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Differences between Systematic and Individual
Approaches
Alfred Adler was the fi rst psychologist of the modern era to do family
therapy (Christensen, 2004).
Adler was a phenomenologist, and even though birth order appeared to
have some constancy to each position, he believed it was the interpretations
children assigned to their birth positions that counted. Adler noted that all
behavior was purposefuland that children often acted in patterns
motivated by a desire to belong, even when these patterns were useless or
mistaken.
Adlerians also use an educational model to counsel families in open forums
in schools, community agencies, and specially designated family education
centers.
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Multigenerational Family Therapy
At about the same time that Bowen was developing his approach, Virginia
Satir (1983) began emphasizing family connection.
Her therapeutic work had already led her to believe in the value of a strong,
nurturing relationship based on interest and fascination with those in her
care.
Satir discovered the power of family therapy, the importance of
communication and metacommunication in family interaction, and the value
of therapeutic validation in the process of change (Satir & Bitter, 2000).
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increase clients awareness of their inner potential and to open channels
of family interaction.
Whitaker saw his role as creating with the family a context in which
change can occur through a process of reorganization and reintegration
(Becvar & Becvar, 2006).
The origins of structural family therapy can be traced to the early 1960s
when Salvador Minuchin was conducting therapy, training, and research
with delinquent boys from poor families at the Wiltwyck School in New York.
Minuchins (1974) central idea was that an individuals symptoms are best
understood from the vantage point of interactional patterns within a family
and that structural changes must occur in a family before an individuals
symptoms can be reduced or eliminated.
The goals of structural family therapy are twofold:
o Reduce symptoms of dysfunction and
o Bbring about structural change within the system by modifying the
familys transactional rules and developing more appropriate
boundaries.
In the late 1960s Jay Haley joined Minuchin at the Philadelphia Child
Guidance Clinic. The work of Haley and Minuchin shared so many
similarities in goals and process that many clinicians in the 1980s and 1990s
would question whether the two models were distinct schools of thought.
Indeed, by the late 1970s, structural-strategic approaches were the most
used models in family systems therapy. Both models seek to reorganize
dysfunctional or problematic structures in the families; boundary setting,
unbalancing, reframing, ordeals, and enactments all became part of the
family therapeutic process
Strategic Family Therapy
In 1974, Haley and Clo Madanes started the Family Therapy Institute of
Washington, D.C.
Haley (1984) and Madanes (1981) have been more interested in the
practical applications of strategic interventions to ameliorate a familys
problems than in formulating a theory of therapy distinct from the structural
model.
Emphasis is given to power, control, and hierarchies in families and in the
therapy sessions.
Madanes brought a humanistic perspective to strategic therapy by
addressing the need to be loved and by emphasizing the nurturing aspects
of therapy.
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Recent Innovations
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Eight Lenses in Family Systems Therapy
The original six metaframeworks are internal family systems;
sequences; organization; developmental; multicultural; and gender.
To these have been added teleological and process metaframeworks.
The value of this approach is that it allows the therapist to draw on multiple
perspectives rather than being locked into a single viewpoint.
The lenses can be used for assessment as well as to tailor therapeutic
interventions to the specific needs of the family.
These eight lenses provide a foundation for integrating the various models
of family systems therapy.
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Reframing begins by asking:
o What purposes does this symptom, interaction, or process
serve?
o How does the individuals behavior protect the self?
o What are the social consequences of an action or
interaction?
o How are the goals of family members at cross-purposes with
each other?
o Are the goals of the family at odds with the goals of therapy?
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The Organization Lens:
Individuals and families have some organizing process that holds
everything together and provides a sense of unity.
In family systems, organization is manifest in family rules, routines, rituals,
and expected roles.
Collaboration is found in mutual or egalitarian relationships between
couples, and the function of leadership in the family is to organize the
system in clear, useful ways.
Balanced family leadership requires the ability to be firm, but friendly, and
to set developmentally appropriate limits while remaining fair, flexible, and
encouraging. In balanced families, individuality and connection to the family
are both significant: both fit generational, cultural, and developmental
needs.
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The Multicultural Lens:
A multicultural lens challenges dominant culture and introduces diversity and
complexity into our understanding of the human condition. This lens reframes
dominant culture as simply one of many. It seeks not tolerance but an appreciation
and valuing of diversity.
Ten areas of assessment assist family therapists in bringing a multicultural
perspective to their work:
Membership as an immigrant in a dominant society
Level of economic privilege or poverty
Level of education and process of learning
Ethnicity
Religion
Gender
Age
Race, discrimination, and oppression
Minority versus majority status
Regional background
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retreat, but they generally fall into a state of chaos. Because chaos is experienced
as crisis, family members often want to make huge decisions even though
everything seems out of balance. Therapists immediately become one of the
familys external resources with a primary responsibility to help individuals
reconnect with their internal resources and strengths, which are often not
recognized.
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Some family therapists focus primarily on the nuclear family, which is based
on Western notions.
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Contributions of Family Systems Approaches
One key contributions of systemic approaches in that neither the individual
nor the family is blamed for a particular dysfunction.
A systems perspective recognizes that individuals and families are affected
by external forces and systems, among them illness, shifting gender
patterns, culture and socioeconomic considerations.
Redefines the individual as a system embedded within other systems, which
brings an entirely different perspective to assessment and treatment.
An individual is not scapegoated as the bad person in the family.
The entire family has an opportunity to:
o Examine the multiple perspectives and interactional patters that
characterize the unit.
o Participate in finding solutions.
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