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At the end of the lesson, you should be able to:

Explain technical definition of petroleum

Describe the origin of petroleum

Explain the characteristics of petroleum
reservoirs

Describe the importance of reservoir rocks &
fluid properties
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Oil wells are drilled in China up to 800 feet

347 A.D deep using bits attached to bamboo poles.

Processes developed for refining kerosene

1840 -1850s
from crude oil

First modern well dug near Baku

1848
(Arzabeijan)

Wells dug in Poland

1854

1859 Colonel Edwin Drake strikes oil near

Titusville 4

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Anthony Lucas, strikes oil drilling on

1901 Spindletop Hill, Texas

significant fields were being developed in

1910
Iran, Sumatra, Venezuela,Peru, and Mexico

Discovery of Saudi Arabia reserves

1938

OPEC -Kuwait, Libya, and Saudi Arabia

1968

1979 Second Oil crisis following Iranian

Revolution 5

Petra= Rock and Oleum = Oil (Greek

words)

Naturally occurring

Flammable

Complex mixture of hydrocarbon (C1,C2)

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Petroleum exists in three states

1) Gaseous = Natural gas

2) Liquid = Crude oil

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3) Semi-solid or Solid = Asphalt,bitumen,tar

Organic (Biotic) Inorganic (Abiotic)

From animal / plants From action of bacteria in

earth (non-biological
fossils
process)
Sedimentation
Archaea
Change to oil by Combine H2 and CO2 to
increasing of P,T producce NG.

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Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907)

The capital fact to note is that

petroleum was born in the depths
of the Earth, and is only there
that we must seek its origin
Dmitri Mendeleev, 1877.

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origin of petroleum is never in the reservoir

accumulation from which it is produced.

experienced a long series of processes prior

to accumulation in the reservoir

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Occurrence of source rocks

Generate petroleums under proper pressure /
temperature conditions.

Primary migration
expulsion of petroleum from the source and into
the reservoirrocks
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secondary migration
Occurrence of reservoir rocks Sufficient porosity
+ permeability = allow fluids to flow

Trap
Structural configurations of sedimentary strata

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Seal
Traps are sealed above by impermeable sediment
layers (cap rocks) in order to keep petroleum
accumulations in place

Timing
sequence of the processes of petroleum
generation/migration and trap formation
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It is the energy source that dominated the 20th Century and

will continue to be pivotal for the foreseeable part of the 21st
Century.
It is the most versatile energy source available today.
It is the most political of energy sources - the resource that
makes countries go to war, the resource that countries must
have to wage war.And yet, it is also a commodity - like sugar or
wheat.
Almost all daily products we use are petroleum in origin such
as:

plastic, polyester, cosmetics, etc.
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A subsurface body of rock having

sufficient porosity and permeability
to store and transmit fluids.

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1) OIL Heavy Oil

Black Oil
- Conventional Oil
Volatile Oil
2) GAS - Wet Gas
- Dry Gas
3) Condensate Gas

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Single phase region liquid Single phase region gas

BLACK VOLATILE GAS

OIL OIL CONDENSATE

GAS
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two phase region

1
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What is under saturated oil reservoir???

Reservoir pressure is initially above

the bubble point pressure (Pr>Pb)
(fluid in one phase)

What is saturated oil reservoir???

Reservoirs pressure is initially below

the bubble point pressure (Pr<Pb)
(fluid in two phases)
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Petroleum Reservoirs are created through:

1. Deposition

2. Conversion/Migration

3. Entrapment

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Specification of reservoir rock:

Capacity to store HC

Allows HC to flow through a conduit

Properties affecting capacity & flow

Porosity

Permeability

Fluid saturation

Capillary pressure
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Porosity is the amount of void spaces in a rock and a measure of

how much petroleum the rock will hold.

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i. Porosity = Total pore volume in the rock sample

Total rock sample volume (solid+pore)

V
ii. Mathematically: =
V l

iii. Range of porosity: 0.1 to 0.3

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Figure A Figure B
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Permeability is the ease that fluids move through a rock and is

determined by the diameter of the channels which connect the
pore spaces.

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l
A
Q

P1 P2

Ql
k=
A( P1 P2 )

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If in flow rate contain two fluid (oil and water), free gas
is not present then,

Qo o l Qw wl
ko = kw =
A( P1 P2 ) A( P1 P2 )

Q (cm3/s),
m (cp),
l (cm)
A (cm2), and
P1 and P2 (atm)
k= 1 Darcy = 10-8 cm2
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Fluid Saturation the amount of the pore volume of a reservoir

rock that is filled by water, oil, or gas

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i. Water saturation, Sw = Volume filled by water

Total pore volume

Oil saturation, So = Volume filled by oil

Total pore volume
ii. If oil and water is the only fluid present,
Sw + So = 1

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Capillary Pressure The difference between the pressures of any two

phases

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 For fluid production the rock must be permeable.

 Sufficient large and interconnecting pores.
 A permeable rock is porous.
 Porous does not necessarily imply permeable.
 Volcanic rocks, porous BUT pores not
interconnecting.
 Shale, porous BUT pores very small.
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Typical trap is anticline which rocks have

been buckled into the form of dome

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Petroleum exist in 3 state

There are 6 steps of petroleum accumulation

Petroleum is important in our daily life

They are 4 important properties affecting
capacity and flow.

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