JavaScript Tutorial: Learn JS Basics, Objects, Arrays, Functions

JavaScript Tutorial for beginners and professionals is a solution of client side dynamic pages.
JavaScript is an object-based scripting language that is lightweight and cross-platform.
JavaScript is not compiled but translated. The JavaScript Translator (embedded in browser) is
responsible to translate the JavaScript code.
Where JavaScript is used
JavaScript is used to create interactive websites. It is mainly used for:

o Client-side validation
o Dynamic drop-down menus
o Displaying data and time
o Displaying popup windows and dialog boxes (like alert dialog box, confirm dialog box
and prompt dialog box)
o Displaying clocks etc.
JavaScript Example
<h2>Welcome to JavaScript</h2>
<script>
document.write("Hello JavaScript by JavaScript");
</script>
Javascript example is easy to code. JavaScript provides 3 places to put the JavaScript code:
within body tag, within head tag and external JavaScript file.
<script type="text/javascript">
document.write("JavaScript is a simple language for javatpoint learners");
</script>
The script tag specifies that we are using JavaScript.
The text/javascript is the content type that provides information to the browser about the data.
The document.write() function is used to display dynamic content through JavaScript. We will
learn about document object in detail later.
3 Places to put JavaScript code

1. Between the body tag of html
2. Between the head tag of html
3. In .js file (external javaScript)
1) JavaScript Example : code between the body tag

In the above example, we have displayed the dynamic content using JavaScript. Lets see the
simple example of JavaScript that displays alert dialog box.
alert("Hello Javatpoint");
</script>
2) JavaScript Example : code between the head tag
Lets see the same example of displaying alert dialog box of JavaScript that is contained inside
the head tag.
In this example, we are creating a function msg(). To create function in JavaScript, you need to
write function with function_name as given below.
To call function, you need to work on event. Here we are using onclick event to call msg()
function.
<html>
<head>
function msg(){
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Welcome to JavaScript</p>
<form>
<input type="button" value="click" onclick="msg()"/>
</form>
</body>
</html>
External JavaScript file

We can create external JavaScript file and embed it in many html page.
It provides code re usability because single JavaScript file can be used in several html pages.
An external JavaScript file must be saved by .js extension. It is recommended to embed all
JavaScript files into a single file. It increases the speed of the webpage.
message.js
function msg(){
}
index.html
<html>
<head>
<script type="text/javascript" src="message.js"></script>
</head>
<body>
<p>Welcome to JavaScript</p>
<form>
</form>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript Basics
JavaScript Comment
The JavaScript comments are meaningful way to deliver message. It is used to add information
about the code, warnings or suggestions so that end user can easily interpret the code.
The JavaScript comment is ignored by the JavaScript engine i.e. embedded in the browser.
Advantages of JavaScript comments
There are mainly two advantages of JavaScript comments.
1. To make code easy to understand It can be used to elaborate the code so that end user
can easily understand the code.
2. To avoid the unnecessary code It can also be used to avoid the code being executed.
Sometimes, we add the code to perform some action. But after sometime, there may be
need to disable the code. In such case, it is better to use comments.
Types of JavaScript Comments

There are two types of comments in JavaScript.
1. Single-line Comment
2. Multi-line Comment
<script>
// It is single line comment
document.write("hello javascript");
</script>
<script>
var a=10;
var b=20;
var c=a+b;//It adds values of a and b variable
document.write(c);//prints sum of 10 and 20
</script>
JavaScript Variable
A JavaScript variable is simply a name of storage location. There are two types of variables in
JavaScript : local variable and global variable.
There are some rules while declaring a JavaScript variable (also known as identifiers).
1. Name must start with a letter (a to z or A to Z), underscore( _ ), or dollar( $ ) sign.
2. After first letter we can use digits (0 to 9), for example value1.
3. JavaScript variables are case sensitive, for example x and X are different variables.
Example:
<script>
var x = 10;
var y = 20;
var z=x+y;
document.write(z);
</script>
JavaScript local variable
A JavaScript local variable is declared inside block or function. It is accessible within the
function or block only. For example:
<script>
function abc(){
var x=10;//local variable
}
</script>
JavaScript global variable

A JavaScript global variable is accessible from any function. A variable i.e. declared outside
the function or declared with window object is known as global variable. For example:
<script>
var data=200;//gloabal variable
function a(){
document.writeln(data);
}
function b(){
document.writeln(data);
}
a();//calling JavaScript function
b();
</script>
Javascript Data Types
JavaScript provides different data types to hold different types of values. There are two types of
data types in JavaScript.
1. Primitive data type

2. Non-primitive (reference) data type
JavaScript is a dynamic type language, means you don't need to specify type of the variable
because it is dynamically used by JavaScript engine. You need to use var here to specify the data
type. It can hold any type of values such as numbers, strings etc. For example:
var a=40;//holding number

var b="Rahul";//holding string
JavaScript primitive data types

There are five types of primitive data types in JavaScript. They are as follows:
Data Type Description
String represents sequence of characters e.g. "hello"
Number represents numeric values e.g. 100
Boolean represents boolean value either false or true
Undefined represents undefined value
Null represents null i.e. no value at all
JavaScript non-primitive data types

The non-primitive data types are as follows:
Data Type Description
Object represents instance through which we can access members
Array represents group of similar values
RegExp represents regular expression

We will have great discussion on each data type later.
JavaScript Operators
JavaScript operators are symbols that are used to perform operations on operands. For example:
var sum=10+20;
Here, + is the arithmetic operator and = is the assignment operator.

There are following types of operators in JavaScript.
1. Arithmetic Operators
2. Comparison (Relational) Operators
3. Bitwise Operators
4. Logical Operators
5. Assignment Operators
6. Special Operators
JavaScript Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform arithmetic operations on the operands. The following
operators are known as JavaScript arithmetic operators.
Operator Description Example
+ Addition 10+20 = 30
- Subtraction 20-10 = 10
* Multiplication 10*20 = 200
/ Division 20/10 = 2
% Modulus (Remainder) 20%10 = 0
++ Increment var a=10; a++; Now a = 11
-- Decrement var a=10; a--; Now a = 9
JavaScript Comparison Operators

The JavaScript comparison operator compares the two operands. The comparison operators are
as follows:
== Is equal to 10==20 = false
=== Identical (equal and of same type) 10==20 = false
!= Not equal to 10!=20 = true
!== Not Identical 20!==20 = false
> Greater than 20>10 = true
>= Greater than or equal to 20>=10 = true
< Less than 20<10 = false
<= Less than or equal to 20<=10 = false
JavaScript Bitwise Operators

The bitwise operators perform bitwise operations on operands. The bitwise operators are as
follows:
& Bitwise AND (10==20 & 20==33) = false
| Bitwise OR (10==20 | 20==33) = false
^ Bitwise XOR (10==20 ^ 20==33) = false
~ Bitwise NOT (~10) = -10
<< Bitwise Left Shift (10<<2) = 40
>> Bitwise Right Shift (10>>2) = 2
>>> Bitwise Right Shift with Zero (10>>>2) = 2
JavaScript Logical Operators

The following operators are known as JavaScript logical operators.
&& Logical AND (10==20 && 20==33) = false
|| Logical OR (10==20 || 20==33) = false
! Logical Not !(10==20) = true

JavaScript Assignment Operators
The following operators are known as JavaScript assignment operators.
= Assign 10+10 = 20
+= Add and assign var a=10; a+=20; Now a = 30
-= Subtract and assign var a=20; a-=10; Now a = 10
*= Multiply and assign var a=10; a*=20; Now a = 200
/= Divide and assign var a=10; a/=2; Now a = 5
%= Modulus and assign var a=10; a%=2; Now a = 0
JavaScript Special Operators
The following operators are known as JavaScript special operators.

Operator Description
(?:) Conditional Operator returns value based on the condition. It is like if-
else.
, Comma Operator allows multiple expressions to be evaluated as single

statement.
delete Delete Operator deletes a property from the object.
in In Operator checks if object has the given property
instanceof checks if the object is an instance of given type
new creates an instance (object)
typeof checks the type of object.
void it discards the expression's return value.
yield checks what is returned in a generator by the generator's iterator.
JavaScript If-else
The JavaScript if-else statement is used to execute the code whether condition is true or false.
There are three forms of if statement in JavaScript.
1. If Statement
2. If else statement
3. if else if statement
JavaScript If statement
It evaluates the content only if expression is true. The signature of JavaScript if statement is
given below.
if(expression){
//content to be evaluated
}
Lets see the simple example of if statement in javascript.
<script>
var a=20;
if(a>10){
document.write("value of a is greater than 10");
}
</script>
JavaScript If...else Statement

It evaluates the content whether condition is true of false. The syntax of JavaScript if-else
statement is given below.
if(expression){
//content to be evaluated if condition is true
}
else{
//content to be evaluated if condition is false
}
Lets see the example of if-else statement in JavaScript to find out the even or odd number.
<script>
var a=20;
if(a%2==0){
document.write("a is even number");
}
else{
document.write("a is odd number");
}
</script>
JavaScript If...else if statement

It evaluates the content only if expression is true from several expressions. The signature of
JavaScript if else if statement is given below.
if(expression1){
//content to be evaluated if expression1 is true
}
else if(expression2){
}
else if(expression3){
}
else{
//content to be evaluated if no expression is true
}
Lets see the simple example of if else if statement in javascript.
<script>
var a=20;
if(a==10){
document.write("a is equal to 10");
}
else if(a==15){
}
else if(a==20){
}
else{
document.write("a is not equal to 10, 15 or 20");
}
</script>
JavaScript Switch
The JavaScript switch statement is used to execute one code from multiple expressions. It is
just like else if statement that we have learned in previous page. But it is convenient
than if..else..if because it can be used with numbers, characters etc.
The signature of JavaScript switch statement is given below.

switch(expression){
case value1:
code to be executed;
break;
case value2:
code to be executed;
break;
......
default:
code to be executed if above values are not matched;
}
Lets see the simple example of switch statement in javascript.
<script>
var grade='B';
var result;
switch(grade){
case 'A':
result="A Grade";
break;
case 'B':
result="B Grade";
break;
case 'C':
result="C Grade";
break;
default:
result="No Grade";
}
document.write(result);
</script>
Lets understand the behaviour of switch statement in JavaScript.
<script>
var grade='B';
var result;
switch(grade){
case 'A':
result+=" A Grade";
case 'B':
result+=" B Grade";
case 'C':
result+=" C Grade";
default:
result+=" No Grade";
}
document.write(result);
</script>
JavaScript Loops
The JavaScript loops are used to iterate the piece of code using for, while, do while or for-in
loops. It makes the code compact. It is mostly used in array.
There are four types of loops in JavaScript.

1. for loop
2. while loop
3. do-while loop
4. for-in loop
1) JavaScript For loop

The JavaScript for loop iterates the elements for the fixed number of times. It should be used if
number of iteration is known. The syntax of for loop is given below.
for (initialization; condition; increment)

{
code to be executed
}
Lets see the simple example of for loop in javascript.
<script>
for (i=1; i<=5; i++)
{
document.write(i + "<br/>")
}
</script>
2) JavaScript while loop

The JavaScript while loop iterates the elements for the infinite number of times. It should be
used if number of iteration is not known. The syntax of while loop is given below.
while (condition)
{
code to be executed
}
Lets see the simple example of while loop in javascript.
<script>
var i=11;
while (i<=15)
{
document.write(i + "<br/>");
i++;
}
</script>
3) JavaScript do while loop

The JavaScript do while loop iterates the elements for the infinite number of times like while
loop. But, code is executed at least once whether condition is true or false. The syntax of do
while loop is given below.
do{
code to be executed
}while (condition);
Lets see the simple example of do while loop in javascript.

<script>
var i=21;
do{
document.write(i + "<br/>");
i++;
}while (i<=25);
</script>
JavaScript Functions
JavaScript functions are used to perform operations. We can call JavaScript function many times to
reuse the code.
Advantage of JavaScript function

There are mainly two advantages of JavaScript functions.
1. Code reusability: We can call a function several times so it save coding.

2. Less coding: It makes our program compact. We dont need to write many lines of code each
time to perform a common task.
JavaScript Function Syntax

The syntax of declaring function is given below.
function functionName([arg1, arg2, ...argN]){

//code to be executed
}
JavaScript Functions can have 0 or more arguments.
Example:
<script>
function msg(){
alert("hello! this is message");
}
</script>
<input type="button" onclick="msg()" value="call function"/>
JavaScript Function Arguments

We can call function by passing arguments. Lets see the example of function that has one
argument.
<script>
function getcube(number){
alert(number*number*number);
}
</script>
<form>
<input type="button" value="click" onclick="getcube(4)"/>
</form>
Function with Return Value

We can call function that returns a value and use it in our program. Lets see the example of
function that returns value.
<script>
function getInfo(){
return "hello javatpoint! How r u?";
}
</script>
<script>
document.write(getInfo());
</script>
JavaScript Objects
A javaScript object is an entity having state and behavior (properties and method). For example: car,
pen, bike, chair, glass, keyboard, monitor etc.
JavaScript is an object-based language. Everything is an object in JavaScript.
JavaScript is template based not class based. Here, we don't create class to get the object. But, we
direct create objects.
Creating Objects in JavaScript
There are 3 ways to create objects.

1. By object literal
2. By creating instance of Object directly (using new keyword)
3. By using an object constructor (using new keyword)
1) JavaScript Object by object literal
The syntax of creating object using object literal is given below:
object={property1:value1,property2:value2.....propertyN:valueN}
As you can see, property and value is separated by : (colon).
Lets see the simple example of creating object in JavaScript.
<script>
emp={id:102,name:"Shyam Kumar",salary:40000}
document.write(emp.id+" "+emp.name+" "+emp.salary);
</script>
2) By creating instance of Object
The syntax of creating object directly is given below:
var objectname=new Object();
Here, new keyword is used to create object.

Lets see the example of creating object directly.
<script>
var emp=new Object();
emp.id=101;
emp.name="Ravi Malik";
emp.salary=50000;
document.write(emp.id+" "+emp.name+" "+emp.salary);
</script>
3) By using an Object constructor
Here, you need to create function with arguments. Each argument value can be assigned in the
current object by using this keyword.
The this keyword refers to the current object.
The example of creating object by object constructor is given below
<script>
function emp(id,name,salary){
this.id=id;
this.name=name;
this.salary=salary;
}
e=new emp(103,"Vimal Jaiswal",30000);
document.write(e.id+" "+e.name+" "+e.salary);

</script>
Defining method in JavaScript Object
We can define method in JavaScript object. But before defining method, we need to add property
in the function with same name as method.
The example of defining method in object is given below.

<script>
function emp(id,name,salary){
this.id=id;
this.name=name;
this.salary=salary;
this.changeSalary=changeSalary;
function changeSalary(otherSalary){
this.salary=otherSalary;
}
}
e=new emp(103,"Sonoo Jaiswal",30000);
document.write(e.id+" "+e.name+" "+e.salary);
e.changeSalary(45000);
document.write("<br>"+e.id+" "+e.name+" "+e.salary);
</script>
JavaScript Array
JavaScript array is an object that represents a collection of similar type of elements.

There are 3 ways to construct array in JavaScript
1. By array literal
2. By creating instance of Array directly (using new keyword)
3. By using an Array constructor (using new keyword)
1) JavaScript array literal

The syntax of creating array using array literal is given below:
var arrayname=[value1,value2.....valueN];
As you can see, values are contained inside [ ] and separated by , (comma).
Lets see the simple example of creating and using array in JavaScript.
<script>
var emp=["Sonoo","Vimal","Ratan"];
for (i=0;i<emp.length;i++){
document.write(emp[i] + "<br/>");
}
</script>
2) JavaScript Array directly (new keyword)
The syntax of creating array directly is given below:

var arrayname=new Array();
Here, new keyword is used to create instance of array.
Lets see the example of creating array directly.

<script>
var i;
var emp = new Array();
emp[0] = "Arun";
emp[1] = "Varun";
emp[2] = "John";
document.write(emp[i] + "<br>");
}
</script>
3) JavaScript array constructor (new keyword)
Here, you need to create instance of array by passing arguments in constructor so that we don't
have to provide value explicitly.
The example of creating object by array constructor is given below.

<script>
var emp=new Array("Jai","Vijay","Smith");
document.write(emp[i] + "<br>");
}
</script>
JavaScript String
The JavaScript string is an object that represents a sequence of characters.
There are 2 ways to create string in JavaScript

1. By string literal
2. By string object (using new keyword)
1) By string literal
The string literal is created using double quotes. The syntax of creating string using string literal
is given below:
var stringname="string value";

Lets see the simple example of creating string literal.
<script>
var str="This is string literal";
document.write(str);
</script>
2) By string object (using new keyword)

The syntax of creating string object using new keyword is given below:
var stringname=new String("string literal");
Here, new keyword is used to create instance of string.
Lets see the example of creating string in JavaScript by new keyword.

<script>
var stringname=new String("hello javascript string");
document.write(stringname);
</script>
JavaScript String Methods

Let's see the list of JavaScript string methods with examples.
o charAt(index)
o concat(str)
o indexOf(str)
o lastIndexOf(str)
o toLowerCase()
o toUpperCase()
o slice(beginIndex, endIndex)
o trim()
1) JavaScript String charAt(index) Method

The JavaScript String charAt() method returns the character at the given index.
<script>
var str="javascript";
document.write(str.charAt(2));
</script>
2) JavaScript String concat(str) Method

The JavaScript String concat(str) method concatenates or joins two strings.
<script>
var s1="javascript ";
var s2="concat example";
var s3=s1.concat(s2);
document.write(s3);
</script>
3) JavaScript String indexOf(str) Method

The JavaScript String indexOf(str) method returns the index position of the given string.
<script>
var s1="javascript from javatpoint indexof";
var n=s1.indexOf("from");
document.write(n);
</script>
4) JavaScript String lastIndexOf(str) Method
The JavaScript String lastIndexOf(str) method returns the last index position of the given string.
<script>
var s1="javascript from javatpoint indexof";
var n=s1.lastIndexOf("java");
document.write(n);
</script>
5) JavaScript String toLowerCase() Method

The JavaScript String toLowerCase() method returns the given string in lowercase letters.
<script>
var s1="JavaScript toLowerCase Example";
var s2=s1.toLowerCase();
document.write(s2);
</script>
6) JavaScript String toUpperCase() Method

The JavaScript String toUpperCase() method returns the given string in uppercase letters.
<script>
var s1="JavaScript toUpperCase Example";
var s2=s1.toUpperCase();
document.write(s2);
</script>
7) JavaScript String slice(beginIndex, endIndex) Method
The JavaScript String slice(beginIndex, endIndex) method returns the parts of string from given
beginIndex to endIndex. In slice() method, beginIndex is inclusive and endIndex is exclusive.
<script>
var s1="abcdefgh";
var s2=s1.slice(2,5);
document.write(s2);
</script>
8) JavaScript String trim() Method

The JavaScript String trim() method removes leading and trailing whitespaces from the string.
<script>
var s1=" javascript trim ";
var s2=s1.trim();
document.write(s2);
</script>
JavaScript Date Object

The JavaScript date object can be used to get year, month and day. You can display a timer on
the webpage by the help of JavaScript date object.
You can use different Date constructors to create date object. It provides methods to get and set
day, month, year, hour, minute and seconds.
Constructor
You can use 4 variant of Date constructor to create date object.
Date()
Date(milliseconds)
Date(dateString)
Date(year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds, milliseconds)
JavaScript Date Methods

The important methods of date object are as follows:
Method Description
getFullYear() returns the year in 4 digit e.g. 2015. It is a new method and
suggested than getYear() which is now deprecated.
getMonth() returns the month in 2 digit from 0 to 11. So it is better to

use getMonth()+1 in your code.
getDate() returns the date in 1 or 2 digit from 1 to 31.
getDay() returns the day of week in 1 digit from 0 to 6.
getHours() returns all the elements having the given name value.
getMinutes() returns all the elements having the given class name.
getSeconds() returns all the elements having the given class name.
getMilliseconds() returns all the elements having the given tag name.
JavaScript Date Example

Let's see the simple example to print date object. It prints date and time both.
Current Date and Time: <span id="txt"></span>

<script>
var today=new Date();
document.getElementById('txt').innerHTML=today;
</script>
Output:
Current Date and Time: Mon Jul 03 2017 00:23:26 GMT+0530 (India Standard Time)
Let's see another code to print date/month/year.
<script>
var date=new Date();
var day=date.getDate();
var month=date.getMonth()+1;
var year=date.getFullYear();
document.write("<br>Date is: "+day+"/"+month+"/"+year);
</script>
JavaScript Current Time Example

Let's see the simple example to print current time of system.
Current Time: <span id="txt"></span>

<script>
var h=today.getHours();
var m=today.getMinutes();
var s=today.getSeconds();
document.getElementById('txt').innerHTML=h+":"+m+":"+s;
</script>
JavaScript Digital Clock Example

Let's see the simple example to display digital clock using JavaScript date object.
There are two ways to set interval in JavaScript: by setTimeout() or setInterval() method.
Current Time: <span id="txt"></span>

<script>
window.onload=function(){getTime();}
function getTime(){
var h=today.getHours();
var m=today.getMinutes();
var s=today.getSeconds();
// add a zero in front of numbers<10
m=checkTime(m);
s=checkTime(s);
document.getElementById('txt').innerHTML=h+":"+m+":"+s;
setTimeout(function(){getTime()},1000);
}
//setInterval("getTime()",1000);//another way
function checkTime(i){
if (i<10){
i="0" + i;
}
return i;
}
</script>
Browser Object Model (BOM)

The Browser Object Model (BOM) is used to interact with the browser.
The default object of browser is window means you can call all the functions of window by
specifying window or directly. For example:
window.alert("hello javascript");
same as
alert(hello javascript);
You can use a lot of properties (other objects) defined underneath the window object like
document, history, screen, navigator, location, innerHeight, innerWidth,
Note: The document object represents an html document. It forms DOM (Document
Object Model).
Window Object
The window object represents a window in browser. An object of window is created

automatically by the browser.
Window is the object of browser, it is not the object of javascript. The javascript objects are
string, array, date etc.
Note: if html document contains frame or iframe, browser creates additional window
objects for each frame.
Methods of window object

The important methods of window object are as follows:
Method Description
alert() displays the alert box containing message with ok button.

confirm() displays the confirm dialog box containing message with ok and
cancel button.
prompt() displays a dialog box to get input from the user.
open() opens the new window.
close() closes the current window.
setTimeout() performs action after specified time like calling function,

evaluating expressions etc.
Example of alert() in javascript
It displays alert dialog box. It has message and ok button.

function msg(){
alert("Hello Alert Box");
}
</script>
Example of confirm() in javascript
It displays the confirm dialog box. It has message with ok and cancel buttons.
function msg(){
var v= confirm("Are u sure?");
if(v==true){
alert("ok");
}
else{
alert("cancel");
}
}
</script>
<input type="button" value="delete record" onclick="msg()"/>
Example of prompt() in javascript

It displays prompt dialog box for input. It has message and textfield.
function msg(){
var v= prompt("Who are you?");
alert("I am "+v);
}
</script>
Example of open() in javascript
It displays the content in a new window.

function msg(){
open("http://www.javatpoint.com");
}
</script>
<input type="button" value="javatpoint" onclick="msg()"/>
Example of setTimeout() in javascript
It performs its task after the given milliseconds.

function msg(){
setTimeout(
function(){
alert("Welcome to Javatpoint after 2 seconds")
},2000);
}
</script>
JavaScript History Object
The JavaScript history object represents an array of URLs visited by the user. By using this
object, you can load previous, forward or any particular page.
The history object is the window property, so it can be accessed by:
window.history or history
Property of JavaScript history object
There are only 1 property of history object.
No. Property Description
1 length returns the length of the history URLs.
Methods of JavaScript history object

There are only 3 methods of history object.
No. Method Description
1 forward() loads the next page.
2 back() loads the previous page.
3 go() loads the given page number.
Example of history object
Lets see the different usage of history object.
history.back();//for previous page

history.forward();//for next page
history.go(2);//for next 2nd page
history.go(-2);//for previous 2nd page
JavaScript Navigator Object

The JavaScript navigator object is used for browser detection. It can be used to get browser
information such as appName, appCodeName, userAgent etc.
The navigator object is the window property, so it can be accessed by:

window.navigator or navigator
Property of JavaScript navigator object

There are many properties of navigator object that returns information of the browser.
No. Property Description
1 appName returns the name
2 appVersion returns the version
3 appCodeName returns the code name
4 cookieEnabled returns true if cookie is enabled otherwise false
5 userAgent returns the user agent
6 language returns the language. It is supported in Netscape and

Firefox only.
7 userLanguage returns the user language. It is supported in IE only.
8 plugins returns the plugins. It is supported in Netscape and

Firefox only.
9 systemLanguage returns the system language. It is supported in IE

only.
10 mimeTypes[] returns the array of mime type. It is supported in

Netscape and Firefox only.
11 platform returns the platform e.g. Win32.
12 online returns true if browser is online otherwise false.
Methods of JavaScript navigator object

The methods of navigator object are given below.
No. Method Description
1 javaEnabled() checks if java is enabled.
2 taintEnabled() checks if taint is enabled. It is deprecated since

JavaScript 1.2.
Example of navigator object
Lets see the different usage of history object.
<script>
document.writeln("<br/>navigator.appCodeName: "+navigator.appCodeName);
document.writeln("<br/>navigator.appName: "+navigator.appName);
document.writeln("<br/>navigator.appVersion: "+navigator.appVersion);
document.writeln("<br/>navigator.cookieEnabled: "+navigator.cookieEnabled);
document.writeln("<br/>navigator.language: "+navigator.language);
document.writeln("<br/>navigator.userAgent: "+navigator.userAgent);
document.writeln("<br/>navigator.platform: "+navigator.platform);
document.writeln("<br/>navigator.onLine: "+navigator.onLine);
</script>
Output:
navigator.appCodeName: Mozilla
navigator.appName: Netscape
navigator.appVersion: 5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36
(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/37.0.2062.124 Safari/537.36
navigator.cookieEnabled: true
navigator.language: en-US
navigator.userAgent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 6.2; WOW64) AppleWebKit/537.36
(KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/37.0.2062.124 Safari/537.36
navigator.platform: Win32
navigator.onLine: true
Document Object Model
The document object represents the whole html document.
When html document is loaded in the browser, it becomes a document object. It is the root
element that represents the html document. It has properties and methods. By the help of
document object, we can add dynamic content to our web page.
As mentioned earlier, it is the object of window. So
window.document or document
According to W3C - "The W3C Document Object Model (DOM) is a platform and language-
neutral interface that allows programs and scripts to dynamically access and update the content,
structure, and style of a document."
Properties of document object
Let's see the properties of document object that can be accessed and modified by the document
object.
Methods of document object
We can access and change the contents of document by its methods.
The important methods of document object are as follows:
Method Description
write("string") writes the given string on the doucment.
writeln("string") writes the given string on the doucment with newline

character at the end.
getElementById() returns the element having the given id value.
getElementsByName() returns all the elements having the given name

value.
getElementsByTagName() returns all the elements having the given tag name.
getElementsByClassName() returns all the elements having the given class name.
Accessing field value by document object

In this example, we are going to get the value of input text by user. Here, we are
using document.form1.name.value to get the value of name field.
Here, document is the root element that represents the html document.
form1 is the name of the form.
name is the attribute name of the input text.
value is the property, that returns the value of the input text.
Let's see the simple example of document object that prints name with welcome message.
function printvalue(){
var name=document.form1.name.value;
alert("Welcome: "+name);
}
</script>
<form name="form1">
Enter Name:<input type="text" name="name"/>
<input type="button" onclick="printvalue()" value="print name"/>
</form>
JavaScript document.getElementById() method:
The document.getElementById() method returns the element of specified id.
In the previous page, we have used document.form1.name.value to get the value of the input
value. Instead of this, we can use document.getElementById() method to get value of the input
text. But we need to define id for the input field.
Let's see the simple example of document.getElementById() method that prints cube of the given
number.
function getcube(){
var number=document.getElementById("number").value;
alert(number*number*number);
}
</script>
<form>
Enter No:<input type="text" id="number" name="number"/><br/>
<input type="button" value="cube" onclick="getcube()"/>
</form>
JavaScript document.getElementsByName() method
The document.getElementsByName() method returns all the element of specified name.

The syntax of the getElementsByName() method is given below:
Document.getElementsByName(name)
Example of document.getElementsByName() method

In this example, we going to count total number of genders. Here, we are using
getElementsByName() method to get all the genders.
function totalelements()
{
var allgenders=document.getElementsByName("gender");
alert("Total Genders:"+allgenders.length);
}
</script>
<form>
Male:<input type="radio" name="gender" value="male">
Female:<input type="radio" name="gender" value="female">
<input type="button" onclick="totalelements()" value="Total Genders">

</form>
JavaScript document.getElementsBYTagName () method
The document.getElementsByTagName() method returns all the element of specified tag name.
The syntax of the getElementsByTagName() method is given below:
Document.getElementsByTagName(name)
Example of document.getElementsByTagName() method
In this example, we going to count total number of paragraphs used in the document. To do this,
we have called the document.getElementsByTagName("p") method that returns the total
paragraphs.
function countpara(){
var totalpara=document.getElementsByTagName("p");
alert("total p tags are: "+totalpara.length);
}
</script>
<p>This is a pragraph</p>
<p>Here we are going to count total number of paragraphs by getElementByTagName() method.</p>
<p>Let's see the simple example</p>
<button onclick="countpara()">count paragraph</button>
Another example of document.getElementsByTagName() method
In this example, we going to count total number of h2 and h3 tags used in the document.
function counth2(){
var totalh2=document.getElementsByTagName("h2");
alert("total h2 tags are: "+totalh2.length);
}
function counth3(){
var totalh3=document.getElementsByTagName("h3");
alert("total h3 tags are: "+totalh3.length);
}
</script>
<h2>This is h2 tag</h2>
<button onclick="counth2()">count h2</button>
<button onclick="counth3()">count h3</button>
JavaScript innerHTML
The innerHTML property can be used to write the dynamic html on the html document.
It is used mostly in the web pages to generate the dynamic html such as registration form,
comment form, links etc.
Example of innerHTML property

In this example, we are going to create the html form when user clicks on the button.
In this example, we are dynamically writing the html form inside the div name having the id
mylocation. We are identifing this position by calling the document.getElementById() method.
<script type="text/javascript" >

function showcommentform() {
var data="Name:<input type='text' name='name'><br>Comment:<br><textarea rows='5' cols='80'></text
area>
<br><input type='submit' value='Post Comment'>";
document.getElementById('mylocation').innerHTML=data;
}
</script>
<form name="myForm">
<input type="button" value="comment" onclick="showcommentform()">
<div id="mylocation"></div>
</form>
Show/Hide Comment Form Example using innerHTML
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<title>First JS</title>
<script>
var flag=true;
function commentform(){
var cform="<form action='Comment'>Enter Name:<br><input type='text' name='name'/><br/>
Enter Email:<br><input type='email' name='email'/><br>Enter Comment:<br/>
<textarea rows='5' cols='70'></textarea><br><input type='submit' value='Post Comment'/></form>";
if(flag){
document.getElementById("mylocation").innerHTML=cform;
flag=false;
}else{
document.getElementById("mylocation").innerHTML="";
flag=true;
}
}
</script>
</head>
<body>
<button onclick="commentform()">Comment</button>
<div id="mylocation"></div>
</body>
</html>
JavaScript innerText
The innerText property can be used to write the dynamic text on the html document. Here, text
will not be interpreted as html text but a normal text.
It is used mostly in the web pages to generate the dynamic content such as writing the validation
message, password strength etc.
Javascript innerText Example
In this example, we are going to display the password strength when releases the key after press.
<script type="text/javascript" >

function validate() {
var msg;
if(document.myForm.userPass.value.length>5){
msg="good";
}
else{
msg="poor";
}
document.getElementById('mylocation').innerText=msg;
}
</script>
<form name="myForm">
<input type="password" value="" name="userPass" onkeyup="validate()">
Strength:<span id="mylocation">no strength</span>
</form>
JavaScript Form Validation

It is important to validate the form submitted by the user because it can have inappropriate
values. So validation is must.
The JavaScript provides you the facility the validate the form on the client side so processing
will be fast than server-side validation. So, most of the web developers prefer JavaScript form
validation.
Through JavaScript, we can validate name, password, email, date, mobile number etc fields.
JavaScript form validation example
In this example, we are going to validate the name and password. The name cant be empty and
password cant be less than 6 characters long.
Here, we are validating the form on form submit. The user will not be forwarded to the next page
until given values are correct.
<script>
function validateform(){
var name=document.myform.name.value;
var password=document.myform.password.value;
if (name==null || name==""){
alert("Name can't be blank");
return false;
}else if(password.length<6){
alert("Password must be at least 6 characters long.");
return false;
}
}
</script>
<body>
<form name="myform" method="post" action="abc.jsp" onsubmit="return validateform()" >
Name: <input type="text" name="name"><br/>
Password: <input type="password" name="password"><br/>
<input type="submit" value="register">
</form>
JavaScript Retype Password Validation
function matchpass(){
var firstpassword=document.f1.password.value;
var secondpassword=document.f1.password2.value;
if(firstpassword==secondpassword){
return true;
}
else{
alert("password must be same!");
return false;
}
}
</script>
<form name="f1" action="register.jsp" onsubmit="return matchpass()">

Password:<input type="password" name="password" /><br/>
Re-enter Password:<input type="password" name="password2"/><br/>
<input type="submit">
</form>
JavaScript Number Validation
Let's validate the textfield for numeric value only. Here, we are using isNaN() function.
<script>
function validate(){
var num=document.myform.num.value;
if (isNaN(num)){
document.getElementById("numloc").innerHTML="Enter Numeric value only";
return false;
}else{
return true;
}
}
</script>
<form name="myform" onsubmit="return validate()" >
Number: <input type="text" name="num"><span id="numloc"></span><br/>
<input type="submit" value="submit">
</form>
JavaScript validation with image
Lets see an interactive JavaScript form validation example that displays correct and incorrect
image if input is correct or incorrect.
<script>
function validate(){
var name=document.f1.name.value;
var password=document.f1.password.value;
var status=false;
if(name.length<1){
document.getElementById("nameloc").innerHTML=
" <img src='unchecked.gif'/> Please enter your name";
status=false;
}else{
document.getElementById("nameloc").innerHTML=" <img src='checked.gif'/>";
status=true;
}
if(password.length<6){
document.getElementById("passwordloc").innerHTML=
" <img src='unchecked.gif'/> Password must be at least 6 char long";
status=false;
}else{
document.getElementById("passwordloc").innerHTML=" <img src='checked.gif'/>";
}
return status;
}
</script>
<form name="f1" action="#" onsubmit="return validate()">

<table>
<tr><td>Enter Name:</td><td><input type="text" name="name"/>
<span id="nameloc"></span></td></tr>
<tr><td>Enter Password:</td><td><input type="password" name="password"/>
<span id="passwordloc"></span></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"><input type="submit" value="register"/></td></tr>
</table>
</form>
JavaScript email validation

We can validate the email by the help of JavaScript.
There are many criteria that need to be follow to validate the email id such as:
o email id must contain the @ and . character
o There must be at least one character before and after the @.
o There must be at least two characters after . (dot).
Let's see the simple example to validate the email field.
<script>
function validateemail()
{
var x=document.myform.email.value;
var atposition=x.indexOf("@");
var dotposition=x.lastIndexOf(".");
if (atposition<1 || dotposition<atposition+2 || dotposition+2>=x.length){
alert("Please enter a valid e-mail address \n atpostion:"+atposition+"\n dotposition:"+dotposition);
return false;
}
}
</script>
<body>
<form name="myform" method="post" action="#" onsubmit="return validateemail();">
Email: <input type="text" name="email"><br/>
<input type="submit" value="register">

</form>
HTML/DOM events for JavaScript
HTML or DOM events are widely used in JavaScript code. JavaScript code is executed with
HTML/DOM events. So before learning JavaScript, lets have some idea about events.
Events Description
onclick occurs when element is clicked.
ondblclick occurs when element is double-clicked.
onfocus occurs when an element gets focus such as button,

input, textarea etc.
onblur occurs when form looses the focus from an element.
onsubmit occurs when form is submitted.
onmouseover occurs when mouse is moved over an element.
onmouseout occurs when mouse is moved out from an element

(after moved over).
onmousedown occurs when mouse button is pressed over an element.
onmouseup occurs when mouse is released from an element (after

mouse is pressed).
onload occurs when document, object or frameset is loaded.
onunload occurs when body or frameset is unloaded.
onscroll occurs when document is scrolled.
onresized occurs when document is resized.
onreset occurs when form is reset.
onkeydown occurs when key is being pressed.
onkeypress occurs when user presses the key.
onkeyup occurs when key is released.

JavaScript Tutorial: Learn JS Basics, Objects, Arrays, Functions

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JavaScript Tutorial for beginners and professionals is a solution of client side dynamic pages.

JavaScript is an object-based scripting language that is lightweight and cross-platform.

Where JavaScript is used

JavaScript is used to create interactive websites. It is mainly used for:

The script tag specifies that we are using JavaScript.

3 Places to put JavaScript code

1) JavaScript Example : code between the body tag

External JavaScript file

Advantages of JavaScript comments

There are mainly two advantages of JavaScript comments.

Types of JavaScript Comments

JavaScript local variable

JavaScript global variable

1. Primitive data type

var a=40;//holding number

JavaScript primitive data types

Data Type Description

String represents sequence of characters e.g. "hello"

Number represents numeric values e.g. 100

Boolean represents boolean value either false or true

Undefined represents undefined value

Null represents null i.e. no value at all

JavaScript non-primitive data types

Data Type Description

Object represents instance through which we can access members

Array represents group of similar values

RegExp represents regular expression

Here, + is the arithmetic operator and = is the assignment operator.

JavaScript Arithmetic Operators

* Multiplication 10*20 = 200

% Modulus (Remainder) 20%10 = 0

++ Increment var a=10; a++; Now a = 11

-- Decrement var a=10; a--; Now a = 9

JavaScript Comparison Operators

== Is equal to 10==20 = false

=== Identical (equal and of same type) 10==20 = false

!= Not equal to 10!=20 = true

!== Not Identical 20!==20 = false

> Greater than 20>10 = true

>= Greater than or equal to 20>=10 = true

< Less than 20<10 = false

<= Less than or equal to 20<=10 = false

JavaScript Bitwise Operators

Operator Description Example

& Bitwise AND (10==20 & 20==33) = false

| Bitwise OR (10==20 | 20==33) = false

^ Bitwise XOR (10==20 ^ 20==33) = false

~ Bitwise NOT (~10) = -10

<< Bitwise Left Shift (10<<2) = 40

>> Bitwise Right Shift (10>>2) = 2

>>> Bitwise Right Shift with Zero (10>>>2) = 2

JavaScript Logical Operators

Operator Description Example

&& Logical AND (10==20 && 20==33) = false

|| Logical OR (10==20 || 20==33) = false

! Logical Not !(10==20) = true

+= Add and assign var a=10; a+=20; Now a = 30

-= Subtract and assign var a=20; a-=10; Now a = 10

*= Multiply and assign var a=10; a*=20; Now a = 200

/= Divide and assign var a=10; a/=2; Now a = 5

%= Modulus and assign var a=10; a%=2; Now a = 0

JavaScript Special Operators

= Multiply and assign var a=10; a=20; Now a = 200