1.

Define and Describe the following terms:

Sanitary Landfill

Sanitary landfills are sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe.
It is considered when it has completely degraded biologically, chemically and physically. In
high-income countries, the level of isolation achieved may be high. However, such an
expensive high level of isolation may not be technically necessary to protect public health.
Four basic conditions should be met before a site can be regarded as a sanitary landfill
(see following.) The ways of doing this should be adapted to local conditions. The
immediate goal is to meet, to the best extent possible, the four stated basic sanitary landfill
conditions, with a longer term goal to meet them eventually in full.

Composting

Composting is nature's process of recycling decomposed organic materials into a rich soil
known as compost. Anything that was once living will decompose. Basically, backyard
composting is an acceleration of the same process nature uses. By composting your
organic waste you are returning nutrients back into the soil in order for the cycle of life to
continue. Finished compost looks like soildark brown, crumbly and smells like a forest
floor.

Incineration

Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves

the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials.[1]Incineration and
other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment".
Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat. The ash is
mostly formed by the inorganic constituents of the waste, and may take the form of solid
lumps or particulates carried by the flue gas. The flue gases must be cleaned of gaseous
and particulate pollutants before they are dispersed into the atmosphere. In some cases,
the heat generated by incineration can be used to generate electric power.
Incineration with energy recovery is one of several waste-to-energy (WtE) technologies
such as gasification, pyrolysis and anaerobic digestion. While incineration and gasification
technologies are similar in principle, the energy product from incineration is high-
temperature heat whereas combustible gas is often the main energy product from
gasification. Incineration and gasification may also be implemented without energy and
materials recovery.

2. What are the Units of the following water quality indicators?

Color

Color is generally an indication of the age of sewage (e.g. fresh: grayish or septic: black).
Color is measured in Platinum-Cobalt units.
 Odor

Odor comes from septic decomposition at organic wastes and is due to the presence of
gases such as amines, diamines, hydrogen sulphide, mercaptans etc. It is being measured
via Threshold Odor Number (TON)

Turbidity

Turbidity is the cloudiness or haziness of a fluid caused by large numbers of

individual particles that are generally invisible to the naked eye, similar to smoke in air. The
measurement of turbidity is a key test of water quality.
Fluids can contain suspended solid matter consisting of particles of many different sizes.
While some suspended material will be large enough and heavy enough to settle rapidly to
the bottom of the container if a liquid sample is left to stand (the settable solids), very small
particles will settle only very slowly or not at all if the sample is regularly agitated or the
particles are colloidal. These small solid particles cause the liquid to appear turbid. The
typical unit used for measuring turbidity is Jackson Turbidity Unit (JTU).

3. Why do we have to soften hard water?

Water softening is the removal of calcium, magnesium, and certain other metal cations in hard
water. The presence of certain metal ions like calcium and magnesium principally
as bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates in water causes a variety of problems.
Hard water leads to the buildup of limescale, which can foul plumbing, and promote galvanic
corrosion. In industrial scale water softening plants, the effluent flow from the re-generation
process can precipitate scale that can interfere with sewage systems. The slippery feeling
experienced when using soap with soft water occurs because soaps tend to bind to fats in the
surface layers of skin, making soap molecules difficult to remove by simple dilution. In contrast, in
hard-water areas the rinse water contains calcium or magnesium ions which form insoluble salts,
effectively removing the residual soap from the skin but potentially leaving a coating of insoluble
stearates on tub and shower surfaces, commonly called soap scum.
Which of these effects is considered more or less desirable varies from person to person, and
those who dislike the sliminess and difficulty of washing off soap caused by soft water may harden
the water by adding chemicals such as baking soda, calcium chloride or magnesium sulfate.
 TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES MANILA
363 P. Casal St., Quiapo, Manila
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

ASSIGNMENT IN CHE 510

INTRODUCTION TO WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ENGINEERING

SUBMITTED BY:
NARANJO, ZENY N.
SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. FLORANTE MAGNAYE

19 SEPTEMBER 2017