minimum wage ensures
a basic level of income; however, too high a
Regulating the labor market minimum wage can discourage the creation of
To address the overall goal of productive wage jobs. There are considerable variations in
employment and decent work for all, more working conditions and types of benefits across
jobs are needed, and they need to be better regions (se figure 8g).
in terms of working conditions, benefits, and
productivity and more inclusive. Labor market Note
regulations can help address market failures 1.World Bank, 2012, World Development Report 2013: Jobs, Washington, DC.
Labor market challenges for young people

8h
arelarge but uneven across regions
Share of young people not in employment, education, or training,
most recent year available during 201014 (%)
40
30
20
10
0
Middle East South Europe Latin East Asia Sub-Saharan
& North Asia & Central America & & Pacifica Africaa
Africa Asia Caribbean
a. Data cover less than 66 percent of the population.
Source: International Labour Organization Key Indicators of the Labour Market
database; World Development Indicators database (SL.UEM.NEET.ZS).
Featuring the Sustainable Development Goals 19

SDG 9 Industry, innovation, and infrastructure
Since 1990 over $2.5trillion has been invested in private infrastructure
projects around the world.1 Investments in telecommunications, electric-
ity, and roads form the foundations for industrialization, innovation, and
increased productivity.
Build resilient Building sustainable and robust infrastructure population distribution and transport infrastruc-
infrastructure, Limited access to decent roads can isolate
farmers from markets and restrict agricul-
ture location and quality. In Mozambique only
an estimated 19percent of the rural population
promote inclusive tural production to subsistence levels. It also lives within 2 kilometers of a good road, which
and sustainable impacts the ability of rural businesses and means that about 14.5million rural residents
enterprises to compete with others in less lack access (figure 9a). In Kenya an estimated
industrialization, remote areas. In the short term enhancing rural 57percent of the rural population lives within
and foster road connectivity reduces transport costs and 2kilometers of a good road; about 13.5million
innovation improves access to markets and social facili-

ties such as schools and hospitals. In the lon-
rural residents lack access (figure9b).
ger term it elevates agricultural productivity, Driving economic growth through industrialization
business profitability, and employment.2 It also The industrial sector is vital to economic devel-
helps strengthen the resilience of rural popula- opment, and manufacturing is key to long-term
tions to natural and human-made shocks and structural change, formal job creation, and the
disasters by facilitating the movement of peo- technology and innovation needed for productiv-
ple and supplies for faster recovery. ity growth.
The share of the rural population living Manufacturing value added as a share of
within 2 kilometers of a road in good condition GDP captures the role of manufacturing in an
is measured through the Rural Access Index3 economy. Worldwide, the share declined from
and is a useful indicator for governments plan- 19percent in 1997 to 16percent in 2013 (fig-
ning their transport infrastructure (target 9.1). ure 9c). East Asia and Pacific has historically
Data availability is limited, but advances in had the highest share, though it declined from
digital technology allow better assessment of 27 percent in 1990 to 22 percent in 2013,
Rural access to good roads but higher

9a 9b
is limited in Mozambique in Kenya
Rural Access Index, 2010 Rural Access Index, 2009

(0, low, to 100, high) (0, low, to 100, high)
010 2129 5160 020 4160 81100
1120 3050 2140 6180
Urban area Primary road Urban area Primary road
Source: World Bank estimates based on WorldPop and government road data. Source: World Bank estimates based on WorldPop and government road data.

with China averaging 32percent and Thailand expenditure on research and development as
averaging 28percent. In South Asia the share a percentage of GDP. Worldwide, it increased
has remained fairly constant since 1990; it was slightly from 1.6percent in 2007 to 1.7percent
about 17percent in 2014. Between 1990 and in 2013,4 despite the periods global financial
2014 the share increased slightly, from 16per- crisis. Asia was the first to recover; in particu-
cent to 17percent, in India, while Bangladesh lar Chinas research and development intensity
registered a larger increase, from 13percent to grew from 1.4percent in 2007 to 2.0percent
17percent. In the Middle East and North Africa in 2013. In other emerging economies the
the share was relatively constant between rise was slowerfrom 1.1percent in 2007 to
2001 and 2007, averaging 12 percent. Sub- 1.2 percent in 2012 in Brazil or stagnant
Saharan Africa has the lowest share, which has around 0.8percent in 2007 and 2011 in India.
been declining over the past 25 years, from The Russian Federation maintained research
15 percent in 1990 to 11 percent in 2014. and development intensity at pre-crisis levels,
North America had the biggest decline in the averaging around 1.1 percent between 2007
share, from 17percent in 1997 to 12percent and 2013. Conversely, South Africa saw a
in 2013. The share has also been declining in substantial drop, from 0.9percent in 2007 to
Latin America and the Caribbean, from 22per- 0.7percent in 2012.
cent in 1991 to 15 percent in 2014, and in
Europe and Central Asia, from 21 percent in Notes
1991 to 15percent in 2014. 1.World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure database (http://ppi
.worldbank.org).
2.Iimi, A., and A. Diehl, 2015, A New Measure of Rural Access to
Promoting innovation and research and Transport: Using GIS Data to Inform Decisions and Attainment of the SDGs,
Transport and ICT Connections 23, Washington, DC: World Bank.
development 3.www.worldbank.org/transport/transportresults/headline/rural-access.
html.
One measure of innovation is the intensity
4.United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2015,
of research and development, measured as UNESCO Science Report: Towards 2030, Paris.
Worldwide, manufacturing value added Expenditure on research and development

9c 9d
as a share of GDP is declining isslowly rising in some countries
Manufacturing value added Research and development expenditure
(% of GDP) (% of GDP)
30 2.5
East Asia & Pacific

Latin America & Caribbean 2.0
Europe & Central Asia China
20
South Asia World 1.5
Russian Federation
Brazil
Sub-Saharan Africa North America
1.0
Middle East & North Africa India
10
South Africa
0.5
0 0.0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; World Source: United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
Bank national accounts data; World Development Indicators database Institute for Statistics; World Development Indicators database (GB.XPD.
(NV.IND.MANF.ZS). RSDV.GD.ZS).

SDG 10 Reduced inequalities
The targets of Sustainable Development Goal 10 focus on reducing
inequality in a variety of contexts: income inequality within a country and
inequality by gender, age, disability, race, class, ethnicity, religion, and
opportunity. It also tackles inequality among countries in terms of voice,
migration, and international aid.
Reduce inequality
within and among Reducing inequality within countries
Sustainable Development Goal 10 aims to pro-
countries experienced relatively strong growth
(above 3percent) over the same period for both
countries gressively achieve, by 2030, sustained income the poorest 40 percent and the total popula-
growth among the poorest 40 percent of the tion, but in some cases the growth rate for the
population at a rate higher than the national bottom 40percent was lower than the national
average in every country (target 10.1). This average (China and Vietnam; group B in figure
echoes the World Banks goal of promoting 10a). In these cases the Sustainable Develop-
shared prosperity, which does not set a spe- ment Goal target would not have been met, even
cific target for each country but aims to foster though people on average were better off.
income growth among the poorest 40percent Among countries with data, a larger propor-
in every country. tion of low- and middle-income countries than
In 56 out of 94 countries with data for 2007 of high-income countries met the target. Spe-
12 the per capita income of the poorest 40per- cifically, in around two-thirds of low- and middle-
cent is growing faster than the national average income countries the income of the poorest
(countries above the diagonal line in figure 10a). 40percent grew faster than the national aver-
Of those 56, 9 still experienced negative growth age, compared with half of high-income coun-
(group A in figure 10a), including high-income tries (figure 10b).
countries (the United Kingdom and the United
States) and middle-income countries (Guate- Reducing inequality across countries
mala and the Kyrgyz Republic). Thus, higher International aid. Millennium Development Goal
growth among the poorest 40percent does not 8 focused on the need for high-, middle-, and
necessarily lead to prosperity. Another group of low-income countries to work together to create
In some countries the poorest 40percent In low- and middle-income countries growth
10a 10b
areachieving faster growth hasbeen faster for the poorest 40percent
Annualized growth of per capita real mean consumption or Share of countries meeting the shared prosperity target for
income, poorest 40 percent, 200712 (%) growth over 200712 (%)
15 100
10
75
China
5 Vietnam
Group B 50
United Kingdom
0 Guatemala
Group A
25
5
Greece
10 0
10 5 0 5 10 Low income Lower Upper High income Total
Annualized growth of per capita real mean consumption (11 countries) middle income middle income (36 countries) (94 countries)
(22 countries) (25 countries)
or income, national, 200712 (%)
Annualized growth of per capita real mean consumption or income for the poorest Annualized growth of per capita real mean consumption or income for the poorest
40 percent is greater than the national average 40 percent is greater than the national average
Annualized growth of per capita real mean consumption or income for the poorest Annualized growth of per capita real mean consumption or income for the poorest
40 percent is less than or equal to the national average 40 percent is less than or equal to the national average
Source: World Bank Global Database of Shared Prosperity; World Source: World Bank Global Database of Shared Prosperity; World
Development Indicators database (SI.SPR.PC40.ZG, SI.SPR.PCAP.ZG). Development Indicators database (SI.SPR.PC40.ZG, SI.SPR.PCAP.ZG).

an environment where rapid sustainable devel- between 2013 and 2014, a decline explained
opment is possible. The Sustainable Develop- only partially by the sharp drop in debt relief to
ment Goals continue this focus, encouraging Myanmar. Bilateral official development assis-
official development assistance and financial tance to Sub-Saharan Africa also fell 5percent
flows to countries where the need is greatest in nominal terms from 2013 to 2014.
(target 10.b).
Over 200914, nominal inflows of official Migration. People migrate for many reasons,
development assistance grew 27 percent to including better employment opportunities and
$161 billion (figure 10c). But meeting target higher wages. Many migrants remit money back
10.b may require a change in current trends. to their country of origin, to care for their fam-
Increases in inflows to the poorest countries ily, and the amount of such payments is large
have not kept pace with those to middle-income and has been increasing. Worldwide, personal
countries. Official development assistance to remittances were estimated at $583 billion
Sub-Saharan Africa increased just 4 percent in 2014 $436 billion (75 percent) of which
between 2009 and 2014, and official develop- went to low- and middle-income countries, up
ment assistance to the least developed coun- 4.3percent from 2013.
tries increased only 9percent. The trend was But it is not cheap to send money across
driven primarily by a drop in bilateral aid chan- national borders. The cost of sending the equiv-
neled directly by donors, which accounts for alent of $200 averaged 8 percent in 2014,
around 75percent of total net official develop- down from 10percent in 2008 but still above
ment assistance. For instance, bilateral aid to the 3percent called for by 2030 in target 10.c
the least developed countries fell 16 percent (figure 10d).
Total official development assistance has been The average cost of sending
10c 10d
risingbut not where aid is needed most remittances has been declining
Net official development assistance inflows Average cost to send the equivalent of $200 in remittances
($ billions) (%)
200 10.0
All recipients
150 7.5
100 5.0
Target for 2030

50 Sub-Saharan Africa 2.5
Least Developed Countries

0 0.0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Source: World Bank Remittance Prices Worldwide database
Development Assistance Committee; World Development Indicators (http://remittanceprices.worldbank.org; World Development Indicators
database (DT.ODA.ODAT.CD). database (SI.RMT.COST.ZS).

SDG 11 Sustainable cities and communities
An estimated 60percent of the worlds population will live in urban areas
by 2030 (figure 11a), and most of the expected 1billion increase in
urban dwellers between 2015 and 2030 will occur in Africa and Asia.
This demographic transformation will affect the economic, environmental,
social, and political futures of individuals everywhere. Cities are com-
Make cities plex systems in which every component affects every other. Sustainable
and human Development Goal 11 focuses on making cities and other human settle-
settlements ments safe, inclusive, resilient, and sustainable.
inclusive, safe,
Improving the quality of housing the Central African Republic and Mozambique
resilient, and Access to adequate, safe, and affordable hous- have seen the number of slum dwellers rise
sustainable ing and basic services, in addition to slum since 1990 (figure 11b). In those countries poor
upgrading, is critical to sustainable cities (tar- people move from rural areas to cities in search
get 11.1). Although there is no consistent defi- of greater opportunity but often end up even
nition of slum areas, the United Nations Human more entrenched in poverty.
Settlements Programme estimates take into Other Sub- S aharan countries have made
consideration the proportion of urban popula- extraordinary progress in reducing their urban
tion living in dwellings that lack access to an slums. Rwanda lowered the proportion of its
improved drinking water source, improved sani- urban population living in slums from 96 per-
tation facilities, sufficient living area, durable cent in 1990 to 53percent in 2014. Mali also
structure, or security of tenure. saw a large decline, from 94 percent of its
In Sub-Saharan Africa more than half the urban population to 56percent.
urban population lives in slum conditions. Coun-
tries that have faced civil war report the high- Reducing the environmental impact of cities
est rates: In the Central African Republic, South As the world urbanizes, declining air qual-
Sudan, and Sudan more than 90percent of the ity in fast-growing regions is placing a grow-
urban population lives in slums. Moreover, both ing burden on peoples health (target 11.6).
An estimated 60 percent of the worlds A large share of urban dwellers in

11a 11b
population will live in urban areas by 2030 Sub-Saharan Africalivein slum conditions
World population Share of urban population living in slums
(billions) (%)
10.0 100
Central African Rep.
Mozambique
7.5 75
Rwanda
Mali
Urban
Sub-Saharan Africa
5.0 50
2.5 25
Rural
0.0 0
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2014
Source: United Nations Population Division, 2014, World Urbanization Source: United Nations Human Settlements Programme; World Development
Prospects: The 2014 Revision, New York. Indicators database (EN.POP.SLUM.UR.ZS)

According to the 2013 Global Burden of Dis- Measuring the impact of urbanization
ease study, exposure to outdoor air pollution Measuring progress toward the Sustainable
(as measured by levels of particles less than Development Goal 11 targets in a consistent
2.5 microns in aerodynamic diameter [PM2.5]) way across all countries will be a challenge. For
is responsible for 2.9million deaths per year, example, the target on transportation systems
about one every 10 seconds.1 Outdoor PM2.5 requires monitoring the proportion of the popu-
levels are highest in East Asia and Pacific lation with convenient access to public trans-
(40 micrograms per cubic meter in 2013) and port. This requires a much more precise under-
South Asia (45 micrograms per cubic meter, standing of where people live than is currently
more than four times the guideline value rec- available. Other targets call for monitoring land
ommended by the World Health Organization; consumption and open space, which requires
figure 11c). In both regions the levels of out- global data on built-up areas.
door PM2.5 have increased from their 1990 An even more fundamental challenge is that
levels. there is no universal agreement on the defini-
Average pollution levels are estimated by tions of urban and city. Several Sustainable
combining satellite observations of airborne Development Goal targets use terms such as
particles with models of atmospheric chemis- urban population and cities of over 100,000
try, which are calibrated against ground-level air people. But how large or dense does a settle-
quality monitoring data from nearly 3,400 loca- ment need to be in order to be considered a city?
tions and 79 countries. The satellite-based esti- Do certain kinds of economic activity need to
mates cover both cities and rural areas. While be present for an area to be considered urban?
there is no substitute for ground-level moni- On the outskirts of a city, where precisely does
toring, particularly in densely populated urban the urban area end and the rural area begin?
areas, large swathes of the globe still do not Each country defines and measures its urban
have this monitoring infrastructure, so remote areas differently, making comparison of trends
sensing technologies such as those used for in urbanization across countries problematic.
the Global Burden of Disease study continue Fortunately, new and innovative forms of data
to be a powerful tool for measuring large-scale can help monitor progress toward Sustainable
exposure to air pollutants. Development Goal 11, including maps of built-
up areas derived from imagery and radar data
Outdoor air pollution is increasing in
11c from satellites. While each countrys national
East Asia and Pacific and South Asia
Mean annual concentration of particles less than 2.5 microns in definition may be well suited to its national con-
diameter (micrograms per cubic meter)
50
text, global analysis based on these data can
be consistent across countries, yielding objec-
40
tive and comparable measures of urbanization.
30 In turn, this can help provide a global picture of
the scope and nature of the urbanization chal-
20
lenge and help make cities inclusive, safe, resil-
10 ient, and sustainable.
1990
2013
0
South
Asia
East Asia Middle EastSub-Saharan Europe
& Pacific & North Africa
Latin
& Central America &
North
America Note
Africa Asia Caribbean
1.GBD 2013 Risk Factors Collaborators, 2015, Global, Regional, and
Source: Brauer, B., and others, 2016, Ambient Air Pollution Exposure National Comparative Risk Assessment of 79 Behavioral, Environmental,
Estimation for the Global Burden of Disease 2013, Environmental Science
and Occupational, and Metabolic Risks or Clusters of Risks in 188
& Technology 50(1): 7988; World Development Indicators database
Countries, 19902013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of
(EN.ATM.PM25.MC.M3).
Disease Study 2013, Lancet.

SDG 12 Responsible consumption and production
A third of the worlds energy is consumed by the food sector, but a third of
food that is produced is lost or wasted. Saving a quarter of this lost food
would be enough to feed 870million people.1 Sustainable consumption
and production by countriesin essence doing more and better with less
means meeting basic needs of people and promoting a better quality
Ensure of life while cutting harmful waste and pollution.
sustainable
consumption Managing natural resources efficiently resource dependence also tend to have lower
and production Adjusted net savings is an indicator of effi- savings rates (figure 12a).
cient use of natural resources (target 12.2).
patterns It measures the difference between national Reducing food loss and waste
production and consumption t he change Meeting the food needs of a growing global pop-
in a countrys wealth. Adjusted net savings ulation while reducing food loss and waste (tar-
takes into account investment in human capi- get 12.3) poses a serious challenge. Food loss
tal, depreciation of fixed capital, depletion of is defined as a decrease in quantity or quality
natural resources, and pollution damage. Posi- of food at any stage of the food supply chain,
tive savings form the basis for building wealth from the point at which it is harvested or made
and future growth. Negative savings rates to the point it is eaten. Food waste occurs when
suggest declining wealth and unsustainable edible food reaches the consumer but expires,
development. is thrown away, or is otherwise neglected and
Adjusted net savings is especially useful not eaten. The extent of food loss varies greatly
for gauging whether countries that depend by income group and region. In the high-income
heavily on natural resources are balancing the countries of North America and East Asia and
depletion of their natural resources by invest- Pacific, the equivalent of more than 1,500
ing rents in other forms of productive capital, calories of food per person per day is lost,
such as through education. Low- and lower mid- mostly through food waste. By contrast, in Sub-
dle-income countries with the highest level of Saharan Africa the equivalent of 414 calories
Countries dependent on natural resources High-income countries generate the

12a 12b
tendto havelower savings rates mosthazardous waste per capita
Average adjusted net savings, 201014 Hazardous waste
(% of GNI) (kilograms per capita per year)
50 1,000
Philippines
China Qatar
Nepal Algeria
25 Indonesia 750
Bhutan Brunei Darussalam
Saudi Arabia
Azerbaijan
Mongolia
Angola 500
0 Kazakhstan Iraq
Trinidad and Tobago Mauritania
19962000
Oman
200105
200611
Congo, Dem. Rep. 250

25
Liberia
Guinea 0
50 Low Lower Upper OECD Non-OECD
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 income middle income middle incomea high income high income
Average resource rents, 201014 (% of GNI) a. Excludes Kazakhstan.
Low income Upper middle income High income: OECD Source: Basel Convention (www.basel.int/Countries/NationalReporting
/StatusCompilations/tabid/1497/), European Commissions Eurostat database
Lower middle income High income: non-OECD
(http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&init=1&language=en
Source: World Development Indicators database (NY.ADJ.SVNX.GN.ZS, &pcode=tsdpc250&plugin=1); United Nations Statistics Division Environmental
NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS, NY.GDP.MKTP.CD, NY.GNP.MKTP.CD). Indicators database (http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environment/hazardous.htm).

per person per day is lost, mostly during the Reforming fossil fuel subsidies
process of production, handling, and storage, Sustainable Development Goal 12 calls for
before food reaches the market.2 rationalizing inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies
(target 12.3) though there is some debate over
Minimizing the impact of chemical waste how this should be measured. The International
Sustainable Development Goal 12 aims to Monetary Fund provides a comprehensive esti-
reduce the release of chemicals and wastes mate of subsidies by including not only the
into the environment and to minimize their difference between the final price consumers
adverse impacts on human health (target 12.4). pay and international market prices, but also
A partial inventory of more than 3,000 toxic the environmental and social costs of local
sites around the world found that the health of pollution, road traffic, and climate change (fig-
as many as 200million people living near these ure 12c). Subsidies as a percentage of GDP
sites may be affected.3 are highest in upper middle-income countries
Per capita generation of hazardous waste (nearly 14 percent), followed by lower middle-
nearly doubled worldwide between the late income and nonOrganisation for Economic
1990s and the late 2000s. In middle-income Cooperation and Development high-income
countries per capita hazardous waste genera- countries (11percent).
tion rose from 17 kilograms between 1996
and 2000 to 42 kilograms between 2006 and Notes
2011.4 However, high-income nonOrganisation 1.Food and Agriculture Organization, SAVE FOOD: Global Initiative on Food
Loss and Waste Reduction, Key Findings. [www.fao.org/save-food
for Economic Co-operation and Development /resources/keyfindings/en/].
countries continue to generate the most hazard- 2.International Energy Agency, 2015, World Energy Outlook 2015, Paris;
Lipinski, B., and others, 2013, Reducing Food Loss and Waste, Working
ous waste, 981 kilograms per capita between Paper, World Resources Institute, Washington, DC.
2006 and 2011 (figure 12b). Hazardous waste 3.Global Alliance on Health and Pollution, 2013, The Poisoned Poor: Toxic
Chemicals Exposures in Low- and Middle-Income Countries, New York.
generation by low-income countries was 7 kilo-
4.Excludes Kazakhstan, which reportedly generated 40.7 tons of hazardous
grams per capita over the same period. waste per capita in 2010.
Highincomecountries provide
12c
the most fossil-fuel subsidies
Fossil fuel subsidies, 2013 Fossil fuel subsidies, 2013
($ per capita) (% of GDP)
3,000 15
2,000 10
1,000 5
0 0
Low Lower middle Upper middle OECD Non-OECD Low Lower middle Upper middle OECD Non-OECD
income income income high income high income income income income high income high income
Source: Coady, D., I. Parry, L. Sears, and B. Shang, 2015, How Large Are Global Energy Subsidies? Working Paper, International Monetary Fund, Fiscal
Affairs Department, Washington, DC.

SDG 13 Climate action
Globally, 2015 was the hottest year on record, according to the World
Meteorological Organization. Climate change is already affecting every
country on every continent through changing seasons and weather
patterns, rising sea levels, and more extreme weather events. Changes
in temperature and precipitation pose substantial risks for agriculture,
Take urgent water supplies, food, ecosystems, energy security, and infrastructure.
action to combat
climate change Understanding the impacts of climate change Addressing climate change
and its impacts* Sustainable Development Goal 13 calls for Countries must take steps to strengthen resil-
stronger resilience and capacity to adapt to ience and adaptive capacity to climate-related
climate-related hazards and natural disasters; hazards (target 13.1) and take early action to
integration of climate change measures into reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
national planning; improved climate-related edu- The Hyogo Framework for Action, which pro-
cation, awareness-raising, and capacity build- vided a global blueprint for a range of disaster
ing; and mobilization of sustained resources to risk reduction efforts for 200515, cites climate
address the needs of low- and middle-income change as one of the primary factors increasing
countries. the severity of future disasters. Under the frame-
Since 1980 both the occurrence and eco- work, countries used a 15 scale to assess
nomic impact of weather-related natural disas- progress on 22 indicators in five areas. Under
ters such as floods, droughts, and tropical area 4, which addressed underlying risk factors
storms have risen.1 Global climate models indi- (including weather, environment, and climate
cate that by 2050 low- and middle-income coun- change), the share of countries reporting a score
tries are more likely than high-income countries of 4 or higher rose from 13percent in 200911
to experience higher temperature increases to 27percent in 201315 (figure 13b).
because of geographic location (figure 13a), pos- Integrating climate change measures into
sibly leading to more extreme weather-related national policies, strategies, and planning is
disasters and associated economic losses. critical (target 13.2).2 The December 2015 Paris
Temperatures are projected to Overall, countries have shown steady

13a 13b
risesignificantlyby 2050 progress in addressing disaster risk
Estimated minimum and maximum temperature increases by Share of countries reporting a given score for priority 4 under the
2050 from average for 19612000 (degrees Celsius) Hyogo Framework for Action blueprint for disaster risk reduction (%)
50
Maximum
Low income
40
Minimum
30
Middle income
20
200911
201113
201315
10
High income
* Acknowledging that the United

Nations Framework Convention 0
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 Less than 3.0 3.0 to less 4.0 or more
on Climate Change is the primary (less progress) than 4.0 (more progress)
international, intergovernmental Note: Data are the median estimate of general circulation models.
forum for negotiating the global Source: World Bank Climate Knowledge Portal (http://sdwebx.worldbank
.org/climateportal/). Source: PreventionWeb (http://preventionweb.net).
response to climate change.

Agreement under the United Nations Framework address the needs of low- and middle-income
Convention on Climate Change aims to hold countries and mobilizing the Green Climate Fund
increases in global average temperature to well (target 13.a). Organisation for Economic Co-oper-
below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial ation and Development data show climate financ-
levels and to reach peak global greenhouse gas ing from public and private sources, as well as
emissions as soon as possible. Global emissions export credits, from high-income to low- and mid-
of carbon dioxidea major greenhouse gas and dle-income countries (adjusting for multilateral
primary driver of climate changeincreased from sources) to be approximately $61.8 billion in
22.2billion metric tons in 1990 to 34.6billion 2014, up from $52.2billion in 2013 (figure 13d).
in 2011 and contributed to an increase of about Development is moving toward climate-resilient
0.8 degree Celsius in mean global temperature and low emission pathways in many low- and
above pre-industrial times (figure 13c). middle-income countries,4 which is likely to be
As of December 2015, 160 nationally deter- enhanced by multilateral development bank com-
mined contributions from 188 countries have mitments to increase support for climate change
been submitted to the United Nations Frame- and disaster risk management, especially in low-
work Convention on Climate Change. These income countries. For example, the World Bank
commitments include measures to reduce includes climate change risks and opportunities
emissions (mitigation), better manage the in the country partnership frameworks that spec-
impacts of change climate on socioeconomic ify major development challenges in countries
systems and ecosystems (adaptation), and sup- and areas of support from partners.
port national policies and planning.3 The Paris
Agreement calls for these contributions to be Notes
reviewed and strengthened every five years. 1.Gitay, H., and others, 2013, Building Resilience: Integrating Climate
and Disaster Risk into Development: The World Bank Group Experience,
Washington, DC: World Bank.
Financing the response to climate change 2.Gitay, H., and others, 2013, Building Resilience: Integrating Climate
and Disaster Risk into Development: The World Bank Group Experience,
Sustainable Development Goal 13 also looks at Washington, DC: World Bank.
3.United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2015,
climate finance, in particular the United Nations Synthesis Report on the Aggregate Effect of the Intended Nationally
Framework Convention on Climate Change goal Determined Contributions, 21st Session, 30 November11 December, Paris.
4.World Bank, 2015, 2014 Joint Report on Multilateral Development
of committing $100 billion a year by 2020 to Banks Climate Finance, Washington, DC.
Carbon dioxide emissions are Mobilized climate finance increased

13c 13d
atunprecedentedlevels $9.6billionbetween 2013 and 2014
Carbon dioxide emissions from fossil fuel Mobilized climate finance
(billions of metric tons) ($ billions)
40 80
60
30
High income
40
20
20
10 Upper middle income

0
2013 2014
Lower middle income Bilateral public finance Export credits

Low income Multilateral public finance Private co-finance
0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2011
Source: Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center; World Development Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development;
Indicators database (EN.ATM.CO2E.KT). Climate Policy Initiative.

SDG 14 Life below water
Fish is the main animal protein for more than 1billion people. Average
worldwide fish consumption is about 20 kilograms per person per year.
Yields from the planets oceans, seas, and marine resources are essen-
tial to the food security of much of the worlds population. Monitoring
progress toward the sustainability of these resources is paramount but
Conserve and creates substantial challenges.
sustainably use
the oceans, Sustainably capturing and farming seafood fishing practices (target 14.4) can support the
seas, and marine Capture fisheries have dominated the seafood sustainability of the fishing industry, aquatic
market until recently. Since the 1980s there habitats, and biodiversity. Based on data for
resources for has been a rise in aquaculture (fish, shellfish, 54 countries and the high seas, illegal and
sustainable and seaweed farming), which now accounts unreported fishers catch 1126 million tons
development for nearly half of seafood production (figure

14a). East Asia and Pacific dominates capture
a year, reducing revenues to legal fishers
$10$23.5 billion a year.2 Low- and middle-
fisheries and aquaculture production, where it income countries with weak regulatory and
accounts for over 90percent of output. enforcement capacity are most at risk from ille-
Capture fisheries have generally stagnated gal fishing.
since the early 1990s, and many govern-
ments have implemented subsidy schemes to Increasing the economic benefits of fish
protect local fish supplies and employment in production
the sector. Subsidies to fisheries total approxi- Fish production accounts for a substantial
mately $10 billion a year, driving continued share of economic activity in many economies,
fishing despite decreasing catch value and including Small Island Developing States and
profitability.1 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa.3 Target 14.7
Ensuring the effective regulation of fish looks to increase the economic benefits to
harvesting along with stopping overfish- producers from the sustainable use of marine
ing and illegal, unreported, and unregulated resources. The livelihoods of approximately
Capture fisheries have stagnated, Marine protected areas increased

14a 14b
whileaquaculture has increased between1990 and 2014
Production Marine protected areas
(millions of metric tons) (% of territorial waters)
100 20
Capture fisheries
15
75
10
50
Aquaculture
5
25
1990
2014
0
South Middle East Sub- Europe & Latin North East
0 Asia & North Saharan Central America & America Asia &
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2012 Africa Africa Asia Caribbean Pacific
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization. Source: World Development Indicators database (ER.MRN.PTMR.ZS).

60 million full- and part-time workers depend with the level of ocean pollution and acidifica-
on marine capture fisheries, almost all of them tion. The number of dead zones areas of
in low-and middle-income countries and half of ocean with too little oxygen for most marine
them women.4 Fisheries and aquaculture are life has increased by a third between 1995
dominated by small scale, family operations, and 2007, largely as the result of nutrient pol-
most of which employ fewer than 10 people. lution. Dead zones now rank alongside overfish-
ing, habitat loss, and harmful algal blooms as
Protecting and conserving the oceans key stressors of marine ecosystems. There are
Marine protected areas can help rebuild deplet- some 405 dead zones in coastal waters world-
ing stocks and act as sanctuaries for biodiver- wide (figure 14c), affecting an area of 95,000
sity. As of 2014, approximately 2 percent of square miles.6
the global oceans are designated as marine
protected areas, with various levels of actual Notes
control of access.5 Target 14.5 seeks the con- 1.World Bank, 2009, The Sunken Billions: The Economic Justification for
Fisheries Reform, Washington, DC.
servation, by 2020, of at least 10 percent of
2.Agnew, D. J., and others, 2009, Estimating the Worldwide Extent of
coastal and marine areas. According to the Illegal Fishing, PLoS ONE 4(2): e4570.
country-level data available, by 2014 South 3.Kelleher, K., 2008, World Bank Activities in Fisheries, Presentation at
High-Level Roundtable on International Cooperation for Sustainable, 2527
Asia had the lowest share of marine protected March, Bridgetown.
areas in its territorial waters. But all regions 4.World Bank, 2012, Hidden Harvest: The Global Contribution of Capture
Fisheries, Report 66469-GLB, Washington, DC; Food and Agriculture
have achieved at least some progress over the Organization, 2014, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture, Rome.
previous two decades (figure 14b). 5.United Nations Environment ProgrammeWorld Conservation Monitoring
Centre and the International Union for Conservation of Nature.
The condition of marine biodiversity and of 6.Diaz, R. J., and R. Rosenberg, 2008, Spreading Dead Zones and
the global environment is closely connected Consequences for Marine Ecosystems, Science 321(5891): 92629.
The distribution of dead zones

14c
matches the global human footprint
Global distribution of 400-plus systems that have scientically reported accounts of being eutrophication-associated dead zones
Human footprint
80 60 40 20
Hypoxic system
IBRD 42222
Note: See http://science.sciencemag.org/content/suppl/2008/08/14/321.5891.926.DC1 for supporting material for zone-specific information.

Source: Diaz, R. J., and R. Rosenberg, 2008, Spreading Dead Zones and Consequences for Marine Ecosystems, Science 321(5891): 92629.
Featuring the Sustainable Development Goals 31

SDG 15 Life on land
Forests cover 30percent of the Earths land but, despite efforts to pro-
tect them, around 13million hectares vanish each year. Between 1990
and 2015 the world lost more than 129million hectares over 3per-
cent of its forest area. The impact of human activity on the environment
directly affects the worlds poorest communities, and deforestation, de-
Protect, restore, sertification, and loss of biodiversity all pose major challenges to future
and promote sustainable development.
sustainable use
of terrestrial Protecting forests urbanization accelerates, and demand for food,
Crucial to the health of the planet, to its diverse fiber, energy, and minerals increases.
ecosystems, species, and to the livelihoods of a fifth of
sustainably the human population,1 forests contribute to Minimizing desertification and land degradation
manage long-term economic growth, social inclusion,

and environmental stability. Despite numer-
The loss of potential and existing agricultural
land to drought, floods, and land degradation
forests, combat ous international engagements to protect for- affects vast swathes of the worlds poor, many
desertification, est areas, national and regional afforestation
and reforestation efforts need to accelerate
of whom depend on agriculture for their liveli-
hoods and nourishment. Restoring land and
and halt and in order to ensure the sustainability of forests soil (target 15.3) helps keep land degradation
reverse land (target 15.2). While some regions have steadily in check.
increased forest coverage, Latin America and Soil degradation affects 52percent of agri-
degradation the Caribbean has lost 97 million hectares cultural land, and arable land is being lost at
and halt since 1990, and Sub-Saharan Africa has lost 3035 times its historical rate. Drought and
biodiversity loss 83 million hectares (figure 15a). Over 16 per-

cent of Brazils original Amazonian forest has
desertification have led to losses of 12 mil-
lion hectares, 2 on which 20 million tons of
disappeared, and the current rate of loss is grain could have been grown, and have further
2million hectares a year. Pressures on forests impoverished already vulnerable communities.
will continue as the worlds population grows, Degradation in the drylandszones naturally
The loss of forest area in two regions Degradation correlates with

15a 15b
has been barely offset by gains elsewhere loss in net primary productivity
Change in forest area, 19902015 Change, 19812003
(millions of hectares) (%)
50 20
Area affected by land degradation
Net primary productivity lost
25 15
0 10
25 5
50 0
Africa, Indo-China, South Australia The Pampas
south of Myanmar, and China
75 equator Indonesia
Source: Bai, Z., and others, 2008, Global Assessment of Land Degradation
100
East Asia Europe Latin North Middle East South Sub-Saharan and Improvement. 1. Identification by Remote Sensing, Report 2008/01,
& Pacific & Central America & America & North Asia Africa ISRICWorld Soil Information, Wageningen, Netherlands, as adapted by
Asia Caribbean Africa E. Nkonya and others, 2011, The Economics of Desertification, Land
Degradation, and Drought Toward an Integrated Global Assessment,
Source: Food and Agriculture Organization; World Development Indicators Discussion Paper on Development Policy 150, Center for Development
database (AG.LND.FRST.K2). Research, Bonn, Germany.

predisposed to high aridity and water scarcity Substantial gains have been made in conserv-
is causing the desertification of 3.6 billion ing biodiversity (figure 15c), with roughly 12per-
hectares.3 Degradation and concurrent loss cent of global forests now designated as pro-
of vegetative cover also lead to a loss in net tected areas.
primary productivity, the rate at which vegeta- Many species are under threat of extinction
tion fixes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere due to climate change, poaching, overfishing,
(figure 15b). Implementing sustainable and pollution, and habitat degradation. Of the 8,300
integrated land and water management prac- animal breeds known to humans, 8 percent
tices will help the areas and populations most are extinct, and 22percent are on the brink of
impacted. extinction. Among assessed species, the high-
est number of threatened plants are in Latin
Safeguarding natural habitats and biodiversity America and Caribbean, the highest number of
As forests, drylands, and freshwater ecosys- threatened fish are in Sub-Saharan Africa, and
tems disappear, so does the worlds biodiver- the highest number of threatened mammals and
sity. Action to protect and prevent the extinc- birds are in East Asia and Pacific (figure 15d).
tion of threatened species and their habitats
will help reverse this (target 15.5). Plants pro- Notes
vide humanity with 80 percent of the human 1.Chao, S., 2012, Forest Peoples: Numbers across the World. Moreton-
in-Marsh, United Kingdom: Forest Peoples Program. [www.forestpeoples
diet, and populations throughout Africa, Asia, .org/sites/fpp/files/publication/2012/05/forest-peoples-numbers-across
-world-final_0.pdf].
and Latin America use traditional plant-based 2.www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/biodiversity/.
medicine to help meet their healthcare needs. 3.www.ciesin.columbia.edu/docs/002-217/002-217.html.
The total area of protected land has Threatened species are

15c 15d
nearlydoubled since 1990 found throughout the world
National protected area Number of threatened species, 2015
(% of land area)
25 8,000
Plants Mammals
Fish Birds
20 6,000
15 4,000
10
2,000
5
0
1990
2014
Latin Sub- East Europe South Middle East North

America & Saharan Asia & & Central Asia & North America
0 Caribbean Africa Pacific Asia Africa
Latin East Sub- Europe Middle East North South World
America & Asia & Saharan & Central & North America Asia Source: United Nations Environmental Program and World Conservation
Caribbean Pacific Africa Asia Africa Monitoring Centre; International Union for Conservation of Natures Red
Source: United Nations Environmental Program and World Conservation List of Threatened Species; Froese, R., and D. Pauly, eds., 2008, FishBase
Monitoring Centre, as compiled by the World Resources Institute; World database (www.fishbase.org); World Development Indicators database
Development Indicators database (ER.LND.PTLD.ZS). (EN.MAM.THRD.NO, EN.BIR.THRD.NO, EN.FSH.THRD.NO, EN.HPT.THRD.NO).

SDG 16 Peace, justice, and strong institutions
Peaceful nations governed with fairness and transparency provide the
optimal platforms for implementing development strategies and pro-
grams. However, many states are in fragile situations, with citizens and
their daily lives compromised by fear, conflict, unjust laws, and opaque
governance. The success of the Sustainable Development Goals in such
Promote peaceful areas depends on achieving livable and calm communities supported by
and inclusive reliable and accountable institutions.
societies for
sustainable Reducing violence and related deaths 2014, the most of any country (figure 16b).
Protecting the lives of people is one of the In the same year, about 12,250 people were
development, most important obligations of states (target killed in Afghanistan, and close to 12,000 were
provide access 16.1). Intentional homicide occurs in every killed in Iraq.
to justice for country, but homicide rates vary across and

within regions. Latin America and the Carib- Promoting justice
all, andbuild bean had the highest homicide rate in 2012, Strong justice and rule of law systems pro-
effective, 23 per 100,000 people almost four times the
global average of 6 per 100,000 people (figure
vide mechanisms for resolving land and natu-
ral resource disputes, keeping governments
accountable 16a). Sub-Saharan Africa had 14 homicides per accountable to citizens, and giving businesses
and inclusive 100,000 people. East Asia and Pacific had the the confidence to enter into and enforce con-
lowest: 2 homicides per 100,000 people. tracts (target 16.3).
institutions One measure of peace is the absence of One monitoring tool is the proportion of the
at all levels conflict-related deaths. Escalation of several population that has experienced a dispute;
conflicts, coupled with the extreme violence accessed a formal, informal, alternative, or
in the Syrian Arab Republic, resulted in 2014 traditional dispute resolution mechanism; and
having the highest number of battled-related feels the process was just. While global cov-
deaths since 1989. More than 54,000 people erage is not yet available, appropriate survey
were killed in Syria in battle-related deaths in methodology has been developed over the past
Latin America and the Caribbean had The majority of battle-related deaths
16a 16b
thehighest homicide rate in 2012 occurred in three countries during 2014
Intentional homicides, 2012 Battle-related deaths, 2014
(per 100,000 people)
25
Syrian Arab Rep.
20 Afghanistan
Iraq
15 Ukraine
Nigeria
10 Pakistan
South Sudan
5
Israel
Yemen, Rep.
0
Latin Sub-Saharan North South Middle East Europe East Asia Somalia
America & Africa America Asia & North & Central & Pacific
Caribbean Africa Asia 0 10,000 20,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 60,000
Source: United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime; World Development Source: Uppsala Conflict Data Program; World Development Indicators
Indicators database (VC.IHR.PSRC.P5). database (VC.BTL.DETH).

two decades and has been used by national a crucial tool in a wide range of public policies
statistical offices in more than 25 countries and programs in health, education, water and
across all regions. sanitation, social protection, food security, and
labor and employment.
Strengthening institutions Globally, many births go unregistered. In
Building stronger institutions requires efficient, 2011 only 72percent of children under age 5
effective, and accountable public spending. had their births registered, and in Sub-Saharan
Comparing actual primary government expendi- Africa fewer than half were registered (figure
ture with the original approved budget is one 16d). In contrast, birth registration is nearly uni-
way of analyzing how well government budgets versal in Europe and Central Asia.
are planned and public financial management
is executed. The Public Expenditure and Finan- Securing the right to information
cial Accountability Program assesses how close A citizens right to know reflects a countrys
144 national governments come to meeting commitment to widespread, fair, and transparent
their proposed targets. Over the past 10 years sustainable development (target 16.10). Estab-
nearly two-thirds of participating countries were lishing legislative guarantees and mechanisms
within 10 percentage points of their original for public access to information safeguards
budgets, and around half of those were within fundamental freedoms and facilitates public
5percentage points (figure 16c). However, more input and review. However, implementation and
than a tenth of countries deviated by more than enforcement of such guarantees and mecha-
15percentage points. nisms are difficult to measure. Measuring both
the quality of laws and legislative guarantees
Providing legal identity for all and their levels of implementation will be neces-
Effective civil registration and vital statistics sary to measure progress toward target 16.10.1
systems capture key life events, such as births,
marriages, and deaths. In seeking legal iden- Note
tity for all, including full birth registration by 1.Trapnell, S. E., and V. L. Lemieux. 2014. Right to Information: Identifying
Drivers of Effectiveness in Implementation. Right to Information Working
2030 (target 16.9), such systems can provide Paper 2. World Bank, Washington, DC.
Public expenditure was within 10 percent In Sub-Saharan Africa fewer

16c 16d
of the budget in two-thirds of countries than half of births are registered
Share of countries surveyed, most recent year available during Share of children under age 5 whose births were registered, 2011
200615 (%) (%)
40 100
30 75
20 50
25
10
0
0 Europe Latin World South Sub-Saharan
Less than 5 percent to less 10 percent to less 15 percent & Central America & Asia Africa
5 percent than 10 percent than 15 percent or higher Asia Caribbean
Source: United Nations Childrens Fund, 2014, State of the Worlds
Source: Public Expenditure and Financial Accountability Program (www Children 2015: Reimagine the Future, New York; World Development
.pefa.org). Indicators database (SP.REG.BRTH.ZS).

SDG 17 Partnership for global development
Coordinated global macroeconomic policies, increased aid flows for the
poorest countries, effective public-private partnerships, and domestic
resource mobilization in low- and middle-income countries are key to
achieving development goals.
Strengthen Increasing aid flows their home country.1 International remittances,

the means of Official development assistance from members
of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation
in the form of personal transfers and compen-
sation of employees, have a profound impact
implementation and Developments Development Assistance on economic outcomes. In 2014 international
and revitalize the Committee (DAC) have increased 66percent in remittances totaled $528 billion, 72 percent
real terms since 2000, to $137billion in 2014. ($378billion) of which went to low- and middle-
global partnership Net official development assistance as a share of income countries (figure 17b). This was equiv-
for sustainable DAC countries combined gross national income alent to 1.7 percent of these countries com-
development (GNI) was 0.29percent, on a par with 2013 (fig-

ure 17a). Five DAC members exceeded the UN
bined GNI and close to two and a half times the
level of official development assistance from
official development assistance target of 0.7per- DAC donors. For India, the worlds largest recipi-
cent of GNI. The United States was the largest ent, international remittances totaled $70bil-
donor by volume: $32billion in 2014, or 0.19per- lion in 2014, or 3.4percent of GNI, only margin-
cent of GNI. Humanitarian aid rose 22percent in ally less than the net inflows of debt and foreign
real terms in 2014 and accounted for 10percent direct investment combined.
of net official development assistance flows.
Supporting the most vulnerable countries
Enabling development through remittances The worlds 48 least developed countries, home
International migration has an important role in to 1billion people, account for only 3percent of
economic relations between low- and middle- low- and middle-income countries export earn-
income countries and high-income countries. ings. Exports from the least developed coun-
An estimated 232million people, 3.2percent tries are highly concentrated: In 2014 Angola,
of the worlds population, live and work outside Bangladesh, and Myanmar accounted for
Net official development assistance as a share of Development Assistance Committee

17a
countriescombined gross national income was 0.29percent, on a par with 2013
Net official development assistance, 2014
(% of GNI)
1.25
1.00
0.75 United Nations target 0.70
0.50
0.25
0.00
C
an
em n
De y
Kin k
Ne dom
ds
itz d
d
um
Au d
a
ia
da
es
ly
ain
Sl a
Re a
c
ce
d
g
ga
a
an
ar
bli
bli
ur
nc
e
ali
re
i
lan
lan
lan
lan
lan
Ne l DA
Ita
str
en
rw
at
ee
lan
ed
Un Jap
ala
na
rtu
nm
Sp
bo
lgi
Ko
rm
pu
pu
Fra
str
ov
St
Au
Fin
Ire
Ice
Po
No
er
g
Gr
Sw
Ca
ta
Be
er
Ze
Po
Ge
Re
d
To
th
ite
Sw
w
x
ak
d
Lu
ec
ite
ov
Cz
Un
Sl
Source: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and DevelopmentDevelopment Assistance Committee.

54percent (figure 17c). Exports were dominated increased sevenfold from 2005 to 2012, to a
by commodities, notably oil, copper, gold, and record $158 billion. Over this period commit-
natural gas. Between 2009 and 2013 strong ments rose 414percent for energy, 166percent
global commodity prices drove the least devel- for transport, and 96percent for water. Commit-
oped countries export earnings up 63percent, ments have been flat since 2012, reflecting a
on a par with the 65percent increase in those slowdown in key emerging markets. In relation
of other low- and middle-income countries. But to GDP, investment commitments for public-pri-
the least developed countries lack of diversified vate partnerships in infrastructure remain low,
export base leaves them vulnerable to global at 0.20.6percent, only half the level recorded
economic trends. In 2014 least developed coun- prior to the Asian financial crisis.
tries export earnings fell 13percent, compared
with a 2.6 percent increase in other low- and Note
1.United Nations, 2013, 232 Million International Migrants Living Abroad
middle-income countries. Worldwide New Un Global Migration Statistics Reveal, Press release,
11September, New York. [www.un.org/en/ga/68/meetings/migration/pdf
/UN%20press%20release_International%20Migration%20Figures.pdf].
Using public-private partnerships to finance

Exports from the Least Developed
infrastructure 17c
Countries are highly concentrated
Public-private partnerships have a crucial role Exports of goods, services, and primary income
($ billions)
in improving efficiency in the delivery of public 250
services and helping governments address infra-
structure gaps. From 1990 to 2014 low- and 200
middle-income countries received commitments Other Least Developed Countries

150
of $1.44trillion to finance more than 6,800 infra-
Myanmar
structure public-private partnership projects. The 100
pattern of commitments has been uneven, with Bangladesh
strong growth prior to the 1997 Asian financial 50
crisis followed by sharp declines before struc- Angola

0
tural reforms, favorable macroeconomic poli- 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
cies, and buoyant global economic conditions Source: International Monetary Fund; World Development Indicators
database (BX.GSR.TOTL.CD).
sparked a recovery (figure 17d). Commitments
In 2014, 72percent of personal remittances Two expansions, one contraction in public-

17b 17d
wentto low-and middle-income countries private partnership investment since 1990
Personal remittances (personal transfers and compensation of Investment commitments for public-private partnerships in low- and
employees) ($ billions) middle-income countries (index, 1990 = 100)
600 1,250
Expansion Expansion
1,000
Absolute total
400 Other low and middle income
750
500
200
India
250
Share of GDP
High income 0
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
0
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
a. Predicted based on the first semester of 2015.
Source: International Monetary Fund; World Development Indicators Source: World Bank Private Participation in Infrastructure Database
database (BX.TRF.PWKR.CD.DT). (http://ppi.worldbank.org).

Cross-cutting issue
Statistical capacity
Data and statistics instruments, such as household surveys and civil
High-quality data and statistics underpin national and vital registration systems, will be required.
decision-making processes, guiding resource The World Banks Statistical Capacity Indica-
allocation, private sector investment, program tor is one tool for comparing statistical capac-
design, and policy formulation. The need for ity across countries and over time. Calculated
improvements are explicit in targets 17.18 and since 2004 using publicly available informa-
17.19 and are a foundation for Agenda 2030: tion, it measures low- and middle-income
Reliable data are needed to measure progress countries ability to collect and disseminate
and support implementation of every one of the statistics about their populations, economies,
Sustainable Development Goals. and societies. The composite indicator com-
For most indicators the best ways to improve bines a variety of different measures to illus-
data availability are to invest in national statis- trate general trends, but the components can
tical capacity and to develop stronger partner- help identify specific areas where progress is
ships among international agencies, govern- being made and where improvements are still
ments, and civil society. These investments needed. For example, Ghana has seen a steady
work: Data availability has steadily improved increase in its overall average score, from 51
over the last two decades. For instance, the to 66, because of better statistical methodolo-
number of countries with enough estimates gies. Notable improvements were a new base
of poverty incidence to measure a meaningful year and weights for the consumer price index,
trend increased from just 2 in 1991 to 53 in rebased national accounts, and better esti-
2012 (figure SC1). mates of vaccination coverage.
Agenda 2030 pledges that no one will be The average of the Statistical Capacity Indi-
left behind and that the goals and targets will cator has increased in all regions over the last
be met by all countries, people, and segments decade (figure SC2), but Sub-Saharan Africa
of society. This pledge places new demands on and the Middle East and North Africa have the
data and statistics and means that disaggrega- lowest average. Of the 10 countries with the
tion by sex, income group, age, location, and highest overall indicator value for 2015, 3 were
other dimensions of development takes on new in Latin America and the Caribbean, and 7 were
importance. Major investment in appropriate in Europe and Central Asia.
The availability of poverty Statistical capacity has

SC1 SC2
incidenceestimateshas improved improved in all regions
Number of countries with estimates of poverty headcount ratios Average Statistical Capacity Indicator
(0, low, to 100, high)
60 100
75
40
50
20 25
2004
2015
0
Europe Latin East Asia South Middle East Sub-Saharan
0 & Central America & & Pacific Asia & North Africa
1991 1995 2000 2005 2010 2012 Asia Caribbean Africa

Source: World Development Indicators database (SI.POV.NAHC). Source: World Development Indicators database (IQ.SCI.OVRL).

Cross-cutting issue
Financial inclusion
Access to financial services enables individu- scarce, though recent efforts are improving the
als and firms to manage sudden changes in situation.
income, smooth cash flow, accumulate assets, One measure of access to financial ser-
and make productive investments. It promotes vices is account ownership. Between 2011
better use of resources and better access to and 2014, 700 million adults became new
essential services and enables a higher qual- accountholders, and the share of adults with
ity of life. Financial inclusion is an important an account at a financial institution increased
enabler of development. Improving access to from 51percent to 61percent. Another 1per-
financial services is a cross-cutting target of the cent, while not having an account at a finan-
Sustainable Development Goals and is explicitly cial institution, reported using mobile money
recognized in Sustainable Development Goals services.
1, 2, 3, 5, 8, and 9. In a select group of 10 low- and middle-
Financial inclusion means having access to income countries with data for 2014, a large
a full range of affordable formal financial prod- share of small and medium-size enterprises
ucts and services, delivered responsibly by sus- have an account at a financial institution, but
tainable institutions. To manage their financial only a small share obtains financing through
lives, adults need access to an account or an loans (figure FI1).
electronic instrument to securely store money, The physical infrastructure of the financial
send payments, and receive deposits. But system has been improving. While the number
around 2billion adults worldwide do not have of bank branches per adult remained more or
such an account, and many small businesses less unchanged worldwide between 2010 and
cannot access the financial instruments they 2014, the number of automated teller machines
need. Financial inclusion is a complex con- rose quickly (figure FI2). And innovative ways of
cept and is difficult to measure. Important accessing financial services are making brick-
aspects are access to, use of, and quality of and-mortar branches less relevant in many
services. Moreover, relevant data have been cases.
Small and medium-size enterprises have Between 2010 and 2014 the number of
FI1 FI2
financial accounts but do not obtain loans automated teller machines rose quickly
Share of firms with 599 employees, 2014 Number
(%) (per 100,000 adults)
60
Sudan
Automated teller machines
Namibia
Burundi
Mauritania 40
India
Malawi
Senegal 20
Nigeria Branches
Afghanistan
Myanmar With a loan or line of credit

With an account at a financial institution 0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014
0 20 40 60 80 100
Source: International Monetary Fund Financial Access Survey; World
Source: World Bank Enterprise Surveys. Development Indicators database (FB.CBK.BRCH.P5, FB.ATM.TOTL.P5).

Cross-cutting issue
Fragility, conflict, and violence

While Sustainable Development Goal 16 is dedi- employment and economic growth), and 10
cated to promoting peaceful societies, progress (reduce inequalities) will be directly impacted
toward each Sustainable Development Goal will as low- and middle-income countries absorb
be severely impacted in regions affected by fra- refugees. Sustainability means that refugees
gility, conflict, and violence. Episodes of unrest will need to find decent work, their children will
can reverse development efforts and rapidly need to be educated, and the conflicts and
dismantle achievements built over a long time, poverty in their home countries will need to be
along social, political economy, and physical resolved.
dimensions.
Overall, around a fifth of the worlds popula- Impacting lives and livelihoods
tion is estimated to be in a fragile, conflict, or In fragile, conflict, and violent situations individ-
violent situation, spanning the 35 countries on uals and their day-to-day lives are threatened,
the World Banks Harmonized List of Fragile Sit- and their surroundings become dangerous.
uations as well as pockets of violence in other People flee, and the numbers of internally dis-
countries. The number of forcibly displaced placed persons and refugees increase. Fragil-
persons which includes internally displaced ity, conflict, and violence damage the social fab-
people, refugees, and asylum seekers is esti- rics and social contract of countries, impacting
mated to be 60million, the highest since World behavioral codes and trust in government and
War II. aggravating ethnic or religious friction. Fragil-
In 2014 the Middle East and North Africa ity, conflict, and violence often disproportion-
was the region of origin for 4.5 million refu- ately affect the health and safety of women and
gees, 87percent of whom came from the Syr- children.1 Combined with the erosion of wom-
ian Arab Republic, and Sub-Saharan Africa was ens education and rights (including access to
the region of origin for 4.4million (figure FCV1). reproductive health services), fragility, conflict,
The two regions also lead the world in granting and violence often lead to a paradoxical surge
asylum to refugees. in birth rates, increasing pressure on already
The influx of refugees to host countries strained education and health systems.
presents challenges. Sustainable Develop-
ment Goals 4 (quality education), 8 (productive Eroding institutions and political economy
Governance, rule of law, trust between citizens
Most refugees are from the Middle East
FCV1 and governments, justice, and human rights fail
andNorth Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa
Number of refugees, 2014 when countries become fragile or are affected
(millions)
10
by conflict or violence. These failures affect
By region of origin
By region of asylum
the economy by discouraging investments and
8 causing capital flight. In fragile, conflict, and
6
violent situations shadow economies tend to
flourish, and the rogue exploitation of mineral
4 and natural resources often finances and fuels
conflicts.
2
0
Middle East Sub- South East Europe & Latin North
Note
& North Saharan Asia Asia & Central America & America
Africa Africa Pacific Asia Caribbean 1.UN Women: Gender Equality, Development and Peace for the Twenty-first
Source: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees Statistical Online Century, Fact Sheet 5, www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/followup/session
Population Database; World Development Indicators database (SM.POP. /presskit/fs5.htm.
REFG.OR, SM.POP.REFG).

Sustainable Development Goals and targets
Goal 1 End poverty in all its forms everywhere 2.c Adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of food commodity
markets and their derivatives and facilitate timely access to market
1.1 By 2030, eradicate extreme poverty for all people everywhere, currently
information, including on food reserves, in order to help limit extreme
measured as people living on less than $1.25 a day
food price volatility
1.2 By 2030, reduce at least by half the proportion of men, women and
children of all ages living in poverty in all its dimensions according to
Goal 3 Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for
all at all ages
national definitions
3.1 By 2030, reduce the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per
1.3 Implement nationally appropriate social protection systems and
100,000 live births
measures for all, including floors, and by 2030 achieve substantial
coverage of the poor and the vulnerable 3.2 By 2030, end preventable deaths of newborns and children under 5
years of age, with all countries aiming to reduce neonatal mortality to at
1.4 By 2030, ensure that all men and women, in particular the poor and the
least as low as 12 per 1,000 live births and under-5 mortality to at least
vulnerable, have equal rights to economic resources, as well as access
as low as 25 per 1,000 live births
to basic services, ownership and control over land and other forms of
property, inheritance, natural resources, appropriate new technology and 3.3 By 2030, end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and
financial services, including microfinance neglected tropical diseases and combat hepatitis, water-borne diseases
and other communicable diseases
1.5 By 2030, build the resilience of the poor and those in vulnerable
situations and reduce their exposure and vulnerability to climate-related 3.4 By 2030, reduce by one third premature mortality from non-
extreme events and other economic, social and environmental shocks communicable diseases through prevention and treatment and promote
and disasters mental health and well-being
1.a Ensure significant mobilization of resources from a variety of sources, 3.5 Strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance abuse, including
including through enhanced development cooperation, in order to narcotic drug abuse and harmful use of alcohol
provide adequate and predictable means for developing countries, in 3.6 By 2020, halve the number of global deaths and injuries from road
particular least developed countries, to implement programmes and traffic accidents
policies to end poverty in all its dimensions
3.7 By 2030, ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health-
1.b Create sound policy frameworks at the national, regional and care services, including for family planning, information and education,
international levels, based on pro-poor and gender-sensitive and the integration of reproductive health into national strategies and
development strategies, to support accelerated investment in poverty programmes
eradication actions
3.8 Achieve universal health coverage, including financial risk protection,
Goal 2 End hunger, achieve food security and improved access to quality essential health-care services and access to safe,
nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture effective, quality and affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all
2.1 By 2030, end hunger and ensure access by all people, in particular 3.9 By 2030, substantially reduce the number of deaths and illnesses from
the poor and people in vulnerable situations, including infants, to safe, hazardous chemicals and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
nutritious and sufficient food all year round
3.a Strengthen the implementation of the World Health Organization
2.2 By 2030, end all forms of malnutrition, including achieving, by 2025, the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as
internationally agreed targets on stunting and wasting in children under appropriate
5 years of age, and address the nutritional needs of adolescent girls,
pregnant and lactating women and older persons 3.b Support the research and development of vaccines and medicines for
the communicable and non-communicable diseases that primarily affect
2.3 By 2030, double the agricultural productivity and incomes of small- developing countries, provide access to affordable essential medicines
scale food producers, in particular women, indigenous peoples, family and vaccines, in accordance with the Doha Declaration on the TRIPS
farmers, pastoralists and fishers, including through secure and equal Agreement and Public Health, which affirms the right of developing
access to land, other productive resources and inputs, knowledge, countries to use to the full the provisions in the Agreement on Trade-
financial services, markets and opportunities for value addition and non- Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regarding flexibilities to
farm employment protect public health, and, in particular, provide access to medicines
2.4 By 2030, ensure sustainable food production systems and implement forall
resilient agricultural practices that increase productivity and production, 3.c Substantially increase health financing and the recruitment,
that help maintain ecosystems, that strengthen capacity for adaptation development, training and retention of the health workforce in
to climate change, extreme weather, drought, flooding and other developing countries, especially in least developed countries and small
disasters and that progressively improve land and soil quality island developing States
2.5 By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants 3.d Strengthen the capacity of all countries, in particular developing
and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, countries, for early warning, risk reduction and management of national
including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant and global health risks
banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote
access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the Goal 4 Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education
utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
internationally agreed 4.1 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete free, equitable and
2.a Increase investment, including through enhanced international quality primary and secondary education leading to relevant and
cooperation, in rural infrastructure, agricultural research and extension effective learning outcomes
services, technology development and plant and livestock gene banks 4.2 By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have access to quality early
in order to enhance agricultural productive capacity in developing childhood development, care and pre-primary education so that they are
countries, in particular least developed countries ready for primary education
2.b Correct and prevent trade restrictions and distortions in world agricultural 4.3 By 2030, ensure equal access for all women and men to affordable and
markets, including through the parallel elimination of all forms of quality technical, vocational and tertiary education, including university
agricultural export subsidies and all export measures with equivalent
effect, in accordance with the mandate of the Doha Development Round

Sustainable Development Goals and targets (continued)
4.4 By 2030, substantially increase the number of youth and adults Goal 6 Ensure availability and sustainable management
who have relevant skills, including technical and vocational skills, for of water and sanitation for all
employment, decent jobs and entrepreneurship
6.1 By 2030, achieve universal and equitable access to safe and affordable
4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education and ensure drinking water for all
equal access to all levels of education and vocational training for the
6.2 By 2030, achieve access to adequate and equitable sanitation and
vulnerable, including persons with disabilities, indigenous peoples and
hygiene for all and end open defecation, paying special attention to the
children in vulnerable situations
needs of women and girls and those in vulnerable situations
4.6 By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial proportion of adults,
6.3 By 2030, improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating
both men and women, achieve literacy and numeracy
dumping and minimizing release of hazardous chemicals and materials,
4.7 By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the knowledge and halving the proportion of untreated wastewater and substantially
skills needed to promote sustainable development, including, increasing recycling and safe reuse globally
among others, through education for sustainable development and
6.4 By 2030, substantially increase water-use efficiency across all sectors
sustainable lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion
and ensure sustainable withdrawals and supply of freshwater to address
of a culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and
water scarcity and substantially reduce the number of people suffering
appreciation of cultural diversity and of cultures contribution to
from water scarcity
sustainable development
6.5 By 2030, implement integrated water resources management at all
4.a Build and upgrade education facilities that are child, disability and
levels, including through transboundary cooperation as appropriate
gender sensitive and provide safe, non-violent, inclusive and effective
learning environments for all 6.6 By 2020, protect and restore water-related ecosystems, including
mountains, forests, wetlands, rivers, aquifers and lakes
4.b By 2020, substantially expand globally the number of scholarships
available to developing countries, in particular least developed 6.a By 2030, expand international cooperation and capacity-building
countries, small island developing States and African countries, for support to developing countries in water- and sanitation-related
enrolment in higher education, including vocational training and activities and programmes, including water harvesting, desalination,
information and communications technology, technical, engineering water efficiency, wastewater treatment, recycling and reuse technologies
and scientific programmes, in developed countries and other 6.b Support and strengthen the participation of local communities in
developing countries improving water and sanitation management
4.c By 2030, substantially increase the supply of qualified teachers, Goal 7 Ensure access to affordable, reliable,
including through international cooperation for teacher training in sustainable and modern energy for all
developing countries, especially least developed countries and small
island developing States 7.1 By 2030, ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern
energy services
Goal 5 Achieve gender equality and empower all women
and girls 7.2 By 2030, increase substantially the share of renewable energy in the
global energy mix
5.1 End all forms of discrimination against all women and girls everywhere
7.3 By 2030, double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency
5.2 Eliminate all forms of violence against all women and girls in the public
and private spheres, including trafficking and sexual and other types of 7.a By 2030, enhance international cooperation to facilitate access to clean
exploitation energy research and technology, including renewable energy, energy
efficiency and advanced and cleaner fossil-fuel technology, and promote
5.3 Eliminate all harmful practices, such as child, early and forced marriage investment in energy infrastructure and clean energy technology
and female genital mutilation
7.b By 2030, expand infrastructure and upgrade technology for supplying
5.4 Recognize and value unpaid care and domestic work through the modern and sustainable energy services for all in developing countries,
provision of public services, infrastructure and social protection policies in particular least developed countries, small island developing States
and the promotion of shared responsibility within the household and the and landlocked developing countries, in accordance with their respective
family as nationally appropriate programmes of support
5.5 Ensure womens full and effective participation and equal opportunities Goal 8 Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable
for leadership at all levels of decision-making in political, economic and economic growth, full and productive employment and
public life decent work for all
5.6 Ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health and 8.1 Sustain per capita economic growth in accordance with national
reproductive rights as agreed in accordance with the Programme of circumstances and, in particular, at least 7percent gross domestic
Action of the International Conference on Population and Development product growth per annum in the least developed countries
and the Beijing Platform for Action and the outcome documents of their
review conferences 8.2 Achieve higher levels of economic productivity through diversification,
technological upgrading and innovation, including through a focus on
5.a Undertake reforms to give women equal rights to economic resources, high-value added and labour-intensive sectors
as well as access to ownership and control over land and other forms
of property, financial services, inheritance and natural resources, in 8.3 Promote development-oriented policies that support productive
accordance with national laws activities, decent job creation, entrepreneurship, creativity and
innovation, and encourage the formalization and growth of micro-, small-
5.b Enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular information and and medium-sized enterprises, including through access to financial
communications technology, to promote the empowerment of women services
5.c Adopt and strengthen sound policies and enforceable legislation for the 8.4 Improve progressively, through 2030, global resource efficiency in
promotion of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and consumption and production and endeavour to decouple economic
girls at all levels growth from environmental degradation, in accordance with the 10-Year
Framework of Programmes on Sustainable Consumption and Production,
with developed countries taking the lead

8.5 By 2030, achieve full and productive employment and decent work 10.3 Ensure equal opportunity and reduce inequalities of outcome, including
for all women and men, including for young people and persons with by eliminating discriminatory laws, policies and practices and promoting
disabilities, and equal pay for work of equal value appropriate legislation, policies and action in this regard
8.6 By 2020, substantially reduce the proportion of youth not in 10.4 Adopt policies, especially fiscal, wage and social protection policies, and
employment, education or training progressively achieve greater equality
8.7 Take immediate and effective measures to eradicate forced labour, end 10.5 Improve the regulation and monitoring of global financial markets and
modern slavery and human trafficking and secure the prohibition and institutions and strengthen the implementation of such regulations
elimination of the worst forms of child labour, including recruitment and
10.6 Ensure enhanced representation and voice for developing countries
use of child soldiers, and by 2025 end child labour in all its forms
in decision-making in global international economic and financial
8.8 Protect labour rights and promote safe and secure working environments institutions in order to deliver more effective, credible, accountable and
for all workers, including migrant workers, in particular women migrants, legitimate institutions
and those in precarious employment
10.7 Facilitate orderly, safe, regular and responsible migration and mobility
8.9 By 2030, devise and implement policies to promote sustainable tourism of people, including through the implementation of planned and well-
that creates jobs and promotes local culture and products managed migration policies
8.10 Strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions to encourage 10.a Implement the principle of special and differential treatment for
and expand access to banking, insurance and financial services for all developing countries, in particular least developed countries, in
accordance with World Trade Organization agreements
8.a Increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries, in particular least
developed countries, including through the Enhanced Integrated Framework 10.b Encourage official development assistance and financial flows, including
for Trade-related Technical Assistance to least developed countries foreign direct investment, to States where the need is greatest, in
particular least developed countries, African countries, small island
8.b By 2020, develop and operationalize a global strategy for youth
developing States and landlocked developing countries, in accordance
employment and implement the Global Jobs Pact of the International
with their national plans and programmes
Labour Organization
10.c By 2030, reduce to less than 3percent the transaction costs of migrant
Goal 9 Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive
remittances and eliminate remittance corridors with costs higher than
and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation
5percent
9.1 Develop quality, reliable, sustainable and resilient infrastructure,
including regional and transborder infrastructure, to support economic Goal 11 Make cities and human settlements inclusive,
development and human well-being, with a focus on affordable and
safe, resilient and sustainable
equitable access for all 11.1 By 2030, ensure access for all to adequate, safe and affordable housing
and basic services and upgrade slums
9.2 Promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and, by 2030,
significantly raise industrys share of employment and gross domestic 11.2 By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable
product, in line with national circumstances, and double its share in transport systems for all, improving road safety, notably by expanding
least developed countries public transport, with special attention to the needs of those in vulnerable
situations, women, children, persons with disabilities and older persons
9.3 Increase the access of small-scale industrial and other enterprises,
in particular in developing countries, to financial services, including 11.3 By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization and capacity
affordable credit, and their integration into value chains and markets for participatory, integrated and sustainable human settlement planning
and management in all countries
9.4 By 2030, upgrade infrastructure and retrofit industries to make them
sustainable, with increased resource-use efficiency and greater adoption 11.4 Strengthen efforts to protect and safeguard the worlds cultural and
of clean and environmentally sound technologies and industrial natural heritage
processes, with all countries taking action in accordance with their
11.5 By 2030, significantly reduce the number of deaths and the number of
respective capabilities
people affected and substantially decrease the direct economic losses
9.5 Enhance scientific research, upgrade the technological capabilities of relative to global gross domestic product caused by disasters, including
industrial sectors in all countries, in particular developing countries, water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people
including, by 2030, encouraging innovation and substantially increasing in vulnerable situations
the number of research and development workers per 1million people
11.6 By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities,
and public and private research and development spending
including by paying special attention to air quality and municipal and
9.a Facilitate sustainable and resilient infrastructure development in other waste management
developing countries through enhanced financial, technological and
11.7 By 2030, provide universal access to safe, inclusive and accessible,
technical support to African countries, least developed countries,
green and public spaces, in particular for women and children, older
landlocked developing countries and small island developing States
persons and persons with disabilities
9.b Support domestic technology development, research and innovation in
11.a Support positive economic, social and environmental links between
developing countries, including by ensuring a conducive policy environment
urban, peri-urban and rural areas by strengthening national and regional
for, inter alia, industrial diversification and value addition to commodities
development planning
9.c Significantly increase access to information and communications
11.b By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human
technology and strive to provide universal and affordable access to the
settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans
Internet in least developed countries by 2020
towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to
Goal 10 Reduce inequality within and among countries climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in
line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 20152030,
10.1 By 2030, progressively achieve and sustain income growth of the bottom
holistic disaster risk management at all levels
40percent of the population at a rate higher than the national average
11.c Support least developed countries, including through financial and
10.2 By 2030, empower and promote the social, economic and political
technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings
inclusion of all, irrespective of age, sex, disability, race, ethnicity, origin,
utilizing local materials
religion or economic or other status

Sustainable Development Goals and targets (continued)
Goal 12 Ensure sustainable consumption and Goal 14 Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas
production patterns and marine resources for sustainable development
12.1 Implement the 10-Year Framework of Programmes on Sustainable 14.1 By 2025, prevent and significantly reduce marine pollution of all kinds,
Consumption and Production Patterns, all countries taking action, in particular from land-based activities, including marine debris and
with developed countries taking the lead, taking into account the nutrient pollution
development and capabilities of developing countries
14.2 By 2020, sustainably manage and protect marine and coastal
12.2 By 2030, achieve the sustainable management and efficient use of ecosystems to avoid significant adverse impacts, including by
natural resources strengthening their resilience, and take action for their restoration in
order to achieve healthy and productive oceans
12.3 By 2030, halve per capita global food waste at the retail and consumer
levels and reduce food losses along production and supply chains, 14.3 Minimize and address the impacts of ocean acidification, including
including post-harvest losses through enhanced scientific cooperation at all levels
12.4 By 2020, achieve the environmentally sound management of chemicals 14.4 By 2020, effectively regulate harvesting and end overfishing, illegal,
and all wastes throughout their life cycle, in accordance with agreed unreported and unregulated fishing and destructive fishing practices
international frameworks, and significantly reduce their release to air, and implement science-based management plans, in order to restore
water and soil in order to minimize their adverse impacts on human fish stocks in the shortest time feasible, at least to levels that can
health and the environment produce maximum sustainable yield as determined by their biological
characteristics
12.5 By 2030, substantially reduce waste generation through prevention,
reduction, recycling and reuse 14.5 By 2020, conserve at least 10percent of coastal and marine areas,
consistent with national and international law and based on the best
12.6 Encourage companies, especially large and transnational companies, to
available scientific information
adopt sustainable practices and to integrate sustainability information
into their reporting cycle 14.6 By 2020, prohibit certain forms of fisheries subsidies which contribute to
overcapacity and overfishing, eliminate subsidies that contribute to illegal,
12.7 Promote public procurement practices that are sustainable, in
unreported and unregulated fishing and refrain from introducing new such
accordance with national policies and priorities
subsidies, recognizing that appropriate and effective special and differential
12.8 By 2030, ensure that people everywhere have the relevant information treatment for developing and least developed countries should be an
and awareness for sustainable development and lifestyles in harmony integral part of the World Trade Organization fisheries subsidies negotiation
with nature
14.7 By 2030, increase the economic benefits to small island developing
12.a Support developing countries to strengthen their scientific and States and least developed countries from the sustainable use of marine
technological capacity to move towards more sustainable patterns of resources, including through sustainable management of fisheries,
consumption and production aquaculture and tourism
12.b Develop and implement tools to monitor sustainable development 14.a Increase scientific knowledge, develop research capacity and transfer marine
impacts for sustainable tourism that creates jobs and promotes local technology, taking into account the Intergovernmental Oceanographic
culture and products Commission Criteria and Guidelines on the Transfer of Marine Technology, in
12.c Rationalize inefficient fossil-fuel subsidies that encourage wasteful order to improve ocean health and to enhance the contribution of marine
consumption by removing market distortions, in accordance with biodiversity to the development of developing countries, in particular small
national circumstances, including by restructuring taxation and island developing States and least developed countries
phasing out those harmful subsidies, where they exist, to reflect their 14.b Provide access for small-scale artisanal fishers to marine resources and
environmental impacts, taking fully into account the specific needs and markets
conditions of developing countries and minimizing the possible adverse
14.c Enhance the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their
impacts on their development in a manner that protects the poor and
resources by implementing international law as reflected in the United
the affected communities
Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, which provides the legal
Goal 13 Take urgent action to combat climate change framework for the conservation and sustainable use of oceans and their
and its impacts* resources, as recalled in paragraph 158 of The future we want
13.1 Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards Goal 15 Protect, restore and promote sustainable use
and natural disasters in all countries of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests,
13.2 Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and
combat desertification, and halt and reverse land
degradation and halt biodiversity loss
planning
15.1 By 2020, ensure the conservation, restoration and sustainable use
13.3 Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional
of terrestrial and inland freshwater ecosystems and their services,
capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and
in particular forests, wetlands, mountains and drylands, in line with
early warning
obligations under international agreements
13.a Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to
15.2 By 2020, promote the implementation of sustainable management of
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal
all types of forests, halt deforestation, restore degraded forests and
of mobilizing jointly $100billion annually by 2020 from all sources to
substantially increase afforestation and reforestation globally
address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful
mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully 15.3 By 2030, combat desertification, restore degraded land and soil,
operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon including land affected by desertification, drought and floods, and strive
as possible to achieve a land degradation-neutral world
13.b Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change- 15.4 By 2030, ensure the conservation of mountain ecosystems, including
related planning and management in least developed countries and their biodiversity, in order to enhance their capacity to provide benefits
small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and that are essential for sustainable development
local and marginalized communities 15.5 Take urgent and significant action to reduce the degradation of natural
habitats, halt the loss of biodiversity and, by 2020, protect and prevent
the extinction of threatened species
* Acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change.

15.6 Promote fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the 17.3 Mobilize additional financial resources for developing countries from
utilization of genetic resources and promote appropriate access to such multiple sources
resources, as internationally agreed
17.4 Assist developing countries in attaining long-term debt sustainability
15.7 Take urgent action to end poaching and trafficking of protected species through coordinated policies aimed at fostering debt financing, debt
of flora and fauna and address both demand and supply of illegal relief and debt restructuring, as appropriate, and address the external
wildlife products debt of highly indebted poor countries to reduce debt distress
15.8 By 2020, introduce measures to prevent the introduction and 17.5 Adopt and implement investment promotion regimes for least developed
significantly reduce the impact of invasive alien species on land and countries
water ecosystems and control or eradicate the priority species
17.6 Enhance North-South, South-South and triangular regional and
15.9 By 2020, integrate ecosystem and biodiversity values into national and international cooperation on and access to science, technology and
local planning, development processes, poverty reduction strategies and innovation and enhance knowledge-sharing on mutually agreed terms,
accounts including through improved coordination among existing mechanisms, in
particular at the United Nations level, and through a global technology
15.a Mobilize and significantly increase financial resources from all sources
facilitation mechanism
to conserve and sustainably use biodiversity and ecosystems
17.7 Promote the development, transfer, dissemination and diffusion
15.b Mobilize significant resources from all sources and at all levels
of environmentally sound technologies to developing countries on
to finance sustainable forest management and provide adequate
favourable terms, including on concessional and preferential terms, as
incentives to developing countries to advance such management,
mutually agreed
including for conservation and reforestation
17.8 Fully operationalize the technology bank and science, technology and
15.c Enhance global support for efforts to combat poaching and trafficking
innovation capacity-building mechanism for least developed countries
of protected species, including by increasing the capacity of local
by 2017 and enhance the use of enabling technology, in particular
communities to pursue sustainable livelihood opportunities
information and communications technology
Goal 16 Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for
17.9 Enhance international support for implementing effective and targeted
sustainable development, provide access to justice
for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive capacity-building in developing countries to support national plans to
institutions at all levels implement all the Sustainable Development Goals, including through
North-South, South-South and triangular cooperation
16.1 Significantly reduce all forms of violence and related death rates everywhere
17.10 Promote a universal, rules-based, open, non-discriminatory and
16.2 End abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of violence against and equitable multilateral trading system under the World Trade Organization,
torture of children including through the conclusion of negotiations under its Doha
16.3 Promote the rule of law at the national and international levels and Development Agenda
ensure equal access to justice for all 17.11 Significantly increase the exports of developing countries, in particular
16.4 By 2030, significantly reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the with a view to doubling the least developed countries share of global
recovery and return of stolen assets and combat all forms of organized crime exports by 2020
16.5 Substantially reduce corruption and bribery in all their forms 17.12 Realize timely implementation of duty-free and quota-free market
access on a lasting basis for all least developed countries, consistent
16.6 Develop effective, accountable and transparent institutions at all levels with World Trade Organization decisions, including by ensuring that
16.7 Ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and representative decision- preferential rules of origin applicable to imports from least developed
making at all levels countries are transparent and simple, and contribute to facilitating
market access
16.8 Broaden and strengthen the participation of developing countries in the
institutions of global governance 17.13 Enhance global macroeconomic stability, including through policy
coordination and policy coherence
16.9 By 2030, provide legal identity for all, including birth registration
17.14 Enhance policy coherence for sustainable development
16.10 Ensure public access to information and protect fundamental freedoms,
in accordance with national legislation and international agreements 17.15 Respect each countrys policy space and leadership to establish and
implement policies for poverty eradication and sustainable development
16.a Strengthen relevant national institutions, including through international
cooperation, for building capacity at all levels, in particular in developing 17.16 Enhance the Global Partnership for Sustainable Development,
countries, to prevent violence and combat terrorism and crime complemented by multi-stakeholder partnerships that mobilize and
share knowledge, expertise, technology and financial resources, to
16.b Promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and policies for support the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals in all
sustainable development countries, in particular developing countries
Goal 17 Strengthen the means of implementation 17.17 Encourage and promote effective public, public-private and civil society
and revitalize the Global Partnership for Sustainable partnerships, building on the experience and resourcing strategies of
Development partnerships
17.1 Strengthen domestic resource mobilization, including through 17.18 By 2020, enhance capacity-building support to developing countries,
international support to developing countries, to improve domestic including for least developed countries and small island developing
capacity for tax and other revenue collection States, to increase significantly the availability of high-quality, timely
17.2 Developed countries to implement fully their official development and reliable data disaggregated by income, gender, age, race, ethnicity,
assistance commitments, including the commitment by many developed migratory status, disability, geographic location and other characteristics
countries to achieve the target of 0.7 per cent of gross national income relevant in national contexts
for official development assistance (ODA/GNI) to developing countries 17.19 By 2030, build on existing initiatives to develop measurements of
and 0.15 to 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries; progress on sustainable development that complement gross domestic
ODA providers are encouraged to consider setting a target to provide at product, and support statistical capacity-building in developing
least 0.20 per cent of ODA/GNI to least developed countries countries


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WORLD

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Cover design: Communications Development Incorporated.

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Featuring the Sustainable Development Goals

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Featuring the Sustainable Development Goals3

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sustainable Development Goal 2 focuses on both child-

Undernourishment has declined globally Prevalence of child stunting is falling but is

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the poorest parts of the world. These are also /global-target-2025/).

Increased agricultural productivity correlated

Population growth is projected to be highest

Source: United Nations Population Division (http://esa.un.org/unpd/wup/CD-ROM/WUP2014_XLS_CD_FILES/WUP2014-F05-Total_Population.xls); Food

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The maternal mortality ratio The adolescent fertility rate

750 Low income

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for all mary school (target 4.1). The primary comple-

A larger share of children are Over half of out-of-school children

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of learning assessments are available, but dif- Addressing data challenges

Programme for the Analysis of Education Systems.

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Many countries do not guarantee an A larger share of women than of

a. Covers less than 66 percent of the population.

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Firm ownership and management Young brides

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50 Millennium Development Goal target

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Balancing water demand with available Notes

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Access to electricity Renewable sources of energy account

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and productive World Bank. The fragility of a country impacts its

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Female est shares of young people not in employment,