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ANEMIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE PROVINCE OF LAGUNA 1
CHAPTER I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Introduction
Anemia is a public health problem in Laguna but not only in Laguna but also in other
provinces. It affect for human health as well as social and economic development. It occurs
at all stages of life cycle, but is more prevalent. Iron Deficiency anemia was considered to
be among the most important contributing factors to the public burden of the disease.
Anemia is a condition in which the oxygen carrying capacity of the red blood cells is
insufficient to meet the body physiological needs. It can cause various health complication
in every age group especially pregnant women, where it can lead to adverse maternal and
fetal outcomes.
The Word Health Organization (WHO) defines anemia as blood hemoglobin concentration
less than 11gm/dl or hematocrit less than 37% in pregnant women. Iron deficiency is
thought to be the most common cause of anemia globally, accounting for more than half
of anemia cases in pregnancy. Iron, is an essential nutrient, which is required for
hemoglobin synthesis, other than the normal well-being. www.who.org.com
During pregnancy loss of appetite is occur, so the most suitable intervention for iron
supplementation is administering iron along in the form of tablets to pregnant women
aimed to increase hemoglobin concentration, so that the level of anemia at term could be
reduced to the best possible extent among pregnant women in Laguna.
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In this study lack of knowledge in iron deficiency anemia in pregnant women coz of
maternal death due to blood loss, bleeding, fetal disorder and complication. In attempting
deal with this issues, the important of iron deficiency anemia among pregnant women
cannot be underestimated.
Background of the study
We conducted a random interview to 100 mothers in public and private health facilities in
Laguna if they experienced and know iron deficiency anemia and fortunately, a lot of them
didnt experience because they know the proper treatment and they also do daily check up
on hospitals or clinics at the time of their pregnancy and prenatal period.
Iron deficiency is the most common type of anemia in pregnant women because many
women enter pregnancy with insufficient iron stored in ferritin. The most common causes
of iron depletion are poor diet, frequent gestation/afterbirth, and short interval between
pregnancies, abnormal blood loss, adolescent pregnancy, and multi-fetal pregnancy.
Effective iron tablets should be prescribed for all pregnant women even when the diet is
considered to be sufficient. Noncompliance of preventive prescribed iron tablets increases
the risk of IDA during pregnancy and the perinatal period.
A pregnant adolescents is particularly susceptible to iron deficiency since nutritional
requirements during adolescent pregnancy include those of normal growth of maternal
tissues as well as the growth and development of fetal ones. Meat is the best source of
bioavailable iron, but it is hard for women from low income families to maintain an
adequate diet. That is why, low income women are at higher risk of IDA because of
nutritional shortage.
Women with less education are more likely to develop IDA during pregnancy, because
they are; less aware of adequate diet during pregnancy, more likely to have multiple
pregnancies, hesitant to use contraceptives and keep an appropriate interval between
pregnancies, and less likely to take iron tablets for prevention purposes.
Statement of the Problem
The main problem of this study is to determine the iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy
especially in the term of age, education/knowledge, work and unmarried status. It also
included the ff:
a. Low hemoglobin result
b. Lifestyle (smoking, drug intake, coffee lover, alcoholic)
c. Lack of Financial (Low-income women are at higher risk of IDA because of
nutritional inadequacies).
d. Women with less education are more likely to develop IDA during pregnancy,
because they are: less aware of adequate diet during pregnancy, more likely to have
multiple pregnancies, reluctant to use contraceptives and keep an appropriate
interval between pregnancies, and less likely to take iron tablets for prophylactic
purposes.
Hypothesis of the Study
Operational hypothesis: There is a significant difference between the knowledge of
pregnant mother regarding iron deficiency anemia.
Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the knowledge of pregnant
mother regarding iron deficiency anemia.
Significance of the Study
The researcher emphasizes the need for more research to improve the knowledge
of antenatal mothers on anemia during pregnancy.
To determine the knowledge of antenatal mothers regarding management of anemia
during pregnancy.
Definition of term
Pregnancy- also known as gravidity or gestation, is the time during which one or more
offspring develops inside a woman Pregnancy is a state in which a woman carries a
fertilized egg inside her body
Iron- an essential mineral and element (Fe) found in leafy greens, meat, beans, peas,
blackstrap molasses, and enriched breads and cereals; used as a supplement to relieve
conditions associated with dietary deficiency and to enhance athletic performance.
Excessive iron supplementation may also increase risk of cardiovascular conditions.an
essential micronutrient; present in the body in the oxygen transport proteins, hemoglobin
(60-70% of total iron) and myoglobin (10% of total iron).
Deficiency - a lack or shortage; a condition characterized by the presence of less than the
normal or necessary supply or competence.
Anemia - A condition in which there is reduced delivery of oxygen to the tissues; it is not
actually a disease but rather a symptom of any of numerous different disorders and other
conditions. The World Health Organization has defined anemia as a hemoglobin
concentration below 7.5 mmol/L (12 g/dL) in women.
Hemoglobin - the main functional constituent of the red blood cell, serving as the oxygen-
carrying protein; it is a type of hemoprotein in which each molecule is a tetramer composed
of four monomers held together by weak bonds. It consists of two pairs of polypeptide
chains, the globins, each having an attached heme molecule composed of iron plus a
protoporphyrin molecule. Symbol Hgb.
Primigravida A women in her first pregnancy
Multigravida A woman who has been pregnant two
Grandmultigravida a woman who has been pregnant four or more times
Fetus - a prenatal human between the embryonic state and birth.
Nutririon - Nutrition is the intake of food, considered in relation to the bodys dietary
needs. Good nutrition an adequate, well balanced diet combined with regular physical
activity is a cornerstone of good health. Poor nutrition can lead to reduced immunity,
increased susceptibility to disease, impaired physical and mental development, and reduced
productivity.
Health - The World Health Organization (WHO) defined health in its broader sense in its
1948 constitution as "a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not
merely the absence of disease or infirmity."
Pica - an abnormal appetite for earth and other non-foods
Fatigue - a state of physical and/or mental weakness

Scope and Limitation of the Study
There will be a limitation of 100 respondent pregnant women.
Some of the respondent have a confidential background specially the respondent
from private hospital.

Conceptualized Framework
The conceptual framework provides direction to the study. It is presented in two frames,
each frame represents the different component with specific variables. The first frame
illustrate the independent variables which cover the respondent profile as term of age,
knowledge/education, work and unmarried status. The second frame shows the dependent
variables which includes low laboratory result (hemoglobin), drug intake (more in iron),
and spacing of child birth, lifestyle and economic status.
Figure I. The research paradigm of the study Independent
Independent Variables Dependent Variables
Effect for the respondent

Profile of the respondent
Low laboratory result

Age
(Hemoglobin)
Knowledge/education
Drug intake ( more in iron )
Work
Spacing of child birth
Unmarried
Lifestyle
Economic status
CHAPTER II
RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Literature Review
The readers and the future researcher of the same study will have knowledge about this
topic and it will help to improve their better understanding about this study.
The growing fetus depends entirely on its mother's healthy body for all needs. However,
sometimes it can be a time of fear of suffering and death, in case women begin pregnancy
with low or absent stores of iron because of previous pregnancy, poor iron intake, substance
abuse; increased fetal demands of iron leads to iron deficiency anemia. Iron deficiency
anemia is the most common form of malnutrition in the world and is the eighth leading
cause of death in pregnant women in developing countries leading to the low birth weight,
which is in turn an important risk factor for infant mortality.
Prenatal care is important in preventive obstetrics. The factors responsible for anemia
during pregnancy should be identified and eradicated. Iron supplement to prevent anemia
in pregnancy is a well-known strategy. The National Nutritional Anemia Prophylaxis
Program (NNAPP) advised 60 mg of elemental iron and 500 mg of folic acid daily for 100
days to all pregnant women. Prevention and management of nutritional anemia is easy and
cheap. www.nutrition.gov.com
Am I at risk of becoming anemic?
Yes. Pregnancy increases your likelihood of becoming anemic.
During pregnancy, the recommended amount of iron increases from 18 milligrams (mg)
per day to 27 mg per day. You need extra iron to support additional red blood cells, the
placenta, and your growing baby. Plus, the extra iron prepares your body for any blood
loss that may occur when you give birth.
But there are other factors outside pregnancy that increase your risk further,
Including:
Heavy menstrual periods
A diet low in iron-rich foods
A diet low in vitamin-C-rich foods (which help with iron absorption)
Eating too many foods or drinks that reduce iron absorption (like dairy products, foods
containing soy, coffee and tea)
A short gap between pregnancies
Being younger than 20 when you become pregnant
Having a stomach or intestinal disease that affects how your body absorbs nutrients
Having certain types of gastric bypass surgery, which alters the gut and absorption of
nutrients
Taking medication that affects the way your body absorbs iron from food
Losing more blood than normal when giving birth previously
What are the symptoms of iron-deficiency anemia?
You might not have any symptoms, especially if your anemia is mild. Sometimes
tiredness is the only symptom you notice. And it's common to feel tired during
pregnancy, so many women don't realize that a lack of iron is making them feel more
tired than normal. Fatigue and weakness are the most common symptoms of severe
anemia. Other symptoms include:
Shortness of breath
Dizziness
Headache
Pale complexion
Palpitations
Chest pain
Irritability or poor concentration

An unpleasant urge to move your legs during periods of inactivity (restless legs
syndrome)
Leg cramps
Craving nonfood items (pica) or ice to suck or chew on
Pale lips, inner eyelids, and the inside of your mouth
Spoon-shaped nails
Glossy tongue
Cracks in the corners of your mouth
How is anemia diagnosed?
At your first prenatal appointment, your provider will evaluate your medical history, give
you a physical exam, and test your blood for anemia.
One of the blood tests you'll have is a complete blood count (CBC). Among other things,
the CBC measures:
The percentage of red blood cells in your bloodstream (hematocrit or Hct)
The amount of hemoglobin (Hgb or Hb) in those red blood cells.

What can I do to have a healthy pregnancy?
Let your provider know if you were diagnosed with iron-deficiency anemia before you
became pregnant. That way, she can manage your condition and treat you effectively
during preconception and throughout your pregnancy.
As with any pregnancy, go to all your appointments, take your prenatal vitamins, and
follow the advice of your healthcare provider. She may suggest that you take iron
supplements or modify the foods you eat.
You can improve your anemia by eating iron-rich foods, such as shrimp, beef, turkey,
enriched breakfast cereals, beans, and lentils. Foods that enhance iron absorption are also
beneficial to include, such as orange juice, strawberries, broccoli, grapefruit, and peppers.
Avoid consuming too many foods or drinks that prevent your body from absorbing iron
properly, such as dairy products, soy products, coffee, and tea. If you do consume these
foods or drinks, it may be best to have them an hour before or two hours after an iron-rich
meal.
Also, when you take an iron supplement, have it with a small snack. Eating a large
amount of food hinders iron absorption. www.babycenter.com

CHAPTER III
METHODS OF RESEARCH AND PROCEDURES
Method of Research
The research approach adopted for the study is descriptive research approach. Data was
collected using non-probability purposive sampling technique. The total number of
antenatal mothers included was 100. The study was conducted in some towns in province
of Laguna. The tools used for this study were demographic preformat and Tagalog
questionnaire. We used Tagalog structured knowledge questionnaire consisted of 9 items.
The tool would be pre-tested by administering it to five antenatal mothers. The samples
found that the instructions and the language of the tool are clear and understandable and
the time taken to complete the tool was 5 minutes. Data analysis will be done by using
descriptive statistic.
The descriptive function of research is heavily dependent on instrumentation for
measurement and observation (Borg & Gall, 1989). Researchers may work for many years
to perfect such instrumentation so that the resulting measurement will be accurate, reliable,
and generalizable.
The term descriptive research refers to the type of research question, design, and data
analysis that will be applied to a given topic. The type of question asked by the researcher
will ultimately determine the type of approach necessary to complete an accurate
assessment of the topic at hand. www.aect.org

Method of Collecting Data and Development of the Research Instrument
An interview will be conducting with self-formulated question as a guide to gather
information needed in the study. We will used Tagalog structured knowledge questionnaire
consisted of 9 items.
Sampling Design
The subject of the study were the pregnant in the province of Laguna. 100 were the total
respondents. Purposive sampling was used in this study.
Statistical Treatment Data
Descriptive method of analysis was used in this research. Descriptive statistics help us to
simplify large amounts of data in a sensible way. The data are to be presented in textual
and tabular form. The result of the study will be analyzed by ranking, percentage, and
distribution.
Formula
1. Percentage
= f/n x 100 where:
f = frequency
n = numbers
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the presentation, analysis and interpretation of data.

.
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTERNET
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron-deficiency_anemia
www.who.int
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/ida/signs
www.dictionary.com
en.wikipedia.org
www.nutrition.gov.com
https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health-topics/topics/ida
www.babycenter.com
https://www.babycenter.com ... High-Risk Pregnancy
www.aect.org
www.healthline.com/health/iron-deficiency-anemia
APPENDICES
Republic of the Philippines
Balian Community College
Bachelor of Science in Midwifery
Pangil, Laguna
Mahal na respondante,
Kame ay kasalukuyang nagsasagawa ng aming thesis na pinamagatang
PREVENTION OF IRON DEFICIENCY ANEMIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN
IN THE PROVINCE OF LAGUNA. Dahil ditto nais po naming humingi sa inyo ng
tulong sa pamamagitan ng inyong pagsagot sa aming munting katanungan dahil ito ay isa
sa mga tulong upang makamit namin ang aming mithiin sa aming pag aaral. Makakaasa
po kayo na lahat ng detalyeng aming makukuha mula sa inyo ay pribado. Ito ay tanging
gagamitin lamang sa aming pag aaral. Maraming salamat po inyong kooperasyon.
Rodelyn L. Escarmosa Liza Nones Rean B. Valsorable
Mananaliksik Mananaliksik Mananaliksik

Panuto: Punan ng angkop na impormasyon ang bawat katanungang nakalahad.

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ANEMIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN THE PROVINCE OF LAGUNA 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

of anemia cases in pregnancy. Iron, is an essential nutrient, which is required for

hemoglobin synthesis, other than the normal well-being. www.who.org.com

supplementation is administering iron along in the form of tablets to pregnant women

reduced to the best possible extent among pregnant women in Laguna.

Background of the study

on hospitals or clinics at the time of their pregnancy and prenatal period.

pregnancies, abnormal blood loss, adolescent pregnancy, and multi-fetal pregnancy.

considered to be sufficient. Noncompliance of preventive prescribed iron tablets increases

the risk of IDA during pregnancy and the perinatal period.

A pregnant adolescents is particularly susceptible to iron deficiency since nutritional

requirements during adolescent pregnancy include those of normal growth of maternal

pregnancies, hesitant to use contraceptives and keep an appropriate interval between

Statement of the Problem

included the ff:

a. Low hemoglobin result

b. Lifestyle (smoking, drug intake, coffee lover, alcoholic)

c. Lack of Financial (Low-income women are at higher risk of IDA because of

multiple pregnancies, reluctant to use contraceptives and keep an appropriate

Hypothesis of the Study

Operational hypothesis: There is a significant difference between the knowledge of

pregnant mother regarding iron deficiency anemia.

Null hypothesis: There is no significant difference between the knowledge of pregnant

mother regarding iron deficiency anemia.

Significance of the Study

of antenatal mothers on anemia during pregnancy.

To determine the knowledge of antenatal mothers regarding management of anemia

offspring develops inside a woman Pregnancy is a state in which a woman carries a

fertilized egg inside her body

conditions associated with dietary deficiency and to enhance athletic performance.

Excessive iron supplementation may also increase risk of cardiovascular conditions.an

(60-70% of total iron) and myoglobin (10% of total iron).

normal or necessary supply or competence.

conditions. The World Health Organization has defined anemia as a hemoglobin

concentration below 7.5 mmol/L (12 g/dL) in women.

carrying protein; it is a type of hemoprotein in which each molecule is a tetramer composed

protoporphyrin molecule. Symbol Hgb.

Primigravida A women in her first pregnancy

Multigravida A woman who has been pregnant two

Grandmultigravida a woman who has been pregnant four or more times

Fetus - a prenatal human between the embryonic state and birth.

merely the absence of disease or infirmity."

Pica - an abnormal appetite for earth and other non-foods

Fatigue - a state of physical and/or mental weakness

Scope and Limitation of the Study

There will be a limitation of 100 respondent pregnant women.

Some of the respondent have a confidential background specially the respondent

from private hospital.

and spacing of child birth, lifestyle and economic status.

Figure I. The research paradigm of the study Independent

Independent Variables Dependent Variables

Effect for the respondent

Low laboratory result

RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

which is in turn an important risk factor for infant mortality.

in pregnancy is a well-known strategy. The National Nutritional Anemia Prophylaxis

Am I at risk of becoming anemic?

Yes. Pregnancy increases your likelihood of becoming anemic.

loss that may occur when you give birth.

Heavy menstrual periods

A diet low in iron-rich foods

A diet low in vitamin-C-rich foods (which help with iron absorption)

containing soy, coffee and tea)