3 Transp EP 2017 RECTIFIERS (Compatibility Mode)

EP Power Electronics 2.
AC-DC Converters
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER : Resistive Load

iO v
D on D off
0 t t 2 wt
v vO v 2V sin( t ) vO 0 vO
O iO
V iO 0
iO 2 sin( t )
R p 2p wt
vAK
Average values of output Voltage and Current:
wt

1 2V VO 2V
VO 2V sin t dt cos t 0 2V IO
R

R
2 0

RMS values of output Voltage and Current:

1 2V VO RMS V

2 2
VORMS 2V sin t dt sin t dt I O RMS
2 0 2 0
R 2R

V 1 cos2t V 1 V
dt t sin 2 t
0
2 2 2 0 2
IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 1

EP Power Electronics 2. AC-DC Converters
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER: Inductive load

vAK iO
D on D off
v 0 t t 2
vO vO 0
vO 2V sin(t ) iO 0
diO
vO 2V sin(t ) RiO L
dt
Transient general solution: Forced particular solution:
R
t
iOtransient Ae L V
iOforced 2 sin(t )
Z
General solution:
vO
iOtrans + iOforced
iO
R
t
L
V p wt
iO Ae 2 sin(t ) 2p
Z b

vAK iO
vO
iO
v
vO
p 2p wt
b
R
General solution:
t V
iO Ae L
2 sin(t )
Z
Calculation of the integration constant, A:
R
Initial 0 V
Condition: iO(0)=0 iO (0) Ae L
2 sin(0 ) 0
Z
V
A 2 sin
General solution: Z f
R
V t
iO t 2 (sin e L sin( t ))
Z
b - null current angle R
(io=0):
L
0 (sin e sin( ))
Load voltage and curent vO

vO 2V sin(t ) iO
R
V t
p wt
iO 2 (sin e L sin(t )) 2p
Z
b

1 2V
Average output voltage: VO 2V sin t dt cos t 0 2V 1 cos
2 0

VO 2V
Average output current: IO 1 cos
R R

1 2V
2
2V sin t 2
RMS output voltage: VO RMS dt sin t dt
2 0 2 0

V 1 cos2t V 1 V 1
VO RMS d t t sin 2 t VO RMS sin 2
0
2 2 2 0 2 2

RMS output current:
T T R
1 2 1 t V
I O RMS (i ) dt ( Ae L
2 sin(t )) 2 dt
T o T o
O
Z
x
I O RMS
VO RMS
R

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER : Pure Inductive Load

iO vO
2 iO
vI vO V
L
p 2p wt
di diO 2V sin(t )
vO 2V sin(t ) L O b
dt dt L
General solution : 2V cos(t )
iO A
L
Calculation of integrating constant A:
Initial condition: 2 2 2
iO 0 V A A V iO t V 1 cost
iO(0)=0 L
L L
b - null current angle (io=0) 1 cos 0 2
2
Average values of output voltage and current: VO 0 IO V
L
RMS values of output voltage and current: VORMS V
2 2
2 3
I O RMS
2 L
V 1 cos t dt
0
I O RMS
L
V

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER: Inductive Load and EMF

vAK iO
vO
v
v I 2V sin(t )
E iO
vO
g p
E
E 2p wt
sin 1 t
2V b
diO
vO 2V sin(t ) RiO L E
dt
General solution: R
iOtran + iOforced t
L V E
iO Ae 2 sin(t )
R
t V E Z R
iOtrans Ae L iOforced 2 sin(t )
Z R
integration constant A calculation: Initial Conditon : iO(a/w)=0
V E V E
iO ( ) Ae 0 2 sin( ) 0
Z R A 2 sin
Z R

Conduction angle g=b-a in function of m and f

R Z cos
b instant when the current is null:
R
m - mE 2V
io 0 sin( ) Be L m
cos B
cos
sin

g=b-a
vO
E iO
g p
2p wt
1 2 VO E
VO 2V sin t dt Edt IO
2 R

R
t V E
RMS values of output voltage and current: iO Ae L
2 sin(t )
Z R
1 1
1

2 2
1
2
VORMS

2
2V sin t dt E dt

2
I ORMS O
2
i t dt
2 2

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER: Particular Cases:R,E

vAK
iO v, VO E
t
v
vO
vO RiO E a 2p wt
E
2V E iO
soluo : iO sin t
R R a p-a 2p+a 3p-a wt
Zero current instant (b angle): Average values of output current and voltage:
iO 0 sin t E V 2 1 2 E
IO ( V sin t )dt
2 R R
2
VO RI O E
RMS values of output current: Average load 2
Pactive RI ORMS EI Oav
power
1 2 E
I ORMS ( V sin t ) 2 dt 2
2 R R P RI ORMS EI Oav
Power Factor FP active
S V ef I ORMS
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER : Particular Cases:L,E

vAK
iO v, VO E vL=0
t
v L
di
vO vL O E a 2p wt
dt
E
diO 2V sin t E

dt L iO wt
t
2V sin t E a b 2p+a 2p+b
io dt
L

2V
cos cost E t
t
t
2V sin t E 2V E t io
io dt cost t L L
L L L

Average values of load voltage and current:

1 2V E
VO E IO
2 cos cos t t dt
L L

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: Resistive Load

v vO
D1 e D3 on D2 e D4 on
0 t t 2 wt
iO
vO 2V sin(t ) vO 2V sin(t )
2V 2V
iO sin(t ) iO sin(t ) p 2p wt
R R
iI
iO vAK1
1 2
wt
v vO iI
4 3 vAK wt
iD1,3
Average and RMS values of output voltage and current: iD2,4 wt

1 2 2V VO
VO 2V sin t dt IO wt
0 R VO I ORMS
V I FAV I FRMS
VO RMS V I O RMS 2R 2
R
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: Inductive Load

iI v vO
iO VO
1 2 D1 & D3 on D2 & D4 on
v vO 0 t t 2 iO wt
vO 2V sin(t ) vO 2V sin(t )
4 3 vAK
p 2p wt
diO vAK1
vO 2V sin(t ) RiO L
dt wt
R
t V
iO Ae L
2 sin(t ) iO IO
Z
wt
Clculation of steady state integration constant, A: iD1,3
steady state condition iO 0 iO

iI wt
wt
R R
0 V V 2 2V sin( )
iO 0 Ae L
2 sin(0 ) Ae L 2 sin( ) iO A R
Z Z Z
1 e L
Average and RMS values of output voltage and current:

1 2 2V VO IO
VO 2V sin t dt IO I FAV
0
R 2
I ORMS
I FRMS
VO RMS V 2
Calculation of the RMS output current:
If wL>>>R the output current is aproximately constant If L R I O RMS I O

1
R
V sin t V 1 2 2
iO 2 2
Z
R
e L
2 sin(t )
Z
I ORMS
2
i t
O dt

L
1 e
If not I O RMS I O

Simultaneous conduction
LC iO
LC indutance of the ACsource
v D1 L
vO XC =wLC commutation reactance
D2
v 2V sin t L LC L R iO(t) constant

During the commutation transition, both vO
diodes conduct simultaneousely and the load iO
voltage will consequentely be null.
iD1 iO p 2p wt
v m
vO iD2 vO(t) 0
iD1 iD2 iD1
m p+m 2p+m wt
Equivalent circuit during the commutation
simultaneous conduction

Calculation of diodes currents during L R

simultaneous conduction
t iO (t ) constant
LC iD1 iO=IO vO
iO=IO iO
v
iD2
p 2p
wt
m
Equivalent circuit during simultaneous
iD1 iD2 iD1
conduction
0 m p p+m 2p 2p+m wt
di t
vLC LC D1 2V sin t
dt
t
V 2V
iD1 t iD1 2 (sin t )dt iD1 t I O (1 cos t )
LC LC
2V
iD 2 t iO iD1 iD 2 t (1 cos t )
LC
Calculation of the simultaneus conduction angle m L R

iO (t ) constant
At wt=p+m the current
flowing in D1 reaches zero:
vO
iO=IO iO
2V
iD1 t I O (1 cos t )
LC p 2p wt
m
iD1 iD2 iD1

2V
iD1 0 I O 1 cos 0 m p p+m 2p 2p+m
LC wt
iD1=0
I OLC
1 1 IO X C
cos 1 cos 1
2V 2V

Effects of simultaneous conduction

The commutation inductance has two effects at the rectifier
output characteristics at the rectifier terminals:
- necessity to regulate the output voltage; because it will vary with
the output current
- distortion of the current in the ac voltage source
Calculation of VO in function of m

2V 2V 2V LC I O
VO sin d 1 cos 1
2 2 2V
VO
2V
VO
Characteristic of load regulation for
the half wave rectifier with LC
commutation reactance.
2 2V IO
XC

v I 2V sin(t ) iO
LC
iI
1 2 vI
iOvO
iI
vI IO
4 3
p 2p wt
- IO
conduction
VO
iO
LC IO
iI
1 2 iD24
vAK1
vI vO
wt
m p p+m 2p 2p+m
4 3
2I X 2V LC I O
cos 1 1 O C VO 1 cos 2 2V 1
2V 2 2V
Normalized characteristics of load regulation of half wave rectifier

with freewheeling diode and full wave rectifier with commutation
reactances LC:
VO
VO ( LC 0)
1
Half wave rectifier
1 IO 2 X C IO
2V
Full wave rectifier

CONTROLLED RECTIFIERS
Applications:
DC motors drives and control; battery chargers; electrochemical processes.
Definition of the firing angle:
The firing angle measures the instant when the thyristor starts conducting, taking as
reference the instant when it would start conducting if it were a diode (with resistive
load).
Basic rule:
Diodes or thyristors with common kathodes, conducts the device with the highest
anode voltage; diodos or thyristors with common anodes, conducts the device with
the lowest kathode voltage.
v1>v2>v3 v1>v2>v3 v1
v1 v1 v1
v3
v2 v2 v2
v2
v1 v3
v3 v3 v3
common kathodes common anodes

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER Resistive load

v vO
iO
vAK
T on T off wt
v vO t t 2 iO
vO 2V sin(t ) vO 0
V iO 0
iO 2 sin(t )
R a p 2p+a wt
Average values of output voltage and current:

vAK
1 2V
VO 2V sin t dt cos t 2V 1 cos
2 2 2 wt
iG
VO 2V 1 cos
IO
R 2R a wt
2p+a
RMS values of output voltage and current:

1 2V
2
2V sin t dt 2
VO RMS sin t dt
2 2
V

1 cos2t V 1
VO RMS
VO RMS dt t sin 2 t I O RMS
2
2
R

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER Inductive load

vAK iO
T on T off
v t t 2
vO vO 0
vO 2V sin(t ) iO 0
diO
vO 2V sin(t ) RiO L
dt
Transient solution: Steady state particular solution
R
t V
Z
General solution : vO
iO
iO trans + iO forced a g p 2p+a wt
R b
t
L V iG
iO Ae 2 sin(t )
Z a 2p+a wt

vO
vAK iO
iO
v
vO g p 2p+a wt
a
General solution: b
R iG
t
L V
iO Ae 2 sin(t ) a
Z 2p+a wt
Calculation of integration constant A:

V V
Initial condition: iO ( ) Ae 0 2 sin( ) 0 A 2 sin
iO(a/w)=0 Z Z
General solution:
R
V t
iO 2 sin e L
sin(t )
Z

vO
R
V t iO
iO 2 sin e L
sin(t )
Z
g p 2p+a wt
a
Curent will be null for wt>p:
b
iO(b)=0 para wt=b b=a+g
iG
The conduction angle g depends on a a 2p+a wt

and on f
Relation between a, g e f
R Se af gp

0 sin e L
sin( )
Se af gp
Se af gp

Relation between a, g e f
af gp af gp
iO forced iO forced
iO iO
iO trans
a g>p wt
a g<p wt
f b f
b
iO trans
iO
af gp
Transient does not wt
exist a g=p iO forced
f b
vO
Load voltage and current iO
g p wt
a 2p+a
vO 2V sin(t ) t
b
R iG
V t
iO 2 (sin e L sin(t ))
Z a 2p+a wt

1 2V
Output voltage average value : VO 2V sin t dt cos t 2V cos cos
2
VO 2V
Output current average value : IO cos cos
R R

1
2
RMS value of output voltage: VO RMS 2V sin t dt
2
RMS value of output current:
IST-DEEC 2017
I O RMS
1
2
Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

i
O t 2
dt
x
I O RMS
VO RMS
R
27
HALF WAVE RECTIFIER Inductive load and EMF

vAK R iO
vO
E iO
v
L
vO
p
a g 2p+a wt
E
E b
sin 1 t
2V
diO
vO 2V sin(t ) RiO L E
dt
R
General solution : iOtrans + iOforced
t
L V E
iO Ae 2 sin(t )
R
t V E Z R
Z R
Calculation of integration constant A: Initial condition iO(a/w)=0

V E V E
iO ( ) Ae0 2 sin( ) 0 A 2 sin
Z R Z R
Conduction angle g in function m, f and a

R Z cos
t
b - angle m -
tan
mE 2V
corresponding io 0 sin( ) Be
cos m
to zero current: B sin
cos
m m
f=p/6 f=p/2
g g
Conclusions:
1. a>180 its only possible with m<0. (Why?)
2 . For each a the conduction angle decreases when m increases. (Why?)
3. The conduction angle increases with f for the same a and m. (Why?)
vO
iO
Average values of load voltage and current: g p

2p wt
b
1 2 VO E
VO 2V sin t dt Edt
2 IO
R
R
RMS values of load voltage and current:
t
L V E
iO Ae 2 sin(t )
Z R
1 1
1 2 2
1
2
VORMS

2
2V sin t dt E dt
2
I Oef i t
O
2
dt
2 2

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER: Free wheeling diode and RL load

iO
vI vO
Mode 1 T ON D -OFF
Mode 2 T OFF D -ON
iO t t 2
iO
vI vO
vO
di diO 2
vO 2V sin(t ) L O1 RiO1 vO 0 L RiO 2
dt dt
solution : solution :
R R
t
L V (t )
iO1 Ae 2 sin(t ) iO 2 Be L
Z

R
t
L V R
(t )
iO1 Ae 2 sin(t )
Z vO
iO 2 Be L
TRANSIENT iO2
iO1 iO2
iO1
g p 2p+a wt
a
b=p
STEADY STATE
iO
IO(av)
wt
iG
a 2p+a wt
Steady state conditions for integration constants calculation:
iO1(a/w)=iO2(2pa/w) To substitute in the current equations to calculate the

steady state constants A and B
iO1(p)=iO2(p)
IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

32
Average voltage

1 2V
VO 2V sin t dt cos t 2V 1 cos
2 2 2
Average current
VO
IO
R
RMS Voltage 1

V 1

2
VO ef 2V sin t dt t sin 2 t
2 2
RMS current
2 2 R 2
R
1 t V 1 (t )
I O RMS Ae L
2 sin(t ) dt Be L dt
2 Z 2

If wL>>>R iO=constant IORMS = IO (av)

33
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: Resistive Load

v vO
iI iO T1 e T3 on T2 e T4 on
1 2 t t 2 iO wt
v vO vO 2V sin(t ) vO 2V sin(t )
2V 2V
4 3 vAK iO sin( t ) iO sin(t ) a p 2p+a wt
R R
Valores mdios da tenso e da corrente de sada: vAK1
1

2V VO wt
VO 2V sin t dt 1 cos IO
R iG1,3
V
I FAV O a 2p+a wt
2R iG2,4
Valores eficazes da tenso e da corrente de sada:
p+a wt
iI

1 VORMS
VO RMS

2
2V sin t dt I O RMS
R wt
I
I FRMS ORMS
2
RRECTIFICADOR DE ONDA COMPLETA: Carga Indutiva

iI
1 2
iO
T1 e T3 on T2 e T4 on
t t 2
v vO
vO 2V sin( t ) vO 2V sin(t )
4 3 vAK
R
di t V
vO 2V sin(t ) RiO L O iO Ae L
2 sin(t )
dt Z
Clculation of the StSt integration constant A:
DCM
V
a>f g<p iO 0 A 2 sin
Z
Clculation of the StSt integration constant A:
CCM

a<f g>p iO iO

R R
0 V V
iO Ae 2 sin( ) Ae L
L
2 sin( ) iO
Z Z
DCM CCM
a>f g<p a<f g>p
vO vO
v VO(av) v
VO(av)
wt iO wt Continuos
iO
Discontinuos IO(av) inductor current
I
inductor current O(av)
p 2p+a wt a p 2p+a wt
a
vAK1 vAK1
wt wt
iG1,3 iG1,3
a 2p+a wt a 2p+a wt
iG2,4 iG2,4
p+a wt p+a wt
iI iI
wt wt

36
Average values of load voltage and current:
DCM
1 VO IO
a>f g<p VO 2V sin t dt IO I TAV
R 2

1 2V
cos t 2 2V cos
CCM
a<f g>p VO 2V sin t dt

V IO
IO O I TAV
R 2
Calculation of RMS voltage of load current:
R
t
L V
iO Ae 2 sin(t )
Z
1 I ORMS
I FRMS
1 2 2
2
I ORMS
2
i t
O dt

If wL>>>R and a<f the output current will be nearly constant if L R I O RMS I O
FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: Load R, L, E

iI
iO R
1 2 R t V E
iO Ae L
2 sin(t )
v Z R
L vO
4 3 vAK E f , E ,
vO
DCM E iO
g p 2p wt
b
a 2p+a
p+a
vO
E
iO
CCM with wL>>R iOconstant p
g 2p wt
a p+a 2p+a

38
Operating Diagram of one phase controlled rectifier with R,L,E load

39
Operation with >/2 and CCM is only possible with E<0. (Why?)
vO
a = p/2 wL>>R iOconstant
iO
p 2p wt
2 2
VOav V cos
a p+a 2p+a

a>p/2 vO
a>p/2 VO<0
iO
a=p/2 VO=0
a<p/2 VO>0
p 2p wt
E VO E
IO
R
a p+a 2p+a
IO>0 e VO<0 Po<0

For the load to supply energy to the input source , it is necessary that the Electromotive force is negative.

40
HALF CONTROLLED FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: Inductive load

iI v vO
iO
1 2
v a p 2p+a wt
vO
iO
1 2 vAK T1,D2 T2,D1
T1,D1 T2,D2 wt
t
vO 2V sin(t )
vAK1
R
t V
iO Ae L
2 sin(t ) wt
Z iG1
t
a 2p+a wt
vO 0
iG2
R p+a
(t ) wt
iO Be L iI
2 2 wt
VOav V (1 cos ) I Oav V (1 cos )
R
41
Simultaneous Conduction in controlled rectifiers

v I 2V sin(t ) iO
LC
vI
1 2
iI
iI
vI vO IO
4 3
p 2p wt
- IO
conduction.
VO
iO a IO
LC
1
iT13
iI 2
vI vO m 2p wt
p 2p+a+m
4 3 2p+a
p+a
p+a+m

42

vI
iO
LC
IO iI
diI t
1 2 vLC LC 2V sin t
iI dt
vI vO p 2p wt

- IO
2V
4 3 2IO
LC (sin t )dt VO
IO
Equivalent circuit iT13

1 2I X
during simultaneous cos cos O C m 2p wt
conduction. 2V p
a
2V a+m
VO sin t dt sin t dt
0
2V 2 2V LC I O
VO cos cos cos
2V
43

Normalized Load Regulation Characteristics for the totally controlled
fullwave rectifier with commutation reactance LC
VO
2V
cos cos 2 2V cos LC I O
2V
VO
VO ( LC 0)
1
a=0
0,5
a=p/3
0 a=p/2 1 X C IO
-0,5 a=2p/3 2V
a+m=p
-1

44

Commutation falures due to simultaneous conduction.
When the rectifier operates in the

inversion mode it is necessary to assure
that simultaneous conduction was
already concluded after the next zero
crossing of the input voltage, the same
instant where voltage vC changes
polarity; if this does not happen so, the
current in the thyristors pair that is
about to cutting off , will start to
increase maintaining this pair in
conduction.

45
Secutity margin 2I X
cos 1 cos O C
2V
max max t q t q 0 max

max To assure that commutation failures do not
occur.
2I X
cos 1 cos O C
2V
2IO X C 2IO X C
1
cos 1 cos 1
2V 2V

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EP Power Electronics 2.

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER : Resistive Load

RMS values of output Voltage and Current:

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 1

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER: Inductive load

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 2

Load voltage and curent vO

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 4

RMS output current:

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 5

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER : Pure Inductive Load

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 6

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER: Inductive Load and EMF

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 7

Conduction angle g=b-a in function of m and f

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 9

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER: Particular Cases:R,E

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER : Particular Cases:L,E

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 11

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: Resistive Load

Average and RMS values of output voltage and current: iD2,4 wt

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: Inductive Load

Clculation of steady state integration constant, A: iD1,3

steady state condition iO 0 iO

Average and RMS values of output voltage and current:

Calculation of the RMS output current:

If wL>>>R the output current is aproximately constant If L R I O RMS I O

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 14

v 2V sin t L LC L R iO(t) constant

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 15

Calculation of diodes currents during L R

Calculation of the simultaneus conduction angle m L R

iD1 iD2 iD1

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 17

Effects of simultaneous conduction

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 18

Normalized characteristics of load regulation of half wave rectifier

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 20

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 21

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER Resistive load

Average values of output voltage and current:

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 22

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER Inductive load

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 23

Calculation of integration constant A:

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 24

The conduction angle g depends on a a 2p+a wt

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 25

RMS value of output current:

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER Inductive load and EMF

Calculation of integration constant A: Initial condition iO(a/w)=0

Conduction angle g in function m, f and a

2 . For each a the conduction angle decreases when m increases. (Why?)

Average values of load voltage and current: g p

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 30

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER: Free wheeling diode and RL load

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges 31

iO1(a/w)=iO2(2pa/w) To substitute in the current equations to calculate the

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

If wL>>>R iO=constant IORMS = IO (av)

IST-DEEC 2017 Prof Beatriz Vieira Borges

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER: Resistive Load

Valores mdios da tenso e da corrente de sada: vAK1